Silica sulfuric acid: an efficient reusable heterogeneous solid support for the synthesis of 3H,3′H-spiro[benzofuran-2,1′isobenzofuran]-3,3′-diones under solvent-free condition

A highly efficient protocol for the library synthesis of biologically important 3H,3′H-spiro[benzofuran-2,1′isobenzofuran]-3,3′-diones has been developed by employing silica sulfuric acid (SSA) as solid acid support under solvent-free condition. The dual characteristics of SSA, as an activating agent as well as oxidizing agent, have been well exposed in these syntheses. The intrinsic advantages of the methodology are the use of solvent-free reaction condition without using any toxic reagents or metal catalyst, operational simplicity, recyclability of the solid support, good availability of the starting materials, and excellent yields which make the method attractive, economic, and ‘benign by design’.     

Solid silica sulfuric acid (SSA) as a novel and efficient catalyst for acetylation of aldehydes and sugars

Acetylation of aldehydes and sugars catalyzed by solid silica sulfuric acid (SSA) is described. In these reactions SSA shows a highly catalytic nature: easy to handle procedure, short reaction time, recycle exploitation, insensitivity to air and moisture, excellent isolated yields. The catalyst could be recycled at least five times.     

A novel method to anchor methanesulfonic acid in silica matrix

Methanesulfonic acid (MSA) was successfully immobilized in silica, leading to a novel and environmentally friendly solid acid catalyst SMSA. The most important feature of SMSA is that anhydrous formic acid is used to hydrolysis of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). No water was added in the whole preparation. Therefore, MSA could be anchored in silica matrix more effectively instead of being dissolved in water. This new organic/inorganic hybrid catalyst was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), N₂ adsorption-desorption analyzer, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DSC) and pyridine-FTIR. The catalytic activity was tested by alkylation of olefins and aromatics. High concentration acid sites, both Lewis and Brønsted, abundant porosity and large surface area enabled the highest activity for SMSA, among MCM-22, ZSM-5 and industrial acidity clay.     

Enantioselective cyanosilylation of aldehydes catalyzed by a novel N,N′-dioxide-Ti(OPr)4 bifunctional catalyst

A novel bifunctional asymmetric catalyst containing N-oxide and titanium(IV) was developed and applied to the asymmetric cyanosilylation of aldehydes. Optically active trimethylsilyl cyanohydrin ethers were obtained up to 99% yield and 80% ee in the presence of 5 mol % catalyst loading at −78 °C. Based on the experimental results, the catalytic cycle was proposed as a pathway in which Lewis acid and Lewis base activated aldehyde and trimethylsilylcyanide (TMSCN), respectively.     

Template-free sol–gel synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica based catalysts for esterification of di-carboxylic acids

High surface area mesoporous silica based catalysts have been prepared by a simple hydrolysis/sol–gel process without using any organic template and hydrothermal treatment. A controlled hydrolysis of ethyl silicate-40, an industrial bulk chemical, as a silica precursor, resulted in the formation of very high surface area (719 m²/g) mesoporous (pore size 67 Å and pore volume 1.19 cc/g) silica. The formation of mesoporous silica has been correlated with the polymeric nature of the ethyl silicate-40 silica precursor which on hydrolysis and further condensation forms long chain silica species which hinders the formation of a close condensed structure thus creating larger pores resulting in the formation of high surface mesoporous silica. Ethyl silicate-40 was used further for preparing a solid acid catalyst by supporting molybdenum oxide nanoparticles on mesoporous silica by a simple hydrolysis sol–gel synthesis procedure. The catalysts showed very high acidity as determined by NH₃-TPD with the presence of Lewis as well as Brønsted acidity. These catalysts showed very high catalytic activity for esterification; a typical acid catalyzed organic transformation of various mono- and di-carboxylic acids with a range of alcohols. The in situ formed silicomolybdic acid heteropoly-anion species during the catalytic reactions were found to be catalytically active species for these reactions. Ethyl silicate-40, an industrial bulk silica precursor, has shown a good potential for its use as a silica precursor for the preparation of mesoporous silica based heterogeneous catalysts on a larger scale at a lower cost.     

高效且环境友好的催化剂—CMC负载稀土催化剂在一锅法合成咪唑类衍生物中的应用

CMC负载稀土催化剂是由CMC和异丙氧基稀土制得。这种固体Lewis酸催化剂被用在比较温和的条件下合成取代的咪唑类化合物。相比于昂贵的稀土Lewis酸Ln(OTf)3，廉价的CMC负载稀土催化剂也显示出了很高的催化活性。此外，这种催化剂还具有易于回收和重复使用五次以上没有明显失活的优点。     

Fatty acid methyl ester production from acid oil using silica sulfuric acid: Process optimization and reaction kinetics

Conversion of high free fatty acids (FFA) containing acid oil (AO) to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) using silica sulfuric acid (SSA) as a solid acid catalyst was investigated. Process parameters such as reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst loading, and methanol to oil molar ratio were optimized using the Taguchi orthogonal array method. Maximum FFA conversion (97.16 %) was achieved under the optimal set of parameter values viz. 70°C, 4 mass % catalyst loading, and 1: 15 oil to methanol molar ratio after 90 min. SSA was reused three times successfully without a significant loss in activity. Biodiesel produced from AO met the international biodiesel standards. Determination of kinetic parameters proved that the experimental results fit the pseudo first order kinetic law.     

新型Brønsted-Lewis双酸位碳基固体酸的制备及其催化生物柴油的合成

以羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）与硫酸铁螯合反应生成的螯合物为碳前驱体,以浓硫酸为磺化试剂,制备新型碳基固体酸催化剂。采用红外（FT-IR）、X射线衍射（XRD）、吡啶红外、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、热重分析仪（TGA）、能谱仪（EDS）对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,该催化剂同时具有Brønsted和Lewis酸位点,是具有双酸位的碳基固体酸催化剂。将其应用到油酸与甲醇的酯化反应制备生物柴油体系中,考察了不同反应条件对油酸转化率的影响。在反应温度为70℃,反应时间为6h,油酸与甲醇物质的量比为1：10,催化剂用量为油酸质量7.5%条件下,油酸的转化率可达到96.8%。此外,对该催化剂的稳定性进行研究发现该催化剂有着良好的重复使用性和疏水性。     

Stereoselective synthesis of β-amino ketones via direct Mannich-type reaction catalyzed with silica sulfuric acid

At room temperature, the direct Mannich-type reaction of a variety of in situ generated aldimines using aldehydes and anilines with ketones in a three-component reaction was efficiently catalyzed by silica sulfuric acid (SSA) in EtOH. This rapid reaction afforded the corresponding β-amino ketones in good yields with excellent stereoselectivities and catalyst was recyclable.     

SiO2担载聚甲酚磺醛作为固体酸催化剂用于有机反应

均相催化多相化是催化化学研究热点之一.但是,很多固体催化剂的制备需要专门的仪器设备和长期的实验技术积累,而一般的有机合成化学实验室并不具备制备和调控固体催化剂的条件.另外,部分固体催化剂制备过程较为复杂,制备周期较长,因此,人们在进行有机转化反应操作时往往倾向于采用均相催化剂.为了改变这一现状,需要尽快发展制备方法简单、周期短、性能可靠的固体催化剂,以期能够在当前化学反应绿色化过程中做出更大贡献.酸催化剂广泛用于有机合成反应.传统硫酸、氢氟酸等均相酸催化剂虽然催化活性较好,但其腐蚀性强、毒性大,且回收困难.为了提高化学转化过程的绿色性,固体酸催化剂在有机反应中的应用已广受关注.但是,传统的固体酸催化剂制备过程大多较为复杂,获取周期长,且酸度不均、负载量也难以实现调控,因此有必要发展一种制备便捷、酸度适中、普适性广的固体酸催化剂.聚甲酚磺醛是2-羟基-4-甲基苯磺酸与甲醛的低聚物,不溶于二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯等大部分有机溶剂,易溶于水.聚甲酚磺醛的水溶液已经被用作治疗妇科疾病的药物,是一种廉价、易得、生物兼容性好的市售化学品.由于聚甲酚磺醛分子结构中含有大量的磺酸基,因此其具备作为酸催化剂的潜质.考虑到其骨架结构中富含大量羟基,可能与SiO2类多羟基载体产生氢键作用,因而可在一定程度上稳定制备的SiO2/聚甲酚磺醛复合固体材料.本文采用浸渍法,经如下两步将聚甲酚磺醛负载于SiO2表面,制备了一系列担载量不同(0.2~1.5 mmol/g)的复合酸性材料：(1)将SiO2加入聚甲酚磺醛水溶液的乙醇溶液中,在室温下磁力搅拌10–15分钟;(2)在减压条件下除去水和乙醇(约30分钟).整个制备过程,无需专门的设备,仅需使用磁力搅拌器和旋转蒸发仪等一般有机合成实验室的常规仪器,并且制备周期非常短,在1小时以内即可完成.该方法所制备催化剂的负载量可由投料比直接控制,可简单、快速制备负载量不同的SiO2/聚甲酚磺醛复合固体材料.研究发现, SiO2/聚甲酚磺醛复合固体催化剂能够高效地促进多种有机反应,如二苯甲醇与苯乙烯衍生物的亲核取代反应、2-苯基乙醇与醛的oxa-Pictect-Spengler反应以及吲哚与1,3-二羰基化合物或2-苯基乙醛的直接C3-烯基化反应.在上述反应中,目标产物的产率均较高,且反应对底物具有良好的官能团兼容性. SiO2/聚甲酚磺醛催化剂均可重复使用多次,且催化活性无明显下降.更重要的是,上述反应的投料量可增加至10 mmol,且产物的分离产率无明显下降,从而证明SiO2/聚甲酚磺醛催化剂具有一定的实际合成价值.值得一提的是,由于SiO2/聚甲酚磺醛催化剂含有一定量的水,本文认为聚甲酚磺醛在SiO2表面是以水溶液的形式存在,因此在反应过程中可能是以均相催化的方式进行.相较于传统的SiO2负载磺酸、TiO2负载苯磺酸以及Amberlyst-15催化剂, SiO2/聚甲酚磺醛复合固体酸催化剂具有活性高、制备周期短、廉价易得的特点.同时,该催化剂可简单、快速制备各种不同酸负载量的固体催化剂,在一定范围内调控该类固体酸催化剂的酸性.因而, SiO2/聚甲酚磺醛复合固体酸催化剂望用于各种酸催化合成反应中.     

One-pot synthesis of a novel catalyst with strong acid sites based on carbon/silica composite

A novel catalyst with strong acid sites based on carbon/silica composite has been synthesized through one-pot hydrothermal carbonization of hydroxyethylsulfonic acid, glucose and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The novel solid acid showed an acidity of 2.1 mmol/g, much higher than that of traditional solid acids such as Nafion and Amberlyst-15 (0.8 mmol/g). The catalytic activity of the solid acid was investigated in the acetalization and dimerization of α-methylstyrene. The results showed that the novel solid acid was very efficient for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic acid-catalyzed reactions. Because of the high acidity and catalytic activity the novel solid acid based on carbon/silica composite is a promising catalyst for the processes in green chemistry.     

Silica Sulfuric Acid (SSA)/Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) as a Recyclable System for the Synthesis of Quinoxalines and Pyrazines

An efficient and facile method has been developed for the condensation of 1,2-diamines with α-hydroxyketones in polyethylene glycol (PEG) to quinoxalines and pyrazines with good yields in the presence of silica sulfuric acid (SSA). The important features of the methodology are simple operations, environmentally friendliness, and no requirement for metal catalysts. Additionally, the catalyst system (SSA/PEG) could be recovered easily and reused.     

A facile preparation method for synthesis of silica sulfuric acid/poly(o‐methoxyaniline) core–shell nanocomposite

A new nanocomposite of poly(o‐methoxyaniline) (POMA) is introduced by overlayer formation of POMA on silica. The key appealing feature of the synthesis is the role of silica sulfuric acid (SSA) both as solid acid dopant and template in overlayer self‐assembly of POMA on silica surface. Hereon siloxide group (Si―O^?) of silica surface is replaced with dopant anion of SSA (≡Si―O―SO₃^?), which leads to formation of a overlayer of POMA on the silica surface. The composite particles are spherical in the nanoscale range of 50 nm without application of any external template (no‐template synthesis). Nanocomposite was fully characterized by various instrumentation methods: Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), diffrential thermal analysis (DTA), elemental analysis (CHNS), energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X‐ray difraction (XRD). Based on XPS and CHNS results, it is demonstrated that the doping level of POMA is as high as 50% and for the first time the ratio of 4:2:2 is obtained for ―NH― (amine): ―HN^.+― (polarons): ?HN⁺― (bipolarons), respectively. In fact, bipolarons may also coexist with polarons with a 1:1 ratio of them. Moreover, the synthesis benefits from the perspective of green chemistry which is preparation under solid‐state (solvent‐free) condition. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preparation and characterization of crosslinked PVA/SiO2 hybrid membranes containing sulfonic acid groups for direct methanol fuel cell applications

Organic–inorganic hybrids based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/SiO₂ hybrid membranes containing sulfonic acid groups were prepared using the sol–gel process under acidic conditions. The PVA/sulfosuccinic acid (SSA)/silica hybrid membranes were fabricated from different SSA contents. The proton conductivity and methanol permeability of the hybrid membranes were studied with changing SSA content from 5 to 25 wt.%. It was found that the proton conductivity and the methanol permeability were dependent on the SSA content both as a crosslinking agent, and as a donor of the hydrophilic SO₃H group. Up to an SSA content of about 20 wt.%, both of these properties decrease, and above this SSA content, they begin to increase with increasing SSA content. The proton conductivities of the PVA/SSA/silica membranes were in the range of 10⁻³ to 10⁻² S/cm, and the methanol permeabilities ranged between 10⁻⁸ and 10⁻⁷ cm²/s. The presence of silica particles in the organic polymer matrix, which reduce the free water ratio of the membranes, results in hybrids with markedly reduced methanol permeabilities. These characteristics of the PVA/SSA/silica hybrid membranes are desirable for future applications related to direct methanol fuel cells.     

Vanadium-catalyzed oxidative bromination promoted by Brønsted acid or Lewis acid

The oxidative bromination of arenes was induced by a vanadium catalyst in the presence of a bromide salt and a Brønsted acid or a Lewis acid under molecular oxygen, which provides an eco-friendly bromination method as compared with a conventional bromination one with bromine. This catalytic reaction could be applied to the bromination of alkenes and alkynes to give the corresponding vic-bromides. Use of aluminum halide as a Lewis acid in place of a Brønsted acid was demonstrated to provide a more practical protocol for the oxidative bromination. From ketones, α-bromination products were obtained. AlBr₃ was found to serve as both a bromide source and a Lewis acid to induce the bromination smoothly. ⁵¹V NMR experiment showed that this catalytic bromination is likely to depend on the redox cycle of a vanadium catalyst under molecular oxygen.     

Lewis acid-modified mesoporous alumina: A new catalyst carrier for methyltrioxorhenium in metathesis of olefins bearing functional groups

Lewis acid-modified mesoporous alumina was found to be an efficient carrier as well as an activator for methyltrioxorhenium (MeReO₃) in olefin metathesis reactions. Especially, MeReO₃ doped on zinc chloride-modified mesoporous alumina catalyzed the metathesis of olefins with functional groups such as acetoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, chlorine, and bromine groups under mild conditions. The novel heterogeneous catalytic system promoted the metathesis of not only such functionalized olefins but also simple olefins without double bond migration that was often encountered on strong solid acids. We here present a new methodology for activation of a metal complex with Lewis acidic mesoporous materials in the metathesis reactions. This novel heterogeneous catalyst would be advantageous over conventional one from the viewpoint of environmental and economical organic synthesis.     

Lewis acid-catalyzed tandem acylation–Nazarov cyclization for the syntheses of fused cyclopentenones

Treatment of N-tosylpyrroles or N-tosylindoles with α-unsubstituted α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids or unsaturated carboxylic acids having an α electron-withdrawing substituent in the presence of TFAA and a Lewis acid catalyst resulted in the formation of fused cyclopentenones via a tandem acylation–Nazarov cyclization sequence, while either the acylation product obtained or no reaction occurred in the absence of the Lewis acid catalyst.     

Surface Chemistry of Nanohybrids with Fumed Silica Functionalized by Polydimethylsiloxane/Dimethyl Carbonate Studied Using 1H, 13C,and 29Si Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

The investigation of molecular interactions between a silica surface and organic/inorganic polymers is crucial for deeper understanding of the dominant mechanisms of surface functionalization. In this work, attachment of various depolymerized polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) of different chain lengths, affected by dimethyl carbonate (DMC), to silica nanoparticles pretreated at different temperatures has been studied using ²⁹Si, ¹H, and ¹³C solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The results show that grafting of different modifier blends onto a preheated silica surface depends strongly on the specific surface area (SSA) linked to the silica nanoparticle size distributions affecting all textural characteristics. The pretreatment at 400 °C results in a greater degree of the modification of (i) A-150 (SSA = 150 m²/g) by PDMS-10/DMC and PDMS-1000/DMC blends; (ii) A-200 by PDMS-10/DMC and PDMS-100/DMC blends; and (iii) A-300 by PDMS-100/DMC and PDMS-1000/DMC blends. The spectral features observed using solid-state NMR spectroscopy suggest that the main surface products of the reactions of various depolymerized PDMS with pretreated nanosilica particles are the (CH₃)₃SiO-[(CH₃)₂SiO-]_x fragments. The reactions occur with the siloxane bond breakage by DMC and replacing surface hydroxyls. Changes in the chemical shifts and line widths, as shown by solid-state NMR, provide novel information on the whole structure of functionalized nanosilica particles. This study highlights the major role of solid-state NMR spectroscopy for comprehensive characterization of functionalized solid surfaces.     

磺酸官能化的磁性核壳结构的纳米材料用于果糖脱水制备5-羟甲基糠醛(英)

通过反相微乳液法制备了以Fe₃O₄为核,磺酸官能化的硅基材料为壳层的磁性酸性催化剂.首先制备纳米Fe₃O₄磁核,然后涂层包覆苯基修饰的纳米级硅层,最后进行苯基磺化修饰,制得固体酸催化剂Fe₃O₄@Si/Ph-SO₃H.在果糖脱水制备5-羟甲基糠醛反应中,该催化剂表现出较好的催化活性,优于传统催化剂A-15,且与均相无机酸催化活性相当.当采用二甲基亚砜作溶剂,在110℃下反应3 h,果糖转化率达到99%,5-羟甲基糠醛收率为82%.另外,该催化剂经磁法回收后可多次重复使用.     

An Efficient Synthesis of Pyrroline‐Fused Acridine Derivatives Catalyzed by Silica Sulfuric Acid

A simple and efficient synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3,4‐kl]acridine‐1‐one derivatives via the cascade reaction of isatins with enaminones catalyzed by silica sulfuric acid (SSA) has been established. In this reactions, SSA shows a highly catalytic nature: easy to handle procedure, short reaction time, recycle exploitation, insensitivity to air and moisture, and excellent isolated yields. The catalyst could be recycled at least five times.