Repeated sorption of water in SBA-15 investigated by means of in?situ small-angle x-ray scattering

The effect of repeated cycles of water adsorption/desorption on the structural stability of ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15 is studied by small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). In?situ sorption measurements are conducted using a custom-built sorption apparatus in connection with a laboratory SAXS setup. Two striking irreversible changes are observed in the sorption isotherms as derived from the integrated SAXS intensity. First, the capillary condensation pressure shifts progressively to lower relative pressure values with increasing number of sorption cycles. This effect is attributed to chemisorption of water at the silica walls, resulting in a change of the fluid-wall interaction. Second, the sorption cycles do not close completely at vanishing vapour pressure, suggesting that progressively more water remains trapped within the porous material after each cycle. This effect is interpreted to be the result of an irreversible collapse of parts of mesopores, originating from pore wall deformation due to the large Laplace pressure of water acting on the pore walls at capillary condensation and capillary evaporation.     

低压汽轮机三维叶栅通道内湿蒸汽两相流动的数值模拟与分析

采用完全气体单相流动模型、实际气体平衡态凝结和非平衡态自发凝结三种不同的计算方法对某低压汽轮机静叶栅中三维湿蒸汽两相流动进行了模拟和分析.计算表明:三种模式计算结果有一定的差别;水滴的生长过程对出口气流角分布有一定的影响;非平衡态计算得到的出口湿度比平衡态计算结果略微小一些;进一步的分析表明在非平衡态计算中,进口水滴半径对出口湿度和出口水滴半径均有影响.     

Variation in thickness of wetting water films in nonuniform electric field

We study the effect of an increase in the thickness of a water film at the inner surface of a glass capillary filled with a NaCl solution and with a disperse octane particle in the form of a column bounded by circular menisci under the action of an external dc electric field. Experimental data are obtained on the film thickness depending on the field characteristics. Analysis of experimental data shows the conformity of experimental data to early model ideas of authors. The projection of the constant dipole moment of a water molecule onto the field direction is estimated on the basis of these ideas.     

Charge Separation at the Evaporation (Condensation) Front of Water and Ice. Charging of Spherical Droplets

Charge separation at evaporation (condensation) front of water and ice is analyzed. Relatively low distribution coefficient of protons and hydroxide ions between vapor and condensed phase that is less than the distribution coefficient of water molecules leads to accumulation of protons and hydroxide ions at the phase front upon evaporation and a decrease in the amount of such species upon condensation. Interphase charge separation is caused by the subsequent diffusion of nonequilibrium protons and hydroxide ions. The charge separation is also affected by the double electric layer generated by orientation defects at the water and ice surfaces. Dependences of electric field at a plane surface of water and ice on the rate of phase transformation are calculated. Electric charges of spherical water droplets are estimated at different field strengths and droplet radii.     

Influence of intermediate temperature heat release on autoignition reactivity of single-stage ignition fuels with varying octane sensitivity

This study investigates the effects of intermediate temperature heat release (ITHR) on autoignition reactivity of full boiling range gasolines with different octane sensitivity through intake temperature and simulated exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) sweeps in a homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. To isolate the ITHR effects, low temperature reactivity was suppressed through the use of high intake temperature and low intake oxygen mole fraction. For quantification of ITHR, a new method was applied to the engine data by examining the maximum value of the second derivative of heat release rate. Combustion phasing comparisons of fuels with octane sensitivity showed that fuel with less octane sensitivity became more reactive as intake temperature and simulated EGR ratio decreased, while fuel with higher octane sensitivity had a reverse trend. For all of the fuels that were tested, the amount of ITHR increased as the intake temperature and oxygen mole fraction increased. These ITHR trends, depending on octane sensitivity, were almost identical with the trends of combustion phasing, showing that ITHR significantly affects fuel autoignition reactivity and determines octane sensitivity.     

Laser-filamentation-induced condensation and snow formation in a cloud chamber

Using 1 kHz, 9 mJ femtosecond laser pulses, we demonstrate laser-filamentation-induced spectacular snow formation in a cloud chamber. An intense updraft of warm moist air is generated owing to the continuous heating by the high-repetition filamentation. As it encounters the cold air above, water condensation and large-sized particles spread unevenly across the whole cloud chamber via convection and cyclone like action on a macroscopic scale. This indicates that high-repetition filamentation plays a significant role in macroscopic laser-induced water condensation and snow formation.     

Investigation of surface properties of lunar regolith: Part I

This paper describes an initial investigation of the surface properties of three lunar soil samples from the Apollo 11, 12 and 16 missions, respectively. We report on density measurements using a helium pycnometer, adsorption isotherms of krypton applied for the determination of specific surface area of the samples and gravimetric measurement of the isotherms of water, heptane and octane. Electron-microscopic photographs are described and discussed.     

氨的添加引发水蒸气凝结换热强化的实验研究

研究了添加极少量氨时,氨-水混合蒸气在水平圆管上的凝结传热特性。结果表明:由于氨的添加引发的Marangoni效应,水蒸气的凝结换热在实验工况范围内基本上都得到了强化。随着表面过冷度的增加,凝结换热系数表现出有峰值点的非线性变化规律。当氨蒸气的浓度为0.38%时,混合蒸气的最大凝结换热系数可达纯水蒸气的1.9倍,从液膜热阻和扩散热阻的角度分析了强化换热的机理。     

不同压力下竖直管外Marangoni凝结换热特性研究

本文在不同压力状态下对水与酒精混合蒸汽在竖直管外Marangoni凝结换热特性进行了可视化实验研究,观测到不同过冷度下的凝结状态.实验结果表明,在相同流速和浓度条件下,酒精浓度较低时凝结换热系数随蒸汽压力的升高而升高.但在高酒精浓度下,凝结液表面张力梯度减小,扩散热阻的影响增大,蒸汽压力对于凝结换热系数的影响并不明显.     

基于变温紫外分光光度法研究温度对DNA凝聚过程影响

荧光单分子实验结果表明温度能够促进DNA凝聚,随着温度升高,精胺(亚精胺)-DNA凝聚体系中DNA凝聚构象趋于更加紧致、有序。为探究温度对不同高价离子-DNA凝聚体系的影响,利用自行搭建的变温紫外分光光度计,通过系统研究荧光单分子实验中采用的精胺(亚精胺)-DNA凝聚体系及去离子水中DNA在260 nm处特征吸收值随温度变化情况,确定了DNA凝聚构象与其260 nm处特征吸收值之间的对应关系为：DNA凝聚构象越紧致、有序,其对应的260 nm处紫外吸收值越低。在此基础上,系统地研究了DNA凝聚实验中常用四种钴胺化合物-DNA凝聚体系随温度变化情况,结果表明三氯六胺合钴与精胺(亚精胺)类似,其对应的DNA凝聚体系在260 nm特征吸收值,随着温度升高而逐渐降低,即DNA凝聚构象趋于更加紧致、有序。而三(乙二胺)氯化钴、反式双(乙二胺)氯化钴、五胺氯化钴的情况却不同,与其对应的DNA凝聚体系在260 nm特征吸收值,随着温度升高,呈现先增加,再降低,然后再增加的规律。     

Modelling of condensation at spherical expansion of water vapor into vacuum

The mathematical model of water vapor condensation was developed for the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. This model describes a chain of reactions providing formation and decay of water clusters with consideration of accompanying energy transfer processes. One-dimensional expansion of water vapor into vacuum from an evaporating spherical surface was studied numerically within the range of parameters, corresponding to the flows transitional by the Knudsen number. The influence of condensation on the gas-dynamic pattern of the flow, including the parameters of the Knudsen layer, is discussed. The work was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant No. 07-01-00354-a).     

利用溶胶-凝胶法调节pH及添加PEG优化酒精纯化用SiO_2粉末(英文)

该工作探讨利用TEOS前驱液及不同含量、不同分子量PEG制备出SiO2粉末的性质.SiO2粉末由溶胶-凝胶法制备,并结合退火前后烘干.TEOS前驱溶液的水解及缩合反应速率在pH=3时比在pH=5,7,9时进行得更彻底,且随温度及PEG分子量的升高而升高;粉末产率在TEOS前驱液pH=3时达到最大.与不加PEG的溶胶-凝胶法制备出的样品相比,加入PEG制备的粉末有更高的吸水能力.若粉末从高至500℃退火,则可发现乙醇浓度增加.依据液体和固体NMR、电子显微镜以及BET结果,对吸水及粉末表面积之间的关系进行了讨论.     

Flow condensing heat transfer of R410A,R22, and R32 inside a micro-fin tube

An experimental study of condensation heat transfer characteristics of flow inside horizontal micro-fin tubes is carried out using R410A, R22, and R32 as the test fluids. This study especially focuses on the influence of heat transfer area upon the condensation heat transfer coefficients. The test sections were made of double tubes using the counter-flow type; the refrigerants condensation inside the test tube enabled heat to exchange with cooling water that flows from the annular side. The saturation temperature and pressure of the refrigerants were measured at the inlet and outlet of the test sections to defined state of refrigerants, and the surface temperatures of the tube were measured. A differential pressure transducer directly measured the pressure drops in the test section. The heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops were calculated using the experimental data. The condensation heat transfer coefficient was measured at the saturation temperature of 48°C with mass fluxes of 50–380 kg/(m²s) and heat fluxes of 3–12 kW/m². The values of experimental heat transfer coefficient results are compared with the predicted values from the existing correlations in the literature, and a new condensation heat transfer coefficient correlation is proposed.     

非定常膨胀过程中水蒸汽凝结对流场影响的数值分析

采用数值目的对激波管非定常膨胀过程中,汽液相变与流场的相互作用进行了模拟.主要研究了含有水蒸汽的混合气体在激波管中的非平衡凝结过程以及其对流场的作用.结果表明由于水蒸气的凝结释放热量对流场局部进行加热,使流场参数发生扰动而产生凝结激波.经过与凝结激波的相互作用后,流场参数和结构将发生明显的变化.     

Optical absorption of water: coulomb effects versus hydrogen bonding

The optical spectrum of water is not well understood. For example, the main absorption peak shifts upwards by 1.3 eV upon condensation, which is contrary to the behavior expected from aggregation-induced broadening of molecular levels. We investigate theoretically the effects of electron-electron and electron-hole correlations, finding that condensation leads to delocalization of the exciton onto nearby hydrogen-bonded molecules. This reduces its binding energy and has a dramatic impact on the line shape. The calculated spectrum is in excellent agreement with experiment.     

A quenching fluoroimmunoassay for analysis of the pesticide propazine in an apolar organic solvent, reverse micelles of AOT inn-octane: Effect of the micellar matrix and labeled antigen structure

A simple way of directly observing antigen-antibody binding in a reverse micellar system,n-octane containing reverse micelles of aerosol OT (AOT), using the hydrophobic pesticide propazine as antigen, is described. We observed two processes during fluorescein-labeled propazine (FP)-antibody (Ab) interaction in reverse micelles: (1) quenching of the fluorescence of FP after mixing of Ab and FP (due immune complex formation) and (2) restoration of FP fluorescence after addition of excess propazine to the immune complex formed. We found that the quenching efficiency depends on both the properties of the reverse micellar system (surfactant concentration, hydration degreeW ₀ = [water]/[surfactant]) and the structure of the labeled antigen. A quenching fluoroimmunoassay of propazine both in apolar organic solvents and in water is developed. The method is homogeneous. The quenching time is 10–30 min, and the detection limit of propazine is 100 nM (20 Μg/L) in organic solvent and 10nM (2 Μg/L) in water. Propazine can be added to the reverse micellar system when dissolved in AOT/octane, or in an octane/chloroform mixture, or in chloroform. This makes possible the use of the analysis directly for pesticide extracts in nonpolar organic solvents.     

On a hydration model utilized in the discussion of dielectric spectra of aqueous solutions

A solution model is discussed which allows the microwave part of the permittivity spectrum of aqueous solutions to be related to characteristics of the hydration water. The parameters, which can be derived from measured dielectric spectra thereby are the hydration water relaxation time, the number of hydration water molecules per molecule of solute, the static orientational polarizability of the hydration water, and a quantity, which refers to the distribution of hydration water relaxation times. The (continuum) model, appropriate for solutions of (nearly) spherically shaped solute particles, has regard to internal electric fields resulting from polarization charges at interfaces. Possible errors in the parameter values are indicated, which may arise if the internal fields are only incompletely taken into account. Previously measured spectra for a series of aqueous solutions of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane have been evaluated on the basis of the present model. The results for these (favourable) solutions are presented to show, that the found dependence of the parameter values on solute concentration is consistent with the idea of the proposed hydration model.     

水云增长过程中的云滴谱及散射特性分析

基于大气物理学研究了水云云滴增长过程中的粒谱及散射特性.研究结果表明,凝结增长使粒谱半高宽和有效半径不断增加,碰并增长使粒谱出现多峰分布,有效半径增加.在凝结增长和碰并增长共同作用下,有效半径的平均增长速率为8 nm/s.凝结增长和碰并增长单独作用下,消光系数和散射系数随时间呈线性变化.在二者共同作用下,除3.2 mm波长外,消光系数和散射系数随时间呈指数增长;1.064, 2.2, 3.7, 12和22μm波长的不对称因子逐渐趋于稳定,200μm的不对称因子呈指数增长,3.2 mm的不对称因子基本保持不变;1.064和2.2μm波长的雷达比在20 sr附近波动,3.7μm波长的雷达比呈大幅振荡.云滴增长过程中,水云在1.064, 2.2和3.7μm波长的单次散射反照率逐渐降低,在12μm, 22μm, 200μm和3.2 mm波长的单次散射反照率逐渐增加,波长指数的绝对值逐渐减小.研究结果可为天气预报、地气辐射平衡研究和遥感数据校正提供重要的参考.     

The behaviour of liquid alkanes near interfaces

Simulations of thick films of liquid alkanes supported on a wax-like substrate were carried out at a number of temperatures in order to investigate the structure and dynamics of molecules near the solid-liquid and the liquid-vapour interfaces. Films of butane, octane and a mixture were investigated. Near the solid surface the liquids were found to be structured and molecular diffusion slowed. However, there was no evidence of a frozen layer at this interface even near the bulk freezing temperature. The mixed liquid showed considerable segregation at both interfaces with preferential absorption of butane at the liquid-vapour interface and octane at the liquid-solid interface.     

Emission of Ag2 dimers from a substrate during vacuum deposition of the mixture of silver and water vapor

The work presents calculation of Ag₂ dimers emission from the substrate into the vapor medium in case of joint deposition of silver and water vapors on ideal substrate formally modeling the crystal of water ice in terms of energy properties. It is assumed that the dimers are formed on the condensation surface as a result of random collisions of atoms at their surface migration, and the dimers emission is conditioned by thermal fluctuations of crystal lattice of water ice. The calculations based on the modified Langmuir adsorption model allowed concluding that emission of silver and water dimers takes place in the entire range of the studied water vapor pressure, binding energy of silver-water, and crystal temperature. Dynamics of emission from the beginning of deposition and dependence of dimers emission on micro-roughness of the condensate surface have been investigated. Statistical processing of results has shown that the probability of dimers emission from the condensate surface is determined not only by the value of the binding energy between the dimer and condensate but by configuration of the nearest dimer environment on the condensation surface. It has been found that there is a certain value of micro-roughness of condensation surface providing the maximal intensity of dimer emission. Dimers emission from the surfaces bordering on the flows of vapor mixtures contaminates the flows with unsuspected admixtures. The latter one makes investigation of this phenomenon important for aeromechanics of vapor and gas mixtures.