Simultaneous determination of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b by derivative spectrophotometry

Chlorophyll a (Chl a) and chlorophyll b (Chl b) plant pigments, which are important in the food industry and are beneficial as environmental pollution indicators, have been extracted with a novel solvent mixture (1:1 v/v acetone–propanol) not containing chloroform and simultaneously determined by first-derivative spectrophotometry. The results were statistically compared to those obtained by the ordinary absorption spectrophotometric reference utilizing the principle of additivity of absorbances. The testing of the developed method in synthetic mixtures of Chl a and Chl b and in real plant material samples (grass, spinach, chard, purslane, black cabbage, crisp lettuce, rocket, dill and seaweed) proved successful in that the developed extractive derivative spectrophotometric method was both rapid and precise, and was not dependent on the Chl a/b ratio in contrast to the reference method which was adversely affected by the latter parameter.     

Metal Bridging for Directing and Accelerating Electron Transfer as Exemplified by Harnessing the Reactivity of AIBN

A new strategy for tuning the electron transfer between radicals and enolates has been developed. This method elicits the innate reactivity of AIBN with a copper catalyst and enables a cascade reaction with cinnamic acids. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies and control experiments indicate that the redox‐active copper species not only activates the radical by coordination, but also serves as a bridge to bring the radical and nucleophile within close proximity to facilitate electron transfer. By exploiting possible combinations of redox‐active metals and radical entities with suitable coordinating functional groups, this strategy should contribute to the development of a broad range of radical‐based reactions.     

Synthesis, modification, and optical properties of C3-ethynylated chlorophyll derivatives

3-Ethynyl-chlorin was prepared from methyl pyropheophorbide-d using Bestmann-Ohira reagent. The mono-substituted acetylene was subjected to copper-free, Pd-mediated coupling to form chlorin derivatives possessing a series of substituted ethynyl groups at the C3-position. Its 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with azido compounds were also demonstrated.     

Radical reaction of trinitromethane derivatives with cyclic ethers

Conclusions The photolysis of solutions of C(NO₂)₄, IC(NO₂)₃ and CH(NO₂)₃ in tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydropyran at 20° leads to the formation of the corresponding-trinitromethyl derivatives of cyclic ethers. Data were obtained in support of a radical nonchain reaction mechanism.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 1149–1151, May, 1973.     

Synthesis of 3/8-carbonylated chlorophyll derivatives and regiodependent reductivity of their carbonyl substituents

Methyl pyropheophorbide-d possessing a formyl group at the 3-position and its regioisomer having 8-CHO were prepared and their reactivities with a reductant were determined by the ¹H NMR technique: 3-CHO>8-CHO. The regioselective reduction of a synthetic 3,8-diformyl-chlorin also supported the higher reactivity in 3-CHO than in 8-CHO. Regiodependent reduction of the corresponding acetyl-chlorins confirmed that carbonyl groups at the 3-position in chlorophyllous pigments were reduced more rapidly than those at the 8-position. From the reports that reactions of 3-CHO with amines were preferable to those of 7-CHO, the CO functional groups on the pyrrole A-ring of chlorophylls are more reactive than those on the B-ring.     

Fundamental studies of grafting reactions in free radical copolymerization. II. Grafting of styrene,acrylate, and methacrylate monomers onto cis-polybutadiene using AIBN initiator in solution polymerization

Grafting can be initiated by primary and/ or polymer radical attack on the backbone polymer and it is well known that AIBN does not readily promote grafting, even when using poly-butadiene. We have studied the grafting of several different monomers onto cis-polybuta-diene using AIBN initiator and find dramatically different results among the monomers. As expected, styrene grafts at very low levels due to the inactivity of the initiator radicals and the polystyryl radicals. Methacrylate monomer grafts at a slightly higher level due to its more reactive polymer radical, while acrylate monomer readily grafts onto the poly-butadiene because polyacrylate radicals are quite reactive. The use of a kinetic model allowed the evaluation of rate coefficients for graft site initiation to be in the relative order of 0.1 : 1.0 : 10.0 (L/mol/s) for styrene:methacrylate:acrylate monomers. The model also pro-vided successful interpretations of the grafting data and its dependence upon the concen-trations of monomer, initiator, and backbone polymer. Due to the relatively higher reactivity of the polyacrylate radicals, the benzene solvent acted as a chain transfer agent in this system. This affected the molecular weight of both free and grafted acrylate polymer and also surpressed the graft level. Polyacrylate radicals attack the cis-polybutadiene backbone by abstracting an allylic hydrogen and also adding across the residual double bond. The latter mechanism is responsible for the majority of the grafting; the hydrogen abstraction leads to relatively inactive radicals which cause a retardation in the overall reaction rate. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Radical polymerization of 2,5‐norbornadienes containing ester groups by AIBN and oxygen gas

New 2,5‐norbornadiene‐type monomers bearing 1‐adamantyl and cyclohexyl ester groups on their 2‐position polymerized with azobisisobutyronitrile to form the polymers consisting of two types of polymer unit structures. The major part had a saturated nortricyclene framework, which was formed by 2,6‐addition along with intramolecular cyclization on the norbornadiene moiety. The minor part consisted of 2‐norbornene‐type units constructed via 2,3‐addition. A series of norbornadiene‐based monomers spontaneously polymerized in the presence of oxygen. Because a radical inhibitor, namely hydroquinone, could suppress this spontaneous reaction, it was indicated that the oxygen‐induced polymerization proceeds via free‐radical polymerization mechanism. Changing a quantity of provided oxygen gas (O₂) to a norbornadiene monomer significantly affected on polymerization results, in specific, molecular weight of the formed polymer, which indicated that oxygen serves as one of the key reagents for the formation of free‐radical initiating species. It was proven that the combination of norbornadiene ethyl ester with O₂ was applicable as a new free‐radical initiator for polymerization of methyl methacrylate. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 2528–2536     

Initial Radical Separation after Photolysis of 2,2′‐Azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) in Solution: Modeling the Primary Cage Effect for Polar Radicals

There is a contradiction as to the initial spatial separation r_i of the two transient 2‐cyanoprop‐2‐yl radicals (Me₂ ? CN) formed by flash photolysis of 2,2′‐azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) in solvents of various viscosities. The cage effect, expressed in terms of the in‐cage termination probability of the resulting radicals, is predicted correctly by classical Langevin models assuming a decrease of r_i with increasing viscosity. However, the electron‐spin polarization of the radicals escaping the primary cage clearly indicates that the initial separation distance r_i is independent of the solution viscosity. This obvious discrepancy can be reconciled by accounting for the strong electric dipole moments of these radicals and the resulting inter‐radical dipole? dipole interaction potential. We propose a primary‐caging model for polar radicals in solution based on an attractive inter‐radical mean‐force potential. The model is applied to the flash photolysis of AIBN and shown to describe properly the viscosity dependence of both the in‐cage termination probability (cage effect) and the electron‐spin polarization of the escaping 2‐cyanoprop‐2‐yl radicals.     

叶绿素稀土配位结构的EXAFS研究: 镧叶绿素a双层夹心分子 结构的确认

通过合成镧叶绿素a(La-Chla),研究稀土在叶绿素中的赋存状态。La-Chla的紫外可见光谱(UV-vis)、红外光谱(FT-IR)证实,镧离子已配位到叶绿素a的卟啉环上。其磁圆二色谱(MCD)在Soret带具有双层夹心卟啉结构的特征结构。通过扩展X射线吸收精细结构谱(EXAFS),采用双层夹心结构模型拟合,确定La周围的近邻结构,取得满意结果。表明合成镧叶绿素a具有双层夹心结构。La夹于两个卟啉环之间,与上下卟啉环上共八个N原子配位,La-N平均键长0.261nm。     

3-酰基焦脱镁叶绿酸甲酯的格氏反应及其叶绿素衍生物的合成

叶绿素-α衍生物是环状四吡咯化合物,虽然由于D环双键的饱和而隶属于卟吩类化合物,但仍然保持卟啉基所具有的多齿配位作用以及共轭大环的结构表征,其中,连带多种有机官能团的非对称性氮杂轮烯结构、A-B环端的亲脂溶性和C-D环端亲水溶性以及稠并的五元E-环,均明显影响着叶绿素衍     

荧光光谱法间接测定叶绿素的含量

叶绿素中的镁可被氢离子置换而形成去镁叶绿素。本文首次提出用荧光光谱法测定叶绿素中的镁而间接测定叶绿素的方法。在氨性溶液中,以7-碘-8-羟基喹啉-5-磺酸(铁试剂)作荧光试剂,省去了叶绿素标准物质。     

Grafting onto Starch. IV. Graft Copolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate by Use of AIBN as Radical Initiator

Grafting of poly(methyl methacrylate) onto starch has been investigated in aqueous medium by using AIBN as radical initiator. Starch-g-PMMA has been characterized by determination of starch in the graft copolymer. Percentage of grafting has been determined as functions of concentration of monomer, concentration of initiator, reaction time, and temperature. From scanning electron microscopic studies, evidence for grafting of PMMA onto starch has been presented.     

枸橼酸维静宁的流动注射化学发光法测定

用过氧化氢和次氯酸钠在碱性介质中协同氧化枸橼酸维静宁产生化学发光,建立了化学发光测定枸橼酸维静宁的新方法。枸橼酸维静宁的浓度在3.0×10-6～3.0×10-4mol/L范围内与化学发光强度呈良好的线性关系,检出限为2.8×10-8mol/L。对1.0×10-5mol/L枸橼酸维静宁进行11次平行测定的相对标准偏差为1.38%。用该法测定了枸橼酸维静宁片剂的含量,结果与药典法测得值一致。     

Direct photocleavage of HIV-DNA by quinacridine derivatives triggered by triplex formation

Amino-p-quinacridine compounds (PQs) have been shown to stabilize strongly and specifically triple-helical DNA. Moreover, these derivatives display photoactive properties that make them efficient DNA cleavage agents. We exploited these two properties (triplex-specific binding and photoactivity) to selectively cleave a double-stranded (ds)DNA sequence present in the HIV-1 genome. Cleavage was first carried out on a linearized plasmid (3300 bp) containing the HIV polypurine tract (PPT) that allowed targeting by a triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO). PQ(3)(), the most active compound of the series, efficiently cleaved double-stranded DNA in the vicinity of the PPT when this sequence had formed a triplex with a 16-mer TFO. Investigation of the cleavage at the molecular level was addressed on a short DNA fragment (56 bp); the photoinduced cleavage by PQ(3)() occurred only in the presence of the triple helix. Nevertheless, unusual cleavage patterns were observed: damage was observed at guanines located 6-9 bp away from the end of the triple helical site. This cleavage is very efficient (up to 60%), does not require alkaline treatment, and is observed on both strands. A quinacridine-TFO conjugate produced the same cleavage pattern. This observation, along with others, excludes the hypothesis of a triplex-induced allosteric binding site of PQ(3 )()adjacent to the damaged sequence and indicates that PQ(3 )()preferentially binds in the vicinity of the 5'-triplex junction. Irradiation in the presence of TFO-conjugates with acridine (an intercalative agent) and with the tripeptide lys-tryp-lys led to a complete inhibition of the photocleavage reaction. These results are interpreted in terms of competitive binding and of electron-transfer quenching. Together with the findings of simple mechanistic investigations, they led to the conclusion that the photoinduced damage proceeds through a direct electron transfer between the quinacridine and the guanines. This study addresses the chemical mechanism leading to strand breakage and characterizes the particular photosensitivity of the HIV-DNA target sequence which could be an oxidative hot spot for addressed photoinduced strand scission by photosensitizers.     

Nickel complexes of chlorophyll derivatives

Nickel complexes of certain phorbine and amide derivatives of chlorophyll a were synthesized. Most of the chlorophyll a derivatives studied form nickel complexes when boiled in toluene with an equimolar amount of nickel acetylacetonate in high yield. The yields of the nickel complexes of the chlorophyll derivatives are determined by the stability of the starting ligand under the reaction conditions.     

叶绿素衍生物的合成及其对紫细菌原初光化学特性 的影响研究

对10个叶绿素衍生物的合成方法进行了研究,在一定的温度(43.5℃)和丙酮的协同作用下,植物脱镁叶绿素a可转换紫细菌RS601光合反应中心的细菌脱镁叶绿素,光化学活性为对照的71.4%,光化学活性的下降与替代色素的变化无对应关系,替代后降低了Bphe^-/Bphe和QA^-/QA电对之间的电子传递速率。     

Chlorophyll triggered one-pot synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones via photo induced electron transfer reaction

The photocatalytic potential of chlorophyll has been investigated for the facile synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones utilizing concentrated solar irradiation towards sustainable energy solutions. This, one-pot, multicomponent Biginelli reaction, which involves a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism, affords a green and efficient approach for the transformation of the commercial aldehydes, β-keto ester and urea into valuable 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones with wide substrate scope and diversity. These improved reaction conditions allow the formation of a variety of substituted dihydropyrimidinones with high yields and purity in a short duration of time and mild reaction conditions.     

Palladium catalyzed thiol cross-coupling of cystein derivatives with aryl and alkenyl halides

Palladium catalyzed cystein thiol cross-coupling reactions with aryl and vinyl halides have been investigated: Pd₂dba₃-CHCl₃ and dppf are the key choice in these reactions. The role of the base in these reactions was also questioned: it has been shown that base can be replaced by an HX-scavenger such as propylene oxide.     

Synthesis of stereospecifically face-protected chlorophyll derivatives

A pair of zinc chlorins having a bridged moiety between the 3 and 13²-positions on the front or back side of its π-face were synthesized, and their asymmetric coordination ability towards pyridine was determined in benzene.     

The reaction process of firefly bioluminescence triggered by photolysis of caged-ATP

The reaction process of firefly bioluminescence was studied by photolyzing caged-ATP to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) within 100 ms. The intensity of luminescence increases markedly to reach a maximum within 1 s, maintains almost the same intensity up to 5 s and then decays monotonically. The rise γ(1) and decay γ(2) rate constants were determined to be about 5 s(-1) and 1 × 10(-2) s(-1), respectively, so as to phenomenologically fit the time course. A second luminescence peak appears after around 350 s. The dependence of the rate constants on the concentrations of reactants and a viscous reagent revealed that two kinds of reaction contribute the observed time course: (1) an intrinsic reaction by ATP photolyzed from caged-ATP that is already trapped in luciferase; and (2) a diffusion-controlled reaction by free ATP in the buffer solution outside luciferase. Numerical analysis based on reaction kinetics related γ(1) and γ(2) to the rate constants of a three-step reaction model, and accurately described the effects of concentration of reactants and a viscous reagent on the time courses of bioluminescence. Thus, it has been clearly concluded that the binding mode of caged-ATP at the catalytic center of luciferase is very different from that of ATP.