振动激励条件下复合材料损伤生热的研究

为实现对复合材料表面及浅表面损伤的快速检测,采用振动热成像技术,对复合材料在疲劳、冲击等不同作用下产生的损伤进行了检测研究。分析了瞬时性和周期性两种内生热源形式下平板构件的表面温度场分布。基于有限元法计算了表面裂纹、浅表面分层及内部脱粘等不同类型损伤在振动激励条件下的生热情况。在设计制作复合材料疲劳裂纹试件和冲击损伤试件的基础上,利用超声波发生器和红外热像仪开展了试验研究。结果表明:振动热成像技术能够快速准确地检测到复合材料表面及浅表面的紧贴型损伤;通过红外序列图中热斑形状可判断损伤的类型。     

基于原位测量的复合材料冲击损伤定位

针对连续碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料层合板和玻璃纤维(GF)增强环氧树脂基复合材料层合板两类典型结构,开展了基于原位测量的冲击损伤定位研究。利用碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料层合板自身的导电性,设计了电极阵列,考察了板厚对定位结果的影响;对于不导电玻璃纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料层合板,设计并制备了多壁碳纳米管涂覆的玻璃纤维束(MWCNT@GF)传感器,并将MWCNT@GF嵌入层合板中形成传感网络,考察了不同入射角度对定位结果的影响。对于上述两种方法,编制了冲击损伤成像算法。结果表明:利用冲击前后碳纤维自身电阻和嵌入MWCNT@GF传感器的方法,可准确定位碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料层合板和玻璃纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料层合板的冲击损伤。     

兰姆波结构健康监测中的概率损伤成像

应用概率成像方法对兰姆波结构健康监测中板的损伤进行识别。根据兰姆波损伤散射信号的传播时间以及传感器网络中一对发射-接收传感器的空间位置来确定一个椭圆轨迹,该轨迹显示了损伤可能出现的位置。将监测区域均匀网格化,计算各网格节点到椭圆轨迹的最短距离,将此距离映射为损伤出现的概率。采用灰度等级对所有网格节点处的概率值进行量化,则由每一个发射接收传感器对就确定了一个灰度图像。为了突出损伤,应用图像融合技术对传感器网络中所有发射接收传感器对所构成的灰度图像进行融合。对铝板中横穿孔损伤的实验结果显示了该方法能够有效地确定损伤的位置和范围,有助于推动兰姆波结构健康监测的实用化。      

一种新的光学合成孔径系统成像性能指标与光瞳优化方法

为探索能够准确反映合成孔径系统成像性能的特征指标,计算比较了三种典型的六孔径阵列的填充因子上下限、截止频率、截止能量比以及相关系数等参数,发现其成像质量主要与调制传递函数(MTF)中低频段的频谱分布有关。在此基础上,提出了综合考虑频率高低与频段分布均匀性的加权频段能量曲线,可以较准确地反映不同阵列在成像质量方面的差异。为实现MTF中低频段频谱能量最大化,对三种阵列的光瞳结构进行优化,得到对应的中心聚合型阵列。实验结果表明,新阵列在成像质量上明显优于原阵列,填充因子范围也能满足一般设计需求。     

基于光纤Sagnac传感技术的结构冲击定位

冲击定位可为结构冲击损伤提供准确的位置信息。基于光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)传感器存在解调频率低、需要训练样本等缺点,提出了一种利用光纤Sagnac传感技术实现结构冲击定位的方法。基于此方法的传感系统主要由宽带光源、光纤Sagnac干涉仪、光探测器以及数据采集与处理单元构成。当粘贴在结构表面的传感探头受到冲击应力波作用时,Sagnac干涉仪相位受到调制,从而导致输出的光强发生变化,通过光探测器将光信号转换为电压信号输出。首先,对传感系统采样的时域信号进行小波降噪和去直流干扰处理,再利用Db4小波包进行能量特征提取与信号重构,并获取应力波到达2端的传感器的时间,最后利用时差法进行冲击定位。为了验证该冲击载荷定位系统的有效性,对长度为100cm的钢管结构进行了35次低速冲击实验。结果表明,该方法可以有效地识别冲击位置,最大定位误差和最大均方根误差分别为0.65cm和0.36cm。研究结果可为结构冲击定位提供另外一种可靠的方法。     

Lamb波多特征参数的复合材料损伤程度 评估方法*

航空航天飞行器、风电等工程机械结构的安全性保障至关重要,复合材料等新材料的大量应用,进一步提升了对结构健康监测的难度和要求。裂纹、脱层等复合材料结构典型损伤形成机理复杂、易扩展,损伤程度累积严重时会造成结构的突然失效。面向复合材料结构的损伤监测与诊断,现有的方法大多很难实现对结构损伤程度的跟踪评估,进而无法对结构的安全性评价提供依据。采用Lamb波监测理论,基于其传播距离远、对小损伤敏感等特点,通过研究分析典型损伤对Lamb波结构响应信号传播的多个特征作用过程和机理,采用多尺度分析,提取结构损伤时频域多特征参数;借助于神经网络的非线性映射能力,构建多特征复合材料结构损伤程度评估模型,实现对不同程度下典型结构损伤的评估。在环氧玻璃纤维复合材料板结构上的实验验证结果表明：提取的Lamb波时频域多特征参数,对不同程度典型损伤有一定的敏感性,所构建的损伤程度评估系统可以较为有效的实现损伤的程度估计。     

泡沫增强复合材料点阵夹芯梁抗冲击性能

基于考虑分层失效和渐进损伤的三维Hashin失效准则,对复合材料点阵夹芯梁结构及其泡沫增强夹芯结构开展了局部冲击加载下的数值模拟分析,研究了冲击强度及泡沫增强效应对复合材料点阵夹芯梁结构抗冲击性能的影响。通过与实验的对比分析,验证了数值模型的有效性。结果显示,冲击强度的变化对结构的动态响应、失效模式及能量耗散形式都有明显的影响。泡沫增强效应使结构的横向变形响应速度降低,并且随着冲击强度的增加尤为敏感。泡沫芯材的压缩和开裂失效使得结构保持良好的完整性和更低的损伤程度,有效地降低了其他组分的能量吸收比,表明泡沫填充有效地提升了复合材料点阵梁结构在局部冲击载荷作用下的防护效能。     

各向异性焊缝缺陷超声阵列全聚焦成像方法

针对奥氏体不锈钢焊接构件安全评价需要,对各向异性结构中超声波传播特性进行了研究,利用射线追踪法确定了各向异性介质中声波传播路径。在传统全聚焦成像基础上,发展了一种用于各向异性焊缝中缺陷检测的超声阵列全聚焦成像方法。通过数值仿真和实验,研究了介质材质对超声阵列成像的影响,结果表明,发展的全聚焦成像方法可以很好实现各向异性焊缝中缺陷检测,缺陷定位更准确。项目研究工作为奥氏体不锈钢焊缝检测提供了可行的技术方案.     

基于FBG非均匀反射谱特性的波纹型复合材料蒙皮渐进损伤监测

提出利用布拉格光纤光栅(FBG)非均匀反射谱监测复合材料结构渐进损伤的方法。对波纹型复合材料蒙皮样件进行有限元分析,预测蒙皮在拉伸载荷下失效过程和对应临界失效载荷大小,据此重构FBG传感器的非均匀反射谱,获得铺层失效与传感器反射谱的对应关系,并为实验光谱记录提供参考。构建一种基于FBG非均匀反射谱监测波纹型复合材料蒙皮渐进损伤的监测系统,进行拉伸实验,实验结果表明系统实测光谱与重构的反射谱趋势相同,对应失效载荷与预测值最大误差为8.6%,证明了采用FBG传感器监测波纹型复合材料蒙皮渐进损伤的可行性。该方法通过实时监测预测失效范围内FBG非均匀反射谱的变化,简单易行,测量及传导光路实现全光纤化,无需破坏试件结构,即可实现对波纹型复合材料蒙皮渐进损伤程度及铺层失效次序精确、迅速的在线监测,研究结果为智能蒙皮动态监测领域提供新的思路和实验参考。     

基于反转路径差信号的兰姆波成像方法

针对传统基线相减成像方法受环境温度影响的问题,考虑到反转路径下超声波在缺陷处散射场的差异性,提出了一种基于反转路径差信号的兰姆波稀疏阵列成像方法.通过数值仿真,对反转路径差信号的来源进行了分析,并研究了缺陷与两个传感器的夹角及路径差对反转路径差信号幅值的影响规律.在此基础上,通过数值仿真及检测实验,研究了基于反转路径差信号的兰姆波成像方法对板中缺陷检测的有效性.结果表明,基于反转路径差信号的兰姆波成像方法可以很好地消除直达波对缺陷成像的影响,实现板中不同位置的圆孔和矩形缺陷成像,且成像分辨率较高,定位较准确.本文为板结构大范围健康监测提供了一种可行的新方案.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.