Rate constants for the reaction of the bromomethyne radical with alkynes

Absolute rate constants were measured for the gas phase reactions of the CBr($\text{～}\text{X}$²Π) radical produced in the flash photolysis of CHBr₃ with a series of alkynes. The rate of addition to the triple bond followed the trend established for addition to double bonds and a linear correlation between log k and ionization potentials reflects the electrophilic nature of the reaction. In comparison with published data on CCl, S(³P₂) the reactivity follows the trend CBr ≈ CCl ≈ S(³P₂) > O(³P₂).     

Rate parameters for the reactions of the bromomethyne radical

Absolute rate parameters were measured for the gas phase reactions of CBr($\text{～}\text{X}$²Π) produced in the flash photolysis of CHBr₃ with a variety of paraffins, olefins, O₂ and NO. The rate of cycloaddition to unsaturated bond increases with alkyl substitution, pointing to the electrophilic nature of CBr. In comparison with published data on CCI and CH the reactivity follows the trend CBr ≈ CCl < CH.     

High-resolution UV photoelectron spectrum of CO2

The highly-resolved HeI photoelectron spectrum of CO₂ is presented and its vibrational structure studied in detail. In the X? ²Π_g ionic state the v₃ antisymmetric mode is found to be excited in double quanta (v_1-v_2-v₃ = 0. 0. 2) with energy hv₃ = 181 meV. In the C? ²Σ_g⁺ state a single quantum of the same mode is found to be excited (hv₃ = 189 meV) in combination with a v₁ excitation. Vibronic interaction with vibrational levels in the B? ²Σ_u⁺ state of the ion is suggested to promote this (1, 0, 1) excitation. It is established that inelastic scattering processes contribute to the vibrational structure in the C? ²Σ_g⁺ band. The spin-orbit splitting in the X? ²Π_g is determined to be 19±1 meV and 10±2 eV in the ā²Π_u state. Vibronic structure is resolved in the X? ²Π_g band where the Renner-Teller coupling constant is determined to be ? = 0.21±0.02 and the vibrational energy of the v₂ mode as 60±7 meV. In the ā²Π_u state the v₂ energy is found to be hv₂ = 60 meV from the observed hot-band structure.     

Stereoselective addition of aliphatic thiols to internal alkynes in a catalytic system with palladium “nanosalt” as an active site

An efficient catalytic system based on easily available palladium acetate was developed for the selective addition of aliphatic thiols to the triple bond of internal alkynes. Formed in situ [M(SR)₂] _n nanostructured particles were found to be an active form of the catalyst. It was experimentally confirmed for the first time that the most active form of the catalyst for thiol addition to internal alkynes is formed only in the reaction mixture containing the both reactants, namely, alkyne and thiol.     

Reactions of alkynes with bis(triphenylphosphine)platinum-ethylene: A 31P-{1H} NMR study

Internally consistent assignments of the ³¹P-{¹H} NMR parameters of the complexes [Pt(RCCR′)(PPh₃)₂] are proposed, based on the premise that the magnitude of ¹J(PtP) depends mainly on the nature of the moiety CR trans to P. For a given R, ²J(PP) correlates with ¹J(PtP) for thebond trans to CR. The alkynes PhCCSnEt₃, PhCCSnPh₃, Me₃SiCCCl, Me₃SiCCBr, Et₃SiCCI and MeCCI undergo oxidative addition reactions with [Pt(C₂H₄)(PPh₃)₂]; the intermediate alkyne complex was detected for PhCCSnEt₃, Me₃SiCCCl and Me₃CCBr. The triyne Me(CC)₃Me forms platinum(0) complexes by coordination with the central or terminal CC bond and appears also to give a platinum(II) complex by oxidative addition.     

Rate constants for the reactions of CCl(X2II) with a series of silanes

Rate constants for the gas phase reactions of CCl generated by the flash photolysis of CHBr₂Cl with a series of silanes have been obtained by kinetic absorption spectroscopy. In general, the rate constants are very high, and range from (4.8 ± 0.5) × 10⁸ (SiH₄) to (6.4 ± 0.34) × 10⁹ for Si₂H₆. CCl does not insert into the SiC or primary CH bonds of silanes and its rate of reaction with tertiary SiH bonds is 600 times greater than with tertiary CH bonds. CCl reacts slowly with the SiSi bond. k_H/k_D varies from 1.9 to 1.0 on going from primary to tertiary SiH bonds. The electrophilic character of CCl is manifested, on a per SiH bond basis, by excellent correlations between the rate constants and the hydrilic character of the SiH bond, and between log k and the ionization potential.     

Stannylation of unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds by tin tetrachloride

The reactions of tin tetrachloride and four terminal alkynes (PhCCH, ^tBuCCH, ⁿBuCCH, HOCH₂CCH), norbornene, and norbornadiene in dichloromethane or chloroform solution lead to the formation of stannylation products, which were characterized by ¹H, ¹³C and ¹¹⁹Sn NMR spectroscopy. Virtually complete α-regioselectivity was obtained in reaction of all four alkynes without any effect of the relative steric bulk of the substituent R at the triple bond of alkyne RC_βC_αH. The reaction of norbornene and norbornadiene with SnCl₄ is stereoselective, giving an exo stannylation product.     

Palladium and platinum catalyzed hydroselenation of alkynes: SeH vs SeSe addition to CC bond

A mechanistic study of the hydroselenation of alkynes catalyzed by Pd(PPh₃)₄ and Pt(PPh₃)₄ has shown that the palladium complex gives products of both SeH and SeSe bond addition to the triple bond of alkynes, while the platinum complex selectively catalyzes SeH bond addition. The key intermediate of PhSeH addition to the metal center, namely Pt(H)(SePh)(PPh₃)₂, was detected by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. The analogous palladium complex rapidly decomposes with evolution of molecular hydrogen. A convenient method was developed for the preparation of Markovnikov hydroselenation products H₂CC(SePh)R, and the scope of this reaction was investigated. The first X-ray structure of the Markovnikov product H₂CC(SePh)CH₂N⁺HMe₂·HOOCCOO⁻ is reported.     

The σ2π4 Triple Bond between Molybdenum and Tungsten Atoms: Developing the Chemistry of an Inorganic Functional Group

Numerous analogies between organic and inorganic chemistry have emerged in recent years. The most prominent example is the isolobal relationship. Many reactions have shown that metal-metal double and triple bonds exhibit a pattern of reactivity similar to that of alkenes and alkynes. In compounds containing a σ²π⁴ triple bond between molybdenum and tungsten atoms, the M? M bond order can be increased from three to four by reductive elimination or decreased from three to two or one by oxidative addition. Complexes with M?M bonds can be used to prepare clusters or can serve as catalysts. In this review relationships between structure (electronic and stereochemical) and reactivity that are characteristic for modern inorganic chemistry are discussed.     

Stereoselective Palladium‐Catalyzed C−F Bond Alkynylation of Tetrasubstituted gem‐Difluoroalkenes

A stereoselective Pd(PPh₃)₄‐catalyzed C?F bond alkynylation of tetrasubstituted gem‐difluoroalkenes with terminal alkynes has been developed. This method gives access to a great variety of conjugated monofluoroenynes bearing a tetrasubstituted alkene moiety with well‐defined stereochemistry. Chelation‐assisted oxidative addition of Pd to the C?F bond is proposed to account for the high level of stereocontrol. An X‐ray crystal structure of a key monofluorovinyl Pd^II intermediate has been obtained for the first time as evidence for the proposed mechanism.     

Rotational analysis of the A—X bands of S+2

The S⁺₂ (A²Π_u-X²Π_g) emission system from sulphur monochloride in a helium flowing afterglow has been analysed in the 5000–6000 Å region. Molecular constants for the S⁺₂ (A²Π_u, X²Π_g) states have been determined and are compared with previous estimates. Equilibrium bond lengths of S⁺₂ are found to be: X²Π_g,r_e = 1.8226 ± 0.0010 Å and A²Π_u, r_e = 2.0441 ± 0.0013 Å.     

Die Photoelektron-Spektren der Monohalogenacetylene

The photoelectron spectra of the four monohaloacetylenes X? C?C? H with X ? F, Cl, Br, I have been recorded. The first four bands of these spectra are assigned (in order of increasing ionization potentials) to the following states: band 1: ²Π_3/2(1), ²Π_1/2(1); band 2: ²Π_3/2(2), ²Π_1/2(2); band 3: ²Σ⁺(3); band 4: ²Σ⁺(4). A correlation diagram based on a simple ZDO-MO model shows that the observed band positions and the size of the splits due to spin-orbit coupling can be satisfactorily explained in terms of such a model. It is found that the orbital energies A_X of the postulated halogen n p λ(X)-basis orbitals are a linear function of the ionization potentials I(X) of the free atoms X. The validity of the ZDO-MO-model is confirmed by the excellent qualitative agreement between the observed and predicted spacings of the vibrational fine structure of the π-bands.     

Z-Selective hydroamidation of terminal alkynes with secondary amides and imides catalyzed by a Ru/Yb-system

A catalyst system formed in situ from bis(2-methallyl)cycloocta-1,5-diene-ruthenium(II) [(cod)Ru(met)₂], 1,4-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)butane (dcypb) and ytterbium(III) triflate hydrate (Yb(OTf)₃) was found to catalyze the addition of nitrogen nucleophiles to terminal alkynes under mild conditions to stereoselectively form the Z-enamide or Z-enimide products. Various secondary amides and imides could be added across the triple bond of a range of aliphatic and aromatic alkynes. The new bimetallic catalyst system sets new standards with regard to scope and selectivity for the synthesis of Z-configured anti-Markovnikov enamides.     

Applications of NMR spectroscopy of chiral association complexes 5. Stereodynamics and diastereotopism in chiral 1,3-dienes \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\rm HOCMe}_{\rm 2} \rlap{--} ({\rm CCl =\!= CCl\rlap{--})}_{\rm 2} {\rm X}$\end{document}

The barriers to partial rotation around the central single bond in chiral dienes \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\rm HOCMe}_{\rm 2} \rlap{--} ({\rm CCl =\!= CCl\rlap{--})}_{\rm 2} {\rm X}$\end{document} have been determined by coalescence of either ¹H NMR signals (X = CH₂OCH₃) or ¹³C NMR signals (X = H). In the presence of the optically active shift reagent (+) ? Eu(hfbc)₃ all ¹H signals were split at temperatures where the interconversion of enantiomers is slow. The temperature dependence of these spectra also yielded free activation enthalpies for the enantiomerizations which were in agreement with the ones obtained without Eu(hfbc)₃. The assignment of the four methyl resonances appearing in the presence of (+) ? Eu(hfbc)₃ at low temperature was possible by gradually increasing the rate of enantiomerization or gradually replacing the optically active auxiliary compound by the racemic one.     

Rhenium carbonyl compounds with (diphenyl)phosphinoalkynes and a sterically hindered phosphinoalkyne

The synthesis and characterization of two series of rhenium carbonyl complexes with P-coordinated phosphinoalkynes are reported. The anionic fac-[ReBr₂(CO)₃(Ph₂PCCR)]⁻ and neutral fac-[ReBr(CO)₃(Ph₂PCCR)₂] (R = Ph, Tol, ^tBu) complexes have been prepared and the crystal structures of fac-[ReBr₂(CO)₃(Ph₂PCCTol)]⁻ and fac-[ReBr(CO)₃(Ph₂PCC^tBu)₂] have been determined by X-ray crystallography, evidencing the presence of the uncoordinated alkyne in all these compounds. The phosphinoalkyne (o-Tol)₂PCCPh with bulky groups linked to the phosphorus atom was prepared in order to avoid the coordination of two phosphinoalkynes in cis-position around the rhenium metal. As a result, surprisingly the complex fac-[ReBr(CO)₃{(o-Tol)₂PCCPh}₂] was obtained. The crystal structure of this compound was determined confirming the cis-coordination of two bulky phosphinoalkynes in an octahedral rhenium atom. The electronic properties of the uncoordinated alkyne in these new rhenium complexes was analyzed, based on ¹³C NMR data and was compared with reported data on iron complexes. The results obtained indicate that the electronic characteristics of uncoordinated alkynes are similar in both families of complexes. Thus, the different reactivity observed between rhenium and iron complexes is related to the different nature of metallic fragments rather than to electronic features of uncoordinated alkynes.     

Configuration interaction calculation of the potential curves for the C3 molecule in its ground and lowest-lying Πu states

Ab initio SCF and Cl calculations are reported for the C₃ molecule using a basis set of double-zeta plus polarization quality. Potential curves are obtained for the symmetric stretch and bending and antisymmetric stretch vibrational coordinates for the ground and 3σ_u → l π_g^3,1Π_u excited states of this system in order to calculate the intensity distributions for the associated electronic transitions. The calculated T₀ value for the ¹Π_u ← X?¹ ∑⁺_g transition of 3.03 eV is in quite good agreement with the location of the origin of the 4050 Å (3.06 eV) band system in C₃, confirming its previous assignment to this electronic transition; the lifetime of the ¹H_u upper state is also obtained in the CI treatment. A value of 2.04 eV is calculated for the corresponding ³Π_u ← X?¹ ∑⁺_g origin, which result in turn suggests that the weak feature starting at 2.10 eV (5900 Å) should be assigned thereto.     

Distinction of Push,pull effect and steric hindrance in disubstituted alkynes

The push,pull effect in two series of disubstituted alkynes was studied at the DFT level [B3LYP/6-311G(d)] by application of the ¹³C chemical shift differences (GIAO) between the alkyne carbon atoms (Δδ_CC), the charge difference between these carbons (Δq_CC), the occupation quotient (NBO) of anti-bonding π^∗, and bonding π orbitals (π^∗_CC/π_CC) and the bond length (d_CC) of the CC triple bond. The linear dependence of d_CC versus π^∗_CC/π_CC quantifies changes in the push,pull effect while deviations from the latter correlation indicate and ascertain quantitatively to what extent steric hindrance restricts the strain-less conjugation of the CC triple bond π-orbitals in the disubstituted alkynes.     

1,1-Insertion of substituted alkynes into the Ir-O bond of η-carboxylato iridium complexes

Alkyl-carbonyl-iridium [Ir(CH₃)(CO)(η²-O₂CR′)(PPh₃)₂]⁺ (1, R′ = CH₃, Ph, p-C₆H₄CH₃) react with alkynes (RCCH; R = Ph, p-C₆H₄CH₃) in the presence of NEt₃ to give acyl-alkynyl-iridium Ir(C(O)CH₃)(-CCR)(η²-O₂CR′)(PPh₃)₂ (4) which further react with RCCH to give alkyl-carbonyl-cis-bis(alkynyl) iridium Ir(CH₃)(CO)(CCR)₂(PPh₃)₂ (5). cis-Bis(alkenyl)iridium complexes, Ir(-CHCH₂)₂(η²-O₂CCH₃)(PPh₃)₂ (6) and (η²-O₂CCH₃)(PPh₃)₂ (7) react with substituted alkynes RCCH (R = Ph, p-C₆H₄CH₃, cyclohex-1-enyl) to give cis-bis(alkynyl) Ir(CCR)₂(η²-O₂CCH₃)(PPh₃)₂ (9) that further react with RCCH to undergo the alkyne insertion reaction into the Ir-O bond to produce iridacycles containing vinyl acetate ligands, (-CCR)₂(PPh₃)₂ (8).