电子等排体的噻吩多烯与苯多烯同系递变的比较Ⅰ.

为了进一步研究苯多烯化合物的电子等排体噻吩多烯化合物的结构与性能间的定量关系,确定噻吩基的端基当量,合成了三个末端带拉电子基团的噻吩多烯化合物(A_n,B_n,C_n),测定了它们在乙醇和环己烷中的电子光谱.结果表明,和相应苯多烯化合物的电子光谱相比,普遍红移25—30nm,即相差一个插烯双键引起的红移.以2-噻吩基的端基当量为3,噻吩多烯化合物的电子光谱波数与同系因子(1/2)~(2/N)形成良好的直线,相关系数r>0.99;并与相应苯多烯化合物的同系直线相距很近.其差距可用苯多烯系列增加一个烯链的增量△λ_E=λ_(n+1)—λ_n(Ph系列)与改换一个电子等排体2-噻吩基的增量△λ_(Th)=λ_(Th)-λ_(Ph)(在n处)之比△λ_(Th)/△λ_E作定量描述.△λ_(Th)/△λ_E在0.9左右,证明2-噻吩基的端基当量t=3,比苯基大1.     

电子等排体的噻吩多烯与苯多烯同系递变的比较I

为了进一步研究苯多烯化合物的电子等排体噻吩多烯化合物的结构与性能间的定量关系,确定噻吩基的端基当量,合成了三个末端带拉电子基团的噻吩多烯化合物,测定了它们在乙醇和环己烷中的电子光谱,结果表明,和相应苯多烯化合物的电子光谱相比 ,普通红移25-30nm,即相差一个插烯双键引起的红移.以2-噻吩基的端基当量为3,噻吩多烯化合物的电子光谱波数与同系因子(1/2)^2^/^N形成良好的直线,相关系数r>0.99;并与相应苯多烯化合物的同系直线相距很近.其差距可用苯多烯系列增加一个烯链的增量与改换一个电子等排体2-噻吩基的增量之比作定量描述.结果证明2-噻吩基的端基当量比苯基大.     

三岔共轭体系中的结构效应——分流型三岔多烯腈及多烯酸类

本文中研究了五个系列分流型三岔共轭体系,其中包括脂肪族多烯腈,芳香族多烯腈类和多烯酸类的电子吸收峰,以及二个系列的甲基氢—CH_3,次甲基氢—OCH_2及β-H的化学位移。所有这些性能都与同系因子形成良好线性关系。也研究了a-氰代羧酸酯的质谱,实验数据证明—COOEt基比—CN基容易断裂。失去COOEt的碎片比例值很大,未发现失掉CN基的碎片,表明CN基与烯链的共轭效应强于COOEt基。 虽然这些三岔体系中的各分支基团都是吸电子的,但与推电子的分支基团和代基一样,这些分支基团的引入都导致红移现象,因而三岔体系的同系直线都位于线型体系之下。而与后者形成一小夹角。 利用线型体系与三岔体系同系直线间的对比,根据其间的相似三角形的关系,可以准确地计算出分支基团的当量△Ns值。由于在各个三岔系列开头的化合物中分支基团的效应都小于一个链单位,可见分支基团不是端基而只起代基作用。同时还应用线型体系的扩大同系方程式,采用适当的代基当量计算了四个系列的电子吸收峰:所得结果与实验数据的偏差一般在±7毫微米以内。这也表明两个三岔分支基团中的一个可作为代基来处理。 随着三岔化合物共轭键的增长,分支基团的当量继续增大以致有时超过1,这表明在分流型三岔体系中,对分支基团的当量特别是在偕二氰基体     

苯多烯酮、酯类三岔共轭体系结构性能定量关系的研究 Ⅰ.电子吸收光谱

制备和合成了三个线性系列(A_n,K_n,T_n)和三个三岔系列(P_n,E_n,M_n)共34个化合物,其中14个为新化合物。测定了它们在环己烷、乙醇、氯仿中的电子吸收光谱。实验表明,三岔系列的电子吸收光谱频率也遵守同系线性规律,与同系因子之间的相关系数均在0.995以上。三岔体系与相应的线性系列的同系直线相比较表明,一个吸电子分岔的引入导致了红移。用同系直线间的相似三角形计算法,可计算出三岔体系中一个分岔的当量仅为一个链节的0.4～0.8;用同系线性规律的专一性证明,分岔端基的当量是2而不是3.这都表明,分岔端基中只有一岔起端基作用,而另一岔只起代基的作用。取起代基作用的分岔基团的代基当量,并考虑位置效应,则可用线性体系扩大的同系方程来计算三岔化合物的电子吸收光谱。计算值与实验值的误差在±5nm以内。这些结果都与前文的结论相符。三岔体系的溶剂效应比较显著,而且随链增长而增大;线性体系的溶剂效应不如三岔体系的明显,且随链增长变化不大(K_n,A_n)或变小(T_n)。所以,在比较三岔体系与线性体系的同系直线时,必须考虑溶剂的影响。若用溶剂效应较强的溶剂时,三岔同系直线与线性体系的同系直线几乎平行.     

冠醚查耳酮类化合物的合成及其性能的研究

本文合成了四个4′-苯多烯酰基苯并15-冠-5和一个4′-苯酰基苯并15-冠一5等五个三岔共轭化合物。测定了它们的电子吸收光谱,红外光谱。并用同系因子(1/2)~(2/N)考查了这类三岔共轭体系的同系递变关系。用相似三角形法计算的较短分岔基团苯并15-冠-5的代基当量值△N_5为0.854。这表明苯并15-冠-5不权起代基作用而且它与羰基之间还有一定的共轭作用,约相当于一个双键。此外,还合成了四个3′,4′-二甲氧基苯多烯酮类化合物,将它们的电子光谱与冠醚查耳酮类化合物的进行了比较。     

苯多烯酮、酯类共轭体系结构性能定量关系的研究——Ⅱ、核磁共振及红外光谱

测定了六个苯多烯酮、酯类系列(An、Kn、Tn、Pn、En、Mn)化合物的核磁共振氢谱和红外吸收光谱。实验表明,三岔共轭体系与线性体系一样,其相应的氢核化学位移都近似地遵守同系线性规律。实验还表明,红外吸收光谱中的基团特征吸收频率(如羰基、酯基、C=C)与同系因子也呈现良好的线性关系。     

薁2/6-位芳基取代的模型化合物的设计合成及性质研究

设计合成了薁2/6-位芳基取代的六个模型化合物1～6,化合物1～3和4～6分别为薁2-位和6-位取代的化合物,其取代基顺序均分别为五氟苯、苯和α-噻吩.对化合物的紫外吸收光谱、荧光光谱、电化学以及质子响应等物理化学性质进行了研究,并结合密度泛函理论(DFT)计算研究了2/6-位不同取代芳基对于薁衍生物的基本物理化学性质的影响.吸收光谱研究表明,在薁的2/6-位引入不同取代芳基均可以使其S0→S2跃迁吸收峰红移(Δλ=6～68nm),2/6-位引入给电子的噻吩基团发生明显红移(Δλ=68/48nm),其中2-位引入给电子噻吩基团红移更加明显(Δλ=68nm).荧光光谱研究表明,在薁6-位引入强拉电子的五氟苯,所得化合物4荧光强度最强(φF=0.082);质子化后,同样含有五氟苯基的化合物1-H~+的荧光强度最强((φF=0.359).电化学和DFT理论计算表明,在薁2/6-位引入拉电子的五氟苯基可显著降低分子的最高已占分子轨道(HOMO)和最低空分子轨道(LUMO)能级(1和4的ΔEHOMO/ΔELUMO分别为-0.23/-0.18和-0.20/-0.15 eV).这些研究结果为基于薁的有机功能分子的设计合成及性质研究提供了有效依据.     

三岔共轭体系中的结构效应(Ⅵ)——氮杂查耳酮类化合物红外光谱中的同系线性规律

本文合成并研究了2P0nB、4P0nB、2Q0nB等11个三岔共轭化合物的红外光谱。实验表明这些化合物的基因特征吸收波数近似地遵守同系线性规律,相关系数r为0.982-1.000,与相应线性体系的同系直线比较,它们的斜率较小。这表明一个分岔的引入导致基因特征吸收波长红移,并表明在三岔体系中是分子整体性占优势而分岔基团的特性是受到分子整体性制约的。     

β-榄香烯及其银离子配合物的紫外及圆二色光谱研究

测定β-榄香烯及其银离子配合物的紫外吸收光谱及圆二色性,研究络合前后光谱特征峰的变化,并用分子轨道理论对β-榄香烯银离子的配位键的形成作出解释.结果表明:β-榄香烯与银离子能形成π配合物,形成配位化合物后,其紫外吸收光谱特征吸收峰红移(213 nm→252 nm)及圆二色性发生变化.从紫外光谱来看,β-榄香烯与硝酸银形成π配合物.     

聚合位点对齐聚乙烯基噻吩光谱的影响

利用密度泛函理论PBE0方法,在6-31G基组水平上,对12种采用不同聚合位点的乙烯基噻吩二聚体分子进行了全优化,得到分子的紫外-可见吸收光谱.探讨了聚合位点对齐聚乙烯基噻吩吸收光谱、电子亲和势、电离能和重组能的影响,并研究了聚合度对乙烯基噻吩齐聚物吸收光谱的影响.计算结果表明:采用邻位聚合的乙烯基噻吩二聚体的能隙最小,电离能EIP最小,电子亲和势EEA最高,最大吸收波长较大,吸收强度大,λmax=377.33nm,f=1.0242.随着聚合度的增加,齐聚乙烯基噻吩的吸收光谱发生红移,吸收峰变宽,吸光度增大.十六聚体的最大吸收范围为500~1200nm,最大吸收波长为801.28nm时吸收值为7.003×105L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1).     

呋喃多烯酸酯类三岔共轭体系结构和性能之间的定量关系——(Ⅰ)紫外光谱

本文合成及制备了下述六个系列的化合物并测定了它们的紫外光谱、质谱。结果表明: α-C_4H_3O-(CH=CH)nCHO (FA-n) n=2,3,4,5。 α-C_4H_3O-(CH=CH)nCN FN-n) n=1,2,3~*,4~*,5~*。 α-C_4H_3O-(CH=CH)nCO_2Et (FE-n) n=1,2,3~*,5~*。 α-C_4H_3O-(CH=CH)nCH=C(CN)CO_2H (FNA-n)n=0,1,3~*,4~*。 α-C_4H_3O-(CH=CH)nCH=C(CN)CO_2Et (FNE-n)n=0,1,3~*,4~*, α-C_4H_3O-(CH=CH)nCH=C(CO_2Et)_2·(FM-n) n=0,1,3~*,4~*,5~*。 (*:表示文献中未知的化合物) 在环己烷、乙醇,甲醇和四氯化碳溶剂中各组电子吸收峰的波数与同系因子相联系时,都各有一条而且只有一条良好的直线。同系线性规律的专一性表明了,在呋喃多烯三岔系列中,呋喃环的端基当量仍然是2。并不因为在烯链的另一端具有两个强吸电子的共轭分岔基团的存在而增大呋喃环的端基当量。在FM-n系列中,利用经验公式算得的Sj′以及利用相似三角形式算得的sj的平均值都在0.4左右。这就定量地表明了,在末端二个羧酸酯基中,只可能有一个是端基,而另一个是代基。λ′计-λ实的最大值小于80的事实表明,FM-n系列的紫外吸收频率与结构之间的定量关系可以用扩大同系方程来近似地表示。但在FNE-n系列中,由于氰基的存在,用扩大同系方程计算得到的λ值与实验值偏差较大,?     

三岔共轭体系中的结构效应(Ⅱ)——分子轨道能量与键级

本文计算了双向型、合流型、分流型三岔共轭多烯链物的分子轨道能级,能级差量。它们的同系递变与相应线型共轭体系一样,也遵守同系线性规律。但它们的同系直线在截距和斜率上都表现有一定的差异,这些差异定量地表明了三岔共轭体系中一根分岔只起代基的作用。这样,由分子基态中轨道能级的同系直线的差异,即可找出作为代基的分岔基团的代基当量。 中心碳原子周围的p_2-3与p_2-N键级的同系直线和用能级因子考查三岔共轭体系的分子轨道能级和键级,所得结果也说明三岔共轭体系的侧链为代基。     

Ethynyl pi-extended 2,5-diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles and 2-phenyl 5-(2-thienyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles: synthesis, X-ray crystal structures and optical properties

2-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-5-(4-ethynylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole reacts with a series of heteroaryl iodides under standard Sonogashira cross-coupling conditions (Pd[PPh(3)](2)Cl(2), CuI, triethylamine, THF) to yield products 2a-g in 40-79% yields (heteroaryl = 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrazyl, 5-bromo-2-pyrimidyl, 2-thienyl and 3-thienyl, respectively). Compound 2f was lithiated followed by electrophilic iodination (BuLi, perfluorohexyl iodide) to give 3, which by a two-step sequence gave the terminal ethynylthienyl derivative 5. Conversion of 5 into the terminal ethynylaldehyde derivative 7, via acetal derivative 6, proceeded in high yield. Starting from 2-iodo-5-methoxycarbonylthiophene, a five-step sequence afforded 2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-5-(4-ethynylthienyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole 13 (13% overall yield). Reactions of 13 gave terminal pyridyl, pyrazyl, pyrimidyl and thienyl derivatives, analogous to those obtained from 1. Two-fold reaction of 13 with 2,5-diiodothiophene gave the bis(ethynylthienyl)thiophene derivative 15 (30% yield). Solution UV-Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectra establish that replacement of the phenyl ring in the 2,5-diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole series 2a-g by a thienyl ring [i.e. the 2-phenyl-5-(2-thienyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole series 14a-g] leads to a red shift in the lowest energy band in both the absorption spectra and emission spectra. The X-ray crystal structures of compounds 2d, 2g, 5 and 14d.CHCl(3) reveal that the molecular structures are approximately planar although there are substantial differences in the conformations.     

Synthesis of new hetarylazoindole dyes from some 2-aminothiazole derivatives

A new series of heterocyclic disperse dyes were prepared by diazotization of some 2-aminothiazole derivatives and subsequent coupling with indole compounds. The dyes were characterized by UV-Vis, FT-IR, ¹H NMR, and mass spectra (LC-MS). Solvent effects on their visible absorption spectra were estimated. The color of the dyes is discussed with respect to the substituent therein. The effects of acids and bases on the visible absorption maxima of the dyes are also reported. Replacement of methyl group in the 4-position of the thiazole ring by phenyl group leads to red shift of the absorption maximum due to π-electron-donating properties of the phenyl group, while weak electron-withdrawing chlorine or bromine atom in the para-position of the phenyl group in the 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole fragment induce a small blue shift relative to 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole derivatives. Introduction of an electron-withdrawing 4-nitrophenylsulfonyl group into the thiazole ring produces bathochromic shift of the absorption maximum in all solvents. Published in Russian in Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii, 2008, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 592–599. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Convergent synthesis of 10 nm aryleneethynylene molecular wires by an iterative regioselective deprotection/Sonogashira coupling protocol

[structure: see text] The synthesis of a new series of rigid-rod aryleneethynylene derivatives of up to ca. 10 nm molecular length (compounds 16 and 17) is reported using iterative Pd-mediated Sonogashira coupling methodology combined with regioselective removal of the different protecting groups (namely, trimethylsilyl and 2-hydroxyprop-2-yl groups) from the terminal alkyne units. Additionally, the TMS-acetylene unit has been cleanly deprotected to afford a terminal alkyne in the presence of a cyanoethylsulfanyl group. Some of these molecular wires are functionalized with terminal protected thiophenol units for attachment to metal surfaces (compounds 16 and 17). Internal electron-acceptor units have been incorporated into their structures, namely, 9-[di(4-pyridyl)methylene]fluorene (compound 17) or fluorenone (compounds 19-22). Optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra reveal a red shift in the value of lambda(max) with increasing molecular length, which approaches saturation at an effective conjugation length of ca. 15-20 pi-units in the molecules, where each phenyl ring or a triple bond is counted as one pi-unit.     

Polarity and steric effect of di-lateral substitution on the mesophase behaviour of some azo/ester compounds

Eight homologous series of 2-(or 3-)substituted phenyl 4?-(4″-alkoxy (2?-, or 3″-substituted phenylazo) benzoates (In_XY) were prepared in which the suffix ‘X’ refers to the lateral substituent X attached to the terminal benzene ring that carries the alkoxy group, and the suffix ‘Y’ refers to the substituent attached to the other terminal phenyl group. Within each homologous series, the length of the terminal alkoxy group varies from 8 to 16 carbons, while the lateral polar substituents, X and Y, alternatively varies between CH₃ and F. The mesophase behaviour was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and identified by polarised optical microscopy. The results were discussed in terms of the polarity and steric effects of the two lateral substituents. Comparative correlations were made to investigate the effect of the second lateral substituent on the mesophase behaviour of the previously investigated mono-laterally substituted analogues. UV–vis spectroscopic study revealed that the compounds I8_XY exhibited two absorption bands: low intense bands at 254–263 and a broad band at 364–376 nm. These bands are attributed to the π–π? transition of the phenyl rings and the whole mesogenic portion.     

Effect of substituents on redox, spectroscopic and structural properties of conjugated diaryltetrazines--a combined experimental and theoretical study

Two series of new soluble conjugated compounds containing tetrazine central ring have been synthesized. The three-ring compounds have been synthesized by the reaction of aryl cyanide (where aryl = thienyl, alkylthienyl, phenyl or pyridyl) with hydrazine followed by oxidation of the intermediate product with diethyl azodicarboxylate. The five-ring compounds have been prepared using two pathways: (i) reaction of 5-cyano-2,2'-bithiophene (or its alkyl derivative) with hydrazine; (ii) via Suzuki or Stille coupling of 3,6-bis(5-bromo-2-thienyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine with a stannyl or boronate derivative of alkylthiophene. UV-vis spectroscopic properties of the synthesized compounds are strongly dependent on the nature of the aryl group, the position of the solubilizing substituent and the length of the molecule, showing the highest bathochromic shift (λ(max) > 440 nm) for five-ring compounds with alkyl groups attached to C(α) carbon in the terminal thienyl ring. An excellent linear correlation has been found for spectroscopically determined and theoretically calculated (TD-B3LYP/6-31G*) excitation energies. With the exception of dipyridyl derivative, the calculated lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level of the investigated molecules changes within a narrow range (from -2.63 to -2.41 eV), in line with the electrochemical data, which show a reversible reduction process with the redox potential varying from -1.23 V to -1.33 V (vs. Fc/Fc(+)). The electrochemically determined positions of the LUMO levels are consistently lower by 0.9 to 1.2 eV with respect to the calculated ones. All molecules readily crystallize. Single crystal studies of 3,6-bis(2,2'-bithien-5-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine show that it crystallizes in a P2(1)/c space group whose structural arrangement is not very favorable to the charge carriers flow within the crystal. Powder diffraction studies of other derivatives have shown that their structural organization is sensitive to the position of the solubilizing substituent. In particular, the presence of alkyl groups attached to C(α) carbon in the terminal thienyl ring promotes the formation of a lamellar-type supramolecular organization.     

金纳米粒子的非线性共振散射及光强度函数研究

液相金纳米粒子在320nm、470nm、580nm720nm处产生四个共振散射峰。它是一种非线性光学介质,当入射光的频率v不同时可获得金纳米粒子的2v倍频、v/2分频、v/3分频、2v/3 分频、3v／2分频散射峰。探讨了影响液相金纳米粒子散射光信号强度I（λ）的主要因素即散射光能量分布、粒径d、△λ（λem-λex)和散射光辐射度Rλex。给出了共振散射光强度与△λ之间的高斯分布函数。建立了一个合理的金纳米粒子的共振散射光强度函数。