血管输入阻抗

自本世纪50年代提出了血管输入阻抗的概念以后,到目前为止,对输入阻抗这一重要的血液动力学参量的研究已有很大的发展,在临床医学上也得到了一定的运用。本文系统地总结和评述了30多年来关于血管阻抗的研究发展概况,并报告了作者近期内对血管输入阻抗研究的一些理论与实验结果。      

一个解剖基人体下肢的生物动力模型--第一部分: 模型描述

建立一个完整的解剖基人体下肢二维（矢状面内）生物动力模型,该模型仿真了人体下肢的生物动力运动,并可用来计算人体下肢在冲击外载荷或肌肉活性力的作用下,下肢的重要承力部位－膝关节处的结构力（包括：膝关节的咬合接触力、膝关节处四个主要韧带张力等）和人体下肢的肌肉群力;同时本模型也可用来计算人体下肢在运动期间,膝关节处的咬合位移以及膝关节和髋关节的屈伸位移等。另外,模型还为研究人工关节、人工韧带和人工肌肉     

基于元模型与聚类算法的设计空间减缩策略及工程应用

提出了一种基于元模型建模和聚类算法的设计空间减缩策略,能直接将设计空间减小到相对小的子空间。建议的方法分为三步:首先,进行低精度元模型建模,其次重新设计样本点并基于元模型求解样本点函数值和导数,应用最短距离层次聚类算法确定样本点聚类数与聚类中心,采用模糊c均值算法完成设计空间划分,生成设计空间子空间;最后,求解子空间目标函数的均值,确定保留子空间,并在保留子空间中对函数进行优化,达到目标函数全局最优解。测试函数和工程算例表明,该方法能够有效减小设计空间。     

基于遗传算法和层叠模型的软土流变模型辨识

利用层叠模型编程方便的优点,采用层叠模型来考虑软土的粘弹塑性,研制了基于层叠模型的软土流变计算程序OMFEM;在此基础上,采用遗传算法来全局搜索软土流变参数,将软土流变层叠模型的计算程序OMFEM和遗传算法有机结合,编制了基于遗传算法和层叠模型的软土流变模型的辨识程序GAIOM,并最终实现了对软土流变模型和模型参数的辨识。工程实例证实了采用遗传算法和层叠模型来辨识软土流变模型的有效性。     

土的应力-应变关系的一种描述模式

通常将由土的剪切试验测得的应力-应变关系曲线(q～ε1曲线)分为应变硬化型和应变软化型,文中提出了一种能同时描述应变硬化型q～ε1曲线和应变软化型q～ε1曲线的新模式,并导出了统一的切线模量表达式,进一步探讨了该应力-应变关系曲线描述模式在拟合应变硬化型曲线时的简化形式,及简化形式中参数取值方法和参数与围压的关系等方面的问题。通过与邓肯-张模型和应变软化模型的对比,结果表明该应力-应变关系曲线描述模式能更好地与试验数据吻合,且用其简化形式拟合应变硬化型曲线时,可以通过调整其中一个参数值来表达出不同的曲线形式,从而体现出土体应力-应变关系的多样性。该应力-应变关系描述模式为发展更一般的非线性弹性模型提供了一定的理论基础。     

多学科设计优化中常用代理模型的研究

代理模型是多学科设计优化的关键技术之一。本文系统介绍了多项式响应面模型,径向基函数模型和Kriging模型等3种多学科设计优化中常用的代理模型。通过构造某机翼展向气动载荷分布的代理模型,对这3种模型的效果进行了评估,并对这些代理模型的构造方法、基本特性和适用范围进行了分析研究。     

Duncan—Chang土体非线性弹性模型向弹塑性模型的转化

本文中从传统的弹塑性概念出发，将Ｄｕｎｃａｎ－Ｃｈａｎｇ土体双曲线应力－应变的非线性关系转化为一种新型且简易的弹塑性模型，以１９８号油罐工程为算例阐明其应用，并验证了本模型的可靠性。     

细观混凝土数值模型对比分析研究

从骨料的随机分布考虑,假定骨料为球形,分别模拟界面层为实体单元和接触面单元,建立了随机骨料分布模型和随机骨料接触面模型;基于CT图像,应用MATLAB和MIMICS软件,建立了不同特点的混凝土三维重建模型,对比分析以上模型的优缺点,从CT图像的CT数考虑,建立包含混凝土骨料的形状、级配、孔洞等的重建模型,该模型更加接近于真实的混凝土试件,为混凝土的细观数值模型研究提供了一条全新的研究思路,具有一定参考价值。     

利用频响函数对阻尼结构进行模型修正的方法

基于频响函数和模型缩聚技术提出了一个动力结构模型修正方法。与传统频响函数法相比,由于引入了阻尼刚度比,减少了修正参数,提高了计算效率。并且针对传统频响函数法测试维数过高的缺点,引入模型缩聚技术,降低了模型测量维数的要求。数值算例证明了本方法的有效性与可行性。本方法可以对有阻尼的模型进行修正,克服了模态修正法的缺点;利用模型缩聚减小了测试点的数目,引进单元阻尼刚度比。与传统的频响函数修正法相比,减少了修正未知数,提高计算效率,并且修正结果也较准确。     

结构模型缩聚的改进IRS方法1)

模型缩聚法在结构的静力和动力特性分析中有着广泛的应用。应用模型缩聚法,可以有效降低结构的有限元计算规模,节省计算时间和成本,并能获得和实验测量自由度相匹配的有限元模型。本文在改进模型缩聚方法(improved reduced system, IRS)的基础上,提出一种考虑二阶惯性量的改进IRS方法,有效改进了IRS方法的计算精度,和模型缩聚迭代法(iterated IRS, IIRS)相比,此方法计算量更小且计算精度更高。以桁架结构和框架结构为例对所提二阶IRS方法进行了验证,并将计算结果与精确值、Guyan缩聚解、IRS缩聚解和IIRS缩聚解进行了比较,结果表明了所提方法计算精度最好,具有良好的工程应用前景。     

高应变率下航空透明聚氨酯的动态本构模型

采用低阻抗分离式霍普金森压杆对航空透明聚氨酯进行了高应变率下的动态力学性能测试,得到的应力应变曲线表现出了显著的非线性黏弹性特征。基于本构理论和实验数据,构建了航空透明聚氨酯的松弛时间应变相关的超黏弹性本构形式。该本构模型由2部分组成:一部分表征准静态下的超弹性行为,另一部分描述非线性应变率的相关特性。利用超黏弹性本构模型对不同应变率下航空透明聚氨酯的动态应力应变曲线进行拟合,拟合曲线与实验曲线一致性良好。     

Effects of stress invariants and reverse loading on ductile fracture initiation

Recent research studies on ductile fracture of metals have shown that the ductile fracture initiation is significantly affected by the stress state. In this study, the effects of the stress invariants as well as the effect of the reverse loading on ductile fracture are considered. To estimate the reduction of load carrying capacity and ductile fracture initiation, a scalar damage expression is proposed. This scalar damage is a function of the accumulated plastic strain, the first stress invariant and the Lode angle. To incorporate the effect of the reverse loading, the accumulated plastic strain is divided into the tension and compression components and each component has a different weight coefficient. For evaluating the plastic deformation until fracture initiation, the proposed damage function is coupled with the cyclic plasticity model which is affected by all of the stress invariants and pervious plastic deformation history.For verification and evaluation of this damage-plasticity constitutive equation a series of experimental tests are conducted on high-strength steel, DIN 1.6959. In addition finite element simulations are carried out including the integration of the constitutive equations using the modified return mapping algorithm. The modeling results show good agreement with experimental results.     

Simulation of damage evolution in ductile metals undergoing dynamic loading conditions

A set of constitutive equations for large rate-dependent elastic-plastic-damage materials at elevated temperatures is presented to be able to analyze adiabatic high strain rate deformation processes for a wide range of stress triaxialities. The model is based on the concepts of continuum damage mechanics. Since the material macroscopic thermo-mechanical response under large strain and high strain rate deformation loading is governed by different physical mechanisms, a multi-dissipative approach is proposed. It incorporates thermo-mechanical coupling effects as well as internal dissipative mechanisms through rate-dependent constitutive relations with a set of internal variables. In addition, the effect of stress triaxiality on the onset and evolution of plastic flow, damage and failure is discussed.Furthermore, the algorithm for numerical integration of the coupled constitutive rate equations is presented. It relies on operator split methodology resulting in an inelastic predictor-elastic corrector technique. The explicit finite element program LS-DYNA augmented by an user-defined material subroutine is used to approximate boundary-value problems under dynamic loading conditions. Numerical simulations of dynamic experiments with different specimens are performed and good correlation of numerical results and published experimental data is achieved. Based on numerical studies modified specimens geometries are proposed to be able to detect complex damage and failure mechanisms in Hopkinson-Bar experiments.     

高氮奥氏体不锈钢高温动态响应特性及本构关系

在293~873 K的环境下,采用分离式霍普金森杆装置对高氮钢试样进行了102~103 s-1应变率下的动态加载实验。结合准静态实验结果,分析了应变率和温度对材料塑性流动特性的影响。结果表明:高氮钢的动态力学行为具有很强的应变率敏感性和温度敏感性。当应变率达到400 s-1或更高时,流动应力随应变率的增加显著升高;在同一应变率下,流动应力随温度的降低明显升高。研究了温度和应变率耦合效应对材料塑性行为的影响,得出温度软化效应在高氮钢高温动态塑性变形中起主导作用。基于经典的Johnson-Cook（J-C）模型,通过对实验数据的分析,得出了高氮钢材料的修正J-C本构方程,经验证修正J-C方程预测结果与实验结果吻合。     

Numerical analysis and elastic–plastic deformation behavior of anisotropically damaged solids

The present paper is concerned with the numerical modelling of the large elastic–plastic deformation behavior and localization prediction of ductile metals which are sensitive to hydrostatic stress and anisotropically damaged. The model is based on a generalized macroscopic theory within the framework of nonlinear continuum damage mechanics. The formulation relies on a multiplicative decomposition of the metric transformation tensor into elastic and damaged-plastic parts. Furthermore, undamaged configurations are introduced which are related to the damaged configurations via associated metric transformations which allow for the interpretation as damage tensors. Strain rates are shown to be additively decomposed into elastic, plastic and damage strain rate tensors. Moreover, based on the standard dissipative material approach the constitutive framework is completed by different stress tensors, a yield criterion and a separate damage condition as well as corresponding potential functions. The evolution laws for plastic and damage strain rates are discussed in some detail. Estimates of the stress and strain histories are obtained via an explicit integration procedure which employs an inelastic (damage-plastic) predictor followed by an elastic corrector step. Numerical simulations of the elastic–plastic deformation behavior of damaged solids demonstrate the efficiency of the formulation. A variety of large strain elastic–plastic-damage problems including severe localization is presented, and the influence of different model parameters on the deformation and localization prediction of ductile metals is discussed.     

砂土的应力路径本构模型

将微元应力路径线性逼近,转变成与其充分接近且易于计算应变的等平均应力微元和等应力比微元,计算任意加荷应力路径所产生的塑性应变,建立了双屈服面的砂土应力路径本构模型．模型体现了岩土塑性理论分量屈服和非关联流动法则的要求,在p,q平面内根据双线性的屈服线确定了加卸载准则．结合广义非线性强度理论采用变换应力三维化方法简单、合理地使模型实现三维化．通过试验数据的验证表明,砂土应力路径本构模型可以合理地描述各种应力路径下砂土的变形和强度特性。     

Determination of the Constitutive Relation Parameters of a Metallic Material by Measurement of Temperature Increment in Compressive Dynamic Tests

The mechanical behaviour of a material can be established by an analytic expression called the constitutive relation that shows stress as a function of plastic strain, strain rate, temperature, and possibly other thermo-mechanical variables. The constitutive relation usually includes such parameters as coefficients or exponents that must be determined. At a high strain rate, the heat generated during the deformation process is directly related to the plastic deformation energy of the material. This energy can be calculated from the plastic work, resulting in an expression that includes the constitutive relation parameters as variables. The heat generated can also be estimated by measuring the temperature surface of the specimen during compressive tests using the technique of infrared thermography. The objective of this paper is to present a procedure for determining the constitutive relation parameters by measuring the temperature increase associated with plastic strain in compressive Hopkinson tests. The procedure was applied to estimate the parameters of the Johnson–Cook constitutive relation of an aluminium alloy (Al6082).     

饱和砂土的循环边界面本构模型

饱和砂土在循环加卸载过程中,土体发生显著的组构变化和塑性变形的累积.试验现象分析表明,循环过程中,砂土的首次与再循环塑性模量既有区别又有联系.因此,论文引入考虑组构变化的剪胀内变量,并提出循环塑性模量的关系式,真实描述上述两种现象;进而基于已有本构模型的基础,建立饱和砂土的循环边界面本构模型.最后,将饱和砂土的模型预测结果与三轴试验结果进行验证对比,得到较好地吻合,这表明该模型能够合理反映饱和砂土循环加卸载的变形行为.     

Application of corotational rates of the logarithmic strain in constitutive modeling of hardening materials at finite deformations

In this paper a finite deformation constitutive model for rigid plastic hardening materials based on the logarithmic strain tensor is introduced. The flow rule of this constitutive model relates the corotational rate of the logarithmic strain tensor to the difference of the deviatoric Cauchy stress and the back stress tensors. The evolution equation for the kinematic hardening of this model relates the corotational rate of the back stress tensor to the corotational rate of the logarithmic strain tensor. Using Jaumann, Green–Naghdi, Eulerian and logarithmic corotational rates in the proposed constitutive model, stress–strain responses and subsequent yield surfaces are determined for rigid plastic kinematic and isotropic hardening materials in the simple shear problem at finite deformations.