运动型汽车排气系统消声器的研究

为了获得运动型排气噪声,本文研究了汽车排气系统消声器结构对运动声学品质的影响。通过改变消声器的内部结构,建立与之对应的GT-Power模型,利用一维流体动力学原理对排气系统的声学性能进行模拟和仿真,并运用声学测试平台测试节气门全开加速时的尾管噪声。验证了去除排气系统的中排消声器并在后排消声器内加入消声棉的结构,可明显提高噪声的运动性,另外,消音棉的利用可以有效降低高频噪声,消声器进气管处的穿孔结构可以有效消除中低频噪声。     

多孔扩散型消声器外壳对其性能影响的研究

多孔扩散型消声器由于其体积小、消声性能高而广泛应用到排气噪声的降低上,其外壳对消声器的消声性能具有重要作用。本文对此类消声器外壳的孔型、孔径和孔距以及外壳同消声材料的配合方面进行了细致的实验研究,特别对外壳与消声材料的配合与其排放噪声以及外部流场之间的关系进行了探讨,得到了一些有用的结论,对消声器性能的提高具有一定指导意义。     

阻抗复合消声器声学性能有限元预测方法及分析

为计算和分析具有复杂结构的阻抗复合式消声器的宽频消声性能,建立了一种高效声学有限元方法,给出了不同边界条件下的边界积分处理细节,得到有限元全局系数矩阵表达式,设计出计算程序框架以实现这些算法,其求解规模和计算速度与商业软件相比有优势。为计算阻抗复合式消声器的传递损失,通过阻抗管测量和数据拟合得到了吸声材料声学特性的经验公式。计算和测量了两通穿孔阻抗复合式消声器的传递损失,二者良好的吻合验证了声学有限元方法和计算程序的正确性。研究表明,插管长度影响消声器在中高频段的消声特性,右侧隔板上穿孔会消除共振峰,中高频消声性能随着出口管穿孔率的增加而提升。      

一种微穿孔板消声器

本文根据马大猷教授提出的“微穿孔板吸声体精确理论”，在对微穿孔板消声器结构参数与吸声特性之间的相互影响进行了分析的基础上，设计了微穿孔板消声器并将其应用在新舟60飞机APU(辅助动力装置)降噪的实际工程中，并通过编写的噪音数据采集分析程序，对降噪效果进行了测试和分析，验证出微穿孔板消声器对消除飞机的APU的排气噪声具有良好的消声效果，平均降噪7．16dB。     

插管结构对膨胀腔消声器声学性能的影响

将数值模态匹配法(NMM)拓展应用于计算和分析外插管膨胀腔消声器的声学性能,推导了相应的理论公式并编写了计算程序。使用二维有限元法提取横向波数和本征向量,应用模态匹配法计算消声器的传递损失。使用数值模态匹配法和三维有限元法(FEM)研究了插管长度和进出口位置对带有外插进出口管椭圆形非同轴膨胀腔消声器声学性能的影响,两种方法计算结果吻合良好,从而验证了本文数值模态匹配法的正确性。研究结果表明,设置特定的插管长度和进出口位置可以消除消声器的通过频率,进而改善消声器中低频的消声性能。      

用边界无法与四负载法联合预测排气消声器的插入损失

本文提出了将边界元法与四负载法相结合用于预测排气消声器插入损失的新方法，建立了具有低马赫数流时消声器四极参数求值的边界元计算方法，并将四负载法扩展到排气消声系统声源阻抗的求值。文中对两个消声器的插入损失进行了数值计算和实验测量，其预测结果与实测结果吻合良好。     

小孔喷注消声器在宇航设备上的应用

宇航设备中的供氧排气系统在排气过程中产生了很高的喷注噪声,小孔喷注消声器是控制喷注噪声的有效措施。以喷注噪声理论为基础,利用小孔喷注消声器设计方法,为宇航设备供氧排气系统喷口设计小孔喷注消声器。设计中通过限制孔间距要求,降低孔径,实现了小孔喷注消声器的高降噪效果。加工消声器并测试,降噪效果理想。喷注噪声的计算和实测结果对比显示,两者吻合良好,误差在2 dB(A)左右,但驻压比为4时,计算结果与实测结果相差较大,分析原因是喷口后附加喇叭口结构对喷注噪声中的冲击噪声产生了影响,而经典计算公式并未考虑此种情况。小孔喷注消声器在宇航设备供氧排气系统中应用的可行性和小孔喷注消声器设计方法的可靠性得到了验证。     

环状气囊水消声器声学性能的预测与分析

水消声器作为一种有效的噪声控制装置被广泛应用于水管路系统,本文分别使用模态匹配法和有限元法对环状气囊水消声器的声学性能进行仿真计算,分析气囊水消声器声学特性的原理,并研究气囊水消声器不同媒介间的特性声阻抗大小关系对消声性能的影响规律。计算结果表明：由于阻抗失配关系,在气囊水消声器中气体对声波的传递起主要反射作用。随着橡胶的特性阻抗增大,橡胶会对从水中传递过来的声波起到一定的阻碍作用。当气体体积被压缩时,气体对声波的反射衰减效果会逐渐减弱,从而使得气囊水消声器的传递损失曲线整体幅值下降,消声性能减弱。     

轴对称抗性消声器的有限元分析

扩张室消声器结构简单,因此在噪声控制工程中得到广泛的应用。近年来异形插管消声器更得到重视。但是用经典的一维平面波理论来估计它的消声特性或指导设计都很困难。本文采用有限元方法,求出它的声场分布和消声特性,为设计此类消声器提供了理论基础和新方法。文中以简单扩张室消声器为例,证实有限元方法计算值与经典的一维平面波理论值在低频范围内能很好的符合。在较高频率的范围,一维理论方法要受到限制,而有限元方法仍然适用,并能估计出消声器中的二维效应。对于异形插管消声器,则只能用有限元方法求其消声特性。本文着重介绍具有轴对称和自然边界条件波动方程的有限元方法。     

喷口上游扰动对喷注噪声的影响及其抑制

本文研究了喷口上游气流受到扰动后对喷注噪声产生的影响。通过实验证明这种影响主要是上游湍流噪声辐射到喷口外部而产生的,并且观察到上下游之间存在微弱的非线性相互作用。在这个基础上进一步考察了小孔消声器对上游噪声的抑制作用,提出小孔消声器对这一部分噪声消声量的经验公式。     

Sustainable Performance Evaluation: Evidence from Listed Chinese Mining Corporations

Rapid industrial development has caused a series of environmental problems, which is not conducive to sustainable development of society as a whole. It is necessary to build a sustainable development evaluation system. Most of the existing literature has evaluated corporate sustainable performance from the economy, environment and society on the basis of triple bottom lines. Considering the research gap and the practice need, an evaluation system is established from four dimensions, referred to as economy, society, environment and responsibility management, and 29 indicators are designed to measure these four dimensions. Twenty seven listed Chinese mining corporations are selected as research samples, and the entropy-weight-based Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method is applied to calculate indicators’ weights. Results show that the four dimensions of sustainable performance weights from high to low are society, environment, economy, and management process.     

红外保护膜性能评估和分析

讨论红外保护膜的作用，分析和介绍保护膜的机械强度以及保护膜的外应力和内应力产生的破坏和影响，并提出了应对措施，探讨保护膜在恶劣环境下的光学性能，指出优化控制膜厚的重要性。     

基于振动性能优化的风力机叶片设计

风轮是风力机最重要的部件之一,设计良好的风轮是风力机获得较高风能利用系数和较大经济效益的基础.本文应用Wilson气动理论设计了 100 W 水平轴风力机叶片,并兼顾振动性能对设计参数进行修正.对设计的风轮进行了模态实验和气动外特性实验,实验结果表明,所设计的风力机在低风速时基本能够达到设计的风能利用系数,并使得风力机在运行时避开转速共振区,延长风轮寿命,从而降低设计成本.     

小动物正电子断层成像仪性能测试

设计了一系列实验对Concorde MicroPET Rodent R4小动物正电子断层成像系统(该系统是Concorde Microsystems公司开发的小动物专用PET扫描仪，该扫描仪具有32层探测器环，动物入口孔径为120mm，横向视野为100mm，轴向深度为78mm，标称的视野中央处的空间分辨率可达1.8mm以下)的空间分辨率、灵敏度、散射率等性能参数进行了测试，测试结果显示该扫描仪视野中心的横向空间分辨率为1.9mm, 轴向空间分辨率为1.88mm, 在能窗设定为250—750keV时系统的绝对灵敏度为39.88 cps/kBq, 同样能窗下二维重建散射分数为50.6%,三维重建散射分数为32.3%. 关键词： 正电子断层成像仪 性能测试     

离心油泵输送高粘性流体实验研究

本文通过实验研究了离心泵输送不同粘度流体时的性能,主要研究流体的粘性及油泵转速对其性能的影响,总结了离心泵特性曲线与输送介质粘度的变化规律,推导了各性能曲线的函数表达式及最高效率点参数求解方法,计算出各种粘度及不同转速时的换算系数,并与各国换算结果进行了对比。     

Pellet Injection Experiments in the HL-2A Tokamak

The advantages of pellet injection as a competitive means of fuelling a tokamak are well known. They include： （ 1 ） deep deposition of fuel, （ 2 ） better fuelling efficiency, （ 3 ） purer plasma, and so on. Meanwhile, improving plasma performance by pellet injection has been proven in many tokamak experiments. The deposition of pellet particles following pellet injection causes a temporal change of the local plasma temperature and density gradients which affects the transport properties of the plasma, so pellet injection can be used as a method of studying the transport process as well.     

Comparison between aesthetic and thermal performances of copper oxide and titanium dioxide nano-particulate coatings

Nano-particulate coatings with high reflectance against solar irradiation can control undesirable thermal heating by sunlight absorption. It can reduce the energy consumption for air conditioning of houses and cars. For the objects covered by these coatings and subjected to human sight, e.g. roofing surfaces, high dazzle of reflected visible light can offend the human eyes and spoil the fine view of covered objects. The authors introduced a new optimization method in designing pigmented coatings which considers both thermal and aesthetic effects in previous studies. The optimization is possible by controlling the material, size and concentration of pigment particles. The proposed coatings maximize the reflectance of near infrared (NIR) region to care the thermal effects and minimize the visible (VIS) reflected energy to keep the dark tone because of aesthetic appeal. Two different types of copper oxide pigment particles namely cupric oxide (CuO) and cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) were considered in this study. The optimum characteristics and performances are obtained and compared with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) particle as a typical cool pigment. The results show that cupric oxide has much better performance for our objective.     

12 bit 30 MSPS逐次比较型ADC的测试

针对物理实验读出的需求设计了一款低功耗12 bit 30 MSPS逐次比较型模数变换器（Analog-to-Digital Converter,ADC）芯片,为评估其性能指标参数,需进行系统的测试。在本研究工作中构建了测试系统,然后按照IEEE标准进行了系统的测试和分析。测试结果表明,输入信号在基带范围内ADC有效位（Effective Number Of Bit,ENOB）约为9 bit,达到了本版本芯片的设计指标。同时,综合分析静态性能与动态性能测试结果,可以通过优化逐次比较型ADC中电容阵列电容失配参数,进一步提升ADC的非线性指标,为下一版芯片的改进设计提供了参考依据。Aiming at the requirement of readout electronics in physics experiments, a 12 bit 30 MSPS successiveapproximation-register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with low power consumption has been designed. To evaluate the performance of this ASIC, we conducted a series of tests. We set up a test system, and we tested the ADC according to IEEE std 1241-2010. The test results indicate that the effective number of bit (ENOB) of the ADC is around 9 bits when the input signal is in the first Nyquist zone, which has met the design requirements. According to the results of dynamic and static tests of this ADC, we found that the non-linearity performance of this ASIC can be further enhanced by improving the mismatching among the capacitor array, and this provides important information for the design of the second version of this ADC.     

Ultrasound-assisted fabrication of Ti3C2Tx MXene toward enhanced energy storage performance

Ti₃C₂Tx MXenes are normally fabricated by removal of main group element from the corresponding transition metal carbides, and they have been actively studied due to their superior energy storage performance. However, the low efficiency in removal of main group element (named as chemical etching) has significantly limited the application of MXene or MXene-related materials. Herein, we demonstrated an ultrasound-assisted approach to synthesize Ti₃C₂Tx MXene material by using Ti₃AlC₂ as the precursor. The experimental results indicate that the efficiency of chemical etching of Ti₃AlC₂ was dramatically promoted by ultrasound. The etching time was greatly shortened to 8 h while typically 24 h is sufficient in dilute hydrofluoric acid. Particularly, the high etching efficiency was achieved by using 2% hydrofluoric acid under the aid of ultrasound, which is lower in concentration than those reported in the previous literature. The specific capacitance of the 8 h sonicated sample is 155F/g, which is much higher than that of the un-sonicated sample prepared under the same experimental conditions. Additionally, the specific capacitance retention of the prepared 8 h sonicated sample was 97.5% after 20,000 cycles of charging/discharging, exhibiting an outstanding energy storage stability compared with the materials reported in previous literatures. It was proposed that removal of AlF₃ from the surface of the etched particles was significantly promoted and the hydrogen bonds between the terminations of two different adjacent layers were broken by the acoustic cavitation effect of ultrasound.