Deflection tomographic reconstruction of a complex flow field from incomplete projection data

Tomographic techniques are used for the investigation of complex flow fields by means of deflectometric methods. In this experiment, a modified algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) was applied to moiré deflection tomography. The algorithm was derived from the basic deflection formula and the deflection angles were used directly in iteration, which is completely different from the conventional ARTs with integral calculation that are commonly used in deflection tomography. A smoothing scheme was employed to improve the reconstruction under ill-posed conditions. The reconstruction technique was tested using simulated data for incompleteness conditions similar to those found in the experimental data. The complex density field with an opaque object in a supersonic wind tunnel was reconstructed from limited view angle projections, and the experimental reconstruction was then compared with the result obtained from the computational fluid dynamic analysis. The following paper details the experiment and discusses some measurement errors that occurred in the process.     

Applications of laser speckle photography for thermal flow problems

Laser speckle photography measures projected beam deflection of a phase object. The beam deflection measured at the solid surface will directly determine the wall-temperature gradient. Thus, the laser-speckle photography allows the evaluation of the convection-heat-transfer coefficients without the need to correct for conduction and radiation heat losses, which otherwise would be necessary. Selected results and brief discussions are presented for several natural convection-heat-transfer problems. Second, high-temperature applications of laser speckle photography shows potential as a nonintrusive means of measuring flame temperature. A fairly good agreement is shown in comparison of the laser speckle data with intrusive thermocouple data. Suggestive discussions are made to further improve the accuracy and sensitivity of the laser speckle photography technique in high-temperature applications. Finally, tomographic reconstruction of laser speckle photography data is discussed using both actual test fields and computer-synthesized phantom fields. The conventional algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) has been modified to apply for the laser speckle tomography. The efficacy of ART is examined particularly under a limited number of projections.     

Acoustic field imaging by light reflection at the free surface of a liquid

In this paper we present a novel technique for acoustic field imaging. This technique is based on reflection of a collimated laser beam at the free surface of a liquid. The reflected beam becomes phase modulated by the acoustic wave as in acoustical holographic systems. We do not use a reference acoustical beam for holographic reconstruction but we observe this phase modulation using dark-field techniques. It gives a measurement of the acoustic field power as a function of the position. The authors have built an optical imaging system and carried out experiments with piezocomposite transducers. The technique presented in this work is able to give fast quantitative information about the performance of individual ceramic rods of the piezocomposite.     

一种少投影光学层析新算法及其应用

研究少投影数情况下等离子体温度场重建问题。结合光学层析重建算法及等离子体光谱诊断中的谱线绝对强度法进行自由电弧等离子体温度场重建实验。理论上，详细讨论了一种基于最大熵准则及最优化原理的光学层析图像重建新算法。通过计算机数值模拟，考察了该算法对非对称温度场分布的重建效果。详细分析了投影噪声、投影方向数、场分布性质对重建精度的影响，并与代数迭代重建算法结果进行对比．结果表明，该算法以两个正交方向投影数据重建单峰余弦模拟场平均误差仅为0.3％，而代数迭代重建算法为3．81％；该算法以四个均匀角度间隔投影数据重建三峰随机高斯模拟场平均误差为1．77％，而代数迭代重建算法为2．02％。实验中，运用该算法结合谱线绝对强度法重建了自由电弧等离子体的温度分布。     

可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱法对高温甲烷的测量研究

可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)是一种具有高灵敏度、高分辨率、快速检测特点的气体检测技术,已广泛用于大气中多种痕量气体的检测以及地面的痕量气体和气体泄漏的检测。研究了利用TDLAS技术测量高温下甲烷浓度的实验方法,使用可加热的静态吸收池对在1653.72nm波长附近R(3)支转动跃迁的吸收线进行了测量,并计算了吸收线强。分别在相同温度不同浓度和相同浓度不同温度的两种条件下进行了实验。结果表明,利用直接吸收的方法,在实验室可以得到370K时的最小可探测限为100×10-6,500K时的最小可探测限为245×10-6(吸收池长度为10cm),可以应用在燃烧控制及喷焰气体浓度测量等多个领域。     

An ART iterative reconstruction algorithm for computed tomography of diffraction enhanced imaging

X-ray diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) has extremely high sensitivity for weakly absorbing low-Z samples in medical and biological fields. In this paper, we propose an Algebra Reconstruction Technique (ART) iterative reconstruction algorithm for computed tomography of diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI-CT). An Ordered Subsets (OS) technique is used to accelerate the ART reconstruction. Few-view reconstruction is also studied, and a partial differential equation (PDE) type filter which has the ability of edge-preserving and denoising is used to improve the image quality and eliminate the artifacts. The proposed algorithm is validated with both the numerical simulations and the experiment at the Beijing synchrotron radiation facility (BSRF).     

Digital color holographic recording and reconstruction using synthetic aperture and multiple reference waves

This paper presents a method for recording and reconstructing high-quality digital color holographic images. The synthetic aperture technique is used to improve the resolution of the reconstructed image and also reduce the speckle size in the reconstruction plane. Subsequently, the multiple reference wave technique is used to suppress speckle noise in the reconstructed color holographic image by superposing speckle fields with different distributions. The final high-quality color holographic image is obtained due to the resolution improvement and speckle noise reduction achieved by the two techniques. Our method has potential applications in the digital color holographic displays.     

Modified adaptive algebraic tomographic reconstruction of gas distribution from incomplete projection by a two-wavelength absorption scheme

A modified adaptive algebraic reconstruction technique (MAART) with an auto-adjustment relaxation parameter and smoothness regularization is developed to reveal the tomographic reconstruction of H 2 O distribution in combustion from incomplete projections. Determinations of relaxation parameter and regularization factor are discussed with regard to the consideration of improvement in reconstruction and reduction of computational burden. A two-wavelength scheme from tunable diode laser absorption measurement, 7444.36 and 7185.59 cm 1 , is used to simplify the nonlinear solution problem for obtaining the tomographic distributions of concentration and temperature simultaneously. Results of calculations demonstrate that MAART can perform the reconstruction results more efficiently with little complex modification and much lower iterations as compared with the traditional algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) or simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT) methods. The stability of the algorithm is studied by reconstruction from projections with random noise at different levels to demonstrate the dependence of reconstruction results on precise line-of-sight measurements.     

光谱法分析代数迭代重建算法及改进

采用光谱分析技术,系列研究了已有代数迭代重建算法,并进一步研制了改进算法—简单自相关代数迭代重建算法(SSART)。采用数值模拟的方法模拟重建一个含遮挡物场,研究了SSART模拟效果和重建精度。作为对照,分析了已有的传统代数迭代算法同条件下的重建结果,包括基本代数迭代重建算法(ART)、联合代数迭代重建法(SART)和改进的联合代数迭代重建法(MSART)。重建精度用均方误差(MSE),绝对平均误差(AVE)和峰值相对误差(PE)三种误差指数标定。结果发现,SSART重建结果的三种误差指数都明显减小,其中MSE在10-4数量级上比ART的降低了26.6%,PE在10-2数量级降低了77.6%。因此,SSART重建含遮挡物模型场时,重建精度大幅度提高,重建效果明显改善,对传统代数迭代重建算法显著改进。     

Non-destructive evaluation of materials at high temperatures using electro-optic holography

An electro-optic holographic technique for the non-destructive evaluation of materials at high temperatures is presented. The test object is heated in an oven that can attain a temperature of 1000 °C. Electro-optic holography is used for the real-time visualization of full field in-plane displacement fringes. Digital image processing techniques are used for the analysis of fringes. Some of the problems encountered, while recording interferograms at high temperatures, are discussed. The technique is employed for the measurement of in-plane strains, in a disc of a super alloy, subjected to diametral compression, at 1000 °C.     

Simultaneous reconstruction of flow and temperature cross-sections in gases using acoustic tomography

This paper describes the use of air-coupled ultrasonic tomography for the simultaneous measurement of flow and temperature variations in gases. Air-coupled ultrasonic transducers were used to collect through-transmission data from a heated gas jet. A transducer pair was scanned in two-dimensional sections at an angle to the jet, and travel time and amplitude data recorded along various paths in counter-propagating directions. Parallel-beam tomographic reconstruction techniques allowed images to be formed of variations in either temperature or flow velocity. Results have been obtained using heated jets, where it has been shown that it is possible to separate the two variables successfully.     

Tomographic identification of gas bubbles in two-phase flows with the combined use of the algebraic reconstruction technique and the genetic algorithm

Combined use of the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) and the genetic algorithm (GA) shows highly accurate and efficient tomographic reconstruction of line-of-sight projection images of two-phase flows compared with reconstructions obtained by separate use of these methods. A modified GA-based tomography uses the ART reconstruction result as preliminary information on the number, shapes, and sizes of bubbles to be reconstructed. This combined use of the two methods exploits faster convergence of the ART to the approximate solution space and more robust and accurate optimization of the GA to the ultimate solution space. In the investigation a computer-synthesized phantom field that consisted of five elliptical gas bubbles in liquid or solid surroundings was used.     

Holographic coherence tomography for measurement of three-dimensional refractive-index space

A new tomographic method for the measurement of three-dimensional refractive-index fields of transparent media, which we call holographic coherence tomography and which combines double-exposure holographic interferometry with the detecting style of optical coherence tomography, has been developed. The three-dimensional refractive-index field can be achieved with a confocal lens system by continual longitudinal and horizontal scanning of the holographic reconstruction image.     

Dynamic material parameters in an anisotropic plate estimated by phase-stepped holographic interferometry

Material parameters in an anisotropic plate are determined using two non-destructive measuring techniques: real-time phase-stepped electronic speckle pattern interferometry and dual-reference-beam pulsed holographic interferometry. The first technique is used to measure the lower modes of vibration of the plate with free-free boundary conditions. Finite element analysis is then used to determine two effective Young's moduli and the in-plane shear modulus. The second technique is used to detect transient bending waves propagating in the plate and acoustic waves propagating in the surrounding air. A double-pulsed laser is used both to generate the waves and to make holographic recordings of the wave fields. The stiffness of the plate is estimated using the measured deformation field and an analytical solution to the plate impact problem.     

Holographic Investigations of a Diesel Jet injected into a high-pressure test chamber

A Diesel spray injected into a high-pressure test chamber was investigated with two different holographic techniques. The usual off-axis recording geometry was used to investigate the very early beginning of the injection. Double pulsing of the recording laser facilitated velocity measurements. By using two different reference angles for the two recording the two images can be separated upon reconstruction of the holograms. Thus superior image quality could be achieved. Processes leading to jet formation could be identified: the spray tip is periodically axially decelerated and radially accelerated. Consequently, liquid moves at the tip off axis. The spray consists of fast central region surrounded by a slower outer jet region. The outer jet region exhibits periodic droplet concentration fluctuations which are interpreted as a result of the periodic processes at the spray tip. Some high concentration regions in the outer jet region were investigated using a dark-field holographic technique. This technique permits single droplet velocity measurements and local droplet concentration determination at extremely high droplet concentrations. The most important result of these investigations is that no correlation between the local droplet concentration and the droplet velocity could be found.     

可调谐激光吸收光谱应用于气体二维浓度分布重建研究

基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS),设计了气体浓度二维分布重建系统。将单路可调谐激光分为24路,交叉穿过目标区域,得到24组直接吸收信号(DA),并采用代数迭代法(ART)计算得到目标区域气体浓度二维分布。搭建了二维气体浓度分布测量试验台,利用中心波长在1.653μm的DFB激光器作为光源,选取HITRAN数据库CH4的2v3带R(3)线作为计算谱线进行数值模拟和试验验证,并对重建结果进行了误差分析。结果表明重建系统能很好的实现气体二维浓度分布重建测量。     

基于代数迭代算法的燃烧火焰温度场和气体浓度场重建研究

基于TDLAS(tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy)技术,以水汽作为目标气体,采用直接吸收的测量方式,探测了甲烷空气预混平焰炉燃烧区域水汽的吸收光谱信号,通过ART(algebraic reconstruction technique)代数迭代算法对燃烧场温度和水汽浓度分布进行了模拟重建和实验研究,模拟重建采取5×5共25个网格的正方形重建区域,假定25个网格的一个温度浓度二维分布,模拟28条激光束从不同的角度方位穿越重建区域,得到模拟射线下的投影值,经ART算法重建,结果显示温度场和水汽浓度场的重建偏差均在1%以内。实验采用分布反馈式激光器作为光源,选取H₂O的7 153.722,7 153.748和7 154.354 cm-1三条吸收线作为测温谱线,其中前两条线不区分作为一条吸收线来处理。使用平移台多方位平行扫描,共获取30路光谱吸收信号,经数据处理、算法重建和双线比值法测温原理得到了圆形平焰炉16个不同区域的温度浓度值,且炉面偏向中心区域温度浓度值较高,边缘较小,结果表明代数迭代算法能够很好地实现燃烧区域温度场和水汽浓度场的反演。     

Tomographic reconstruction of atmospheric turbulence with the use of time-dependent stochastic inversion

Acoustic travel-time tomography allows one to reconstruct temperature and wind velocity fields in the atmosphere. In a recently published paper [S. Vecherin et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 2579 (2006)], a time-dependent stochastic inversion (TDSI) was developed for the reconstruction of these fields from travel times of sound propagation between sources and receivers in a tomography array. TDSI accounts for the correlation of temperature and wind velocity fluctuations both in space and time and therefore yields more accurate reconstruction of these fields in comparison with algebraic techniques and regular stochastic inversion. To use TDSI, one needs to estimate spatial-temporal covariance functions of temperature and wind velocity fluctuations. In this paper, these spatial-temporal covariance functions are derived for locally frozen turbulence which is a more general concept than a widely used hypothesis of frozen turbulence. The developed theory is applied to reconstruction of temperature and wind velocity fields in the acoustic tomography experiment carried out by University of Leipzig, Germany. The reconstructed temperature and velocity fields are presented and errors in reconstruction of these fields are studied.     

Digital holography particle image velocimetry for the measurement of 3Dt-3c flows

In this paper a digital in-line holographic recording and reconstruction system was set up and used in the particle image velocimetry for the 3Dt-3c (the three-component (3c), velocity vector field measurements in a three-dimensional (3D), space field with time history (t)) flow measurements that made up of the new full-flow field experimental technique—digital holographic particle image velocimetry (DHPIV). The traditional holographic film was replaced by a CCD chip that records instantaneously the interference fringes directly without the darkroom processing, and the virtual image slices in different positions were reconstructed by computation using Fresnel–Kirchhoff integral method from the digital holographic image. Also a complex field signal filter (analyzing image calculated by its intensity and phase from real and image parts in fast fourier transform (FFT)) was applied in image reconstruction to achieve the thin focus depth of image field that has a strong effect with the vertical velocity component resolution. Using the frame-straddle CCD device techniques, the 3c velocity vector was computed by 3D cross-correlation through space interrogation block matching through the reconstructed image slices with the digital complex field signal filter. Then the 3D-3c-velocity field (about 20 000 vectors), 3D-streamline and 3D-vorticiry fields, and the time evolution movies (30 field/s) for the 3Dt-3c flows were displayed by the experimental measurement using this DHPIV method and techniques.     

CW激光辐照薄板热力响应全场测量

实验研究了CW激光辐照铝合金薄板的热力响应过程,利用三维数字图像相关技术(3D-DIC)结合红外测温系统对整个过程的变形场和温度场实现了全场实时测量。分析了入射激光功率对变形场和温度场的影响,发现变形和温度均随入射激光功率线性增长。建立了三维有限元模型对实验过程进行模拟,模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,验证了有限元模型的可靠性。3D-DIC结合红外测温系统可以很好地对激光破坏试验中的靶体变形场和温度场进行实时测量,是一种很有效的实验测量手段。