The first stereoselective total synthesis of (3S,4R)-dihydroxy-(6S)-undecyl-α-pyranone and total synthesis of (2S,3R,5S)-(−)-2,3-dihydroxytetradecan-5-olide

The first total synthesis of (3S,4R)-dihydroxy-(6S)-undecyl-α-pyranone 1 and total synthesis of (2S,3R,5S)-(−)-2,3-dihydroxytetradecan-5-olide 2 have been achieved in five steps in a highly stereoselective manner using Maruoka allylation, olefin cross-metathesis, and Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation as key steps.     

First total synthesis of (−)-(3S,6R)-3,6-dihydroxy-10-methylundecanoic acid

The first total synthesis of (3S,6R)-3,6-dihydroxy-10-methylundecanoic acid was accomplished from commercially available 1-bromo-3-methylbutane in 11 steps and 25.8% overall yield. The key steps were asymmetric allylic alkylations via allyldiisopinocampheylborane and hydroboration-oxidation.     

Constrained cycloalkyl analogues of glutamic acid: stereocontrolled synthesis of (+)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY354740) and its 6-phosphonic acid analogue

A new stereocontrolled synthesis of (+)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2.6-dicarboxylic acid (LY354740) 1, a potent and selective 2mGluR agonist, has been accomplished in four steps with an overall yield of 27% starting from the enantiopure (+)-(R)-2-(p-tolylsulfinyl)cyclopent-2-enone 3. The key steps include asymmetric cyclopropanation of 3 with (dimethylsulfuranylidene)acetate (EDSA) and removal of the chiral p-tolylsulfinyl auxiliary from the cycloadduct ent-4c upon treatment with iso-propylmagnesium chloride. The stereoselective hydantoin formation from the bicyclic ketone 6 formed (Bucherer–Bergs reaction) and subsequent hydrolysis completed the synthesis of 1. The same reaction sequence has been applied in the first synthesis of enantiopure (+)-2-amino-6-phosphonobicyclo[3.0.1]hexane-2-carboxylic acid 2, a structural 6-phosphono analogue of 1. The starting bicyclic ketophosphonates 9–11 have been obtained by asymmetric cyclopropanation of (?)-(S)-3 with phosphoryl sulfonium ylides, producing only two endo-isomers. The major endo-isomer (+)-11a containing the 6-diisopropoxyphosphoryl group has been converted in three steps into (+)-endo-2 in 46% overall yield.     

First total synthesis of the marine steroid alkaloid plakinamine B

The first total synthesis of the marine steroid alkaloid plakinamine B (1) was accomplished in seven steps starting from known aldehyde 3. Key steps in this synthesis are the attachment of a vinylpyridine side chain by an aldol reaction, a chemoselective reduction of a pyridinium salt to a vinyl tetrahydropyridine, and the introduction of the 3α-methylamino group under Mitsunobu conditions. Plakinamine B and some of its precursors with amino or pyridinium side chains show significant antimicrobial activities.     

An efficient formal synthesis of (S)-dapoxetine from enantiopure 3-hydroxy azetidin-2-one

An efficient formal synthesis of S-(+) dapoxetine starting from 3-hydroxy azetidin-2-one is described. The intermediate (S)-3-(dimethyl amino)-3-phenylpropan-1-ol was synthesized in enantiopure form starting with 3-hydroxy azetidin-2-one in seven steps.     

Ring-closing iodoamination of homoallylic amines for the synthesis of polysubstituted pyrrolidines: application to the asymmetric synthesis of (−)-codonopsinine

Ring-closing iodoamination of (E)-configured, N-α-methyl-p-methoxybenzyl protected homoallylic amines upon treatment with I₂ and NaHCO₃ in MeCN occurs with concomitant loss of the N-α-methyl-p-methoxybenzyl group to give 3-iodopyrrolidines in >99:1 dr. This transformation was used as one of the key steps in the total asymmetric synthesis of (?)-codonopsinine, which was achieved in seven steps (from commercially available tert-butyl crotonate) in 5% overall yield and >99:1 dr.     

A chiron approach to the cyclopropyl lactone oxylipins

Enantiomerically pure key intermediates for the synthesis of constanolactones A and B and solandelactones A, B, E and F, the hydroxy-protected (3S,5Z)-undec-1-yn-5-en-3-ol and (3S,1E,5Z)-1-iodoundec-1,5-dien-3-ol, have been obtained in nine steps starting from (S)-malic acid.     

Organocatalytic enantioselective formal synthesis of HRV 3C-protease inhibitor (1R,3S)-thysanone

A short and efficient organocatalytic enantioselective formal synthesis of HRV 3C-protease inhibitor (1R,3S)-thysanone is achieved in a nine-step with 98.7% enantiomeric excess, by employing l-proline-catalyzed asymmetric α-aminooxylation of aldehyde and Oxa-Pictet-Spengler cyclization as the key steps.     

Concise,efficient and highly selective asymmetric synthesis of (+)-(3S,4R)-cisapride

A concise asymmetric synthesis of the gastroprokinetic agent (+)-(3S,4R)-cisapride {(+)-(3S,4R)-N(1)-[3′-(4″-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxy-4-(2″′-methoxy-4″′-amino-5″′-chlorobenzamido)piperidine} from commercially available starting materials has been developed. The key step of this synthesis employs the diastereoselective conjugate addition of lithium (R)-N-benzyl-N-(α-methylbenzyl)amide to tert-butyl 5-[N-3′-(4″-fluorophenoxy)propyl-N-allylamino]pent-2-enoate and in situ enolate oxidation with (?)-camphorsulfonyloxaziridine to set the (3S,4R)-configuration found within the piperidine ring of the product. This synthesis proceeds in 9 steps from commercially available 1-(4′-fluorophenoxy)-3-bromopropane with an overall yield of 19%.     

A practical total synthesis of (+)-isogalbulin and (+)-galbulin

A practical total synthesis of the natural products (+)-isogalbulin and (+)-galbulin has been achieved in 10 steps from readily available 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid. The total yields were 12.3% and 12.9%, respectively. The key steps involved Evans asymmetric alkylation, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, and a highly regioselective opening of 1-benzyloxy-2,3-epoxides with an organoaluminum ate-complex formed by Me₃Al and n-BuLi.     

Concise synthesis of a pentasaccharide repeating unit corresponding to the O-antigen of Escherichia coli O102

An efficient synthetic strategy has been developed for the synthesis of a pentasaccharide repeating unit of the O-antigen of Escherichia coli O102 strain. The target pentasaccharide 1 has been synthesized using a [2+3] block glycosylation strategy. All glycosylation steps are highly stereoselective and high yielding. Concept of armed-disarmed and orthogonal glycosylation strategies has been applied during the synthesis. The target compound has been synthesized using the minimum number of steps.     

A highly stereocontrolled formal total synthesis of (±)- and of (−)-grandisol by 1,4-conjugated addition of organocopper reagents to cyclobutylidene derivatives

Starting from suitable cyclopropanes, a formal total synthesis of racemic grandisol and of the enantiopure (−)-grandisol is presented. The racemic synthesis of the grandisol precursor was accomplished in five steps. The synthesis of the chiral non-racemic precursor (1S,2S,2′R)-cis of this pheromone was realized in 10 steps, with an overall yield of 45%, using the enantiopure cyclobutanone (R,S), previously obtained by ring expansion of an optically pure oxaspiropentane. The key stereodefining step was the addition of lithium dimethylcuprate to a chiral α,β-unsaturated cyclobutylidene carbonyl derivative.     

Stereoconvergent synthesis of N-Boc-(2R,3S)-3-hydroxy-2-phenylpiperidine

The stereoconvergent synthesis of N-Boc-(2R,3S)-3-hydroxy-2-phenylpiperidine from (R)-1-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-phenylethyl)piperidin-2-one is described. The key steps involved are α-hydroxylation of quiral lactam with O₂, stereoconvergent reduction of (R)- or (S)-3-(benzyloxy)-piperidin-2-one with Red-Al® which afforded in both cases the trans-bicyclic oxazolidine in high stereoselectivity after chromatographic purification and a stereospecific Grignard addition to chiral bicyclic oxazolidine.     

Synthesis of Δ-15-deoxy-PG-J1 methyl ester and epi-Δ-15-deoxy-PG-J1

The synthesis of racemic Δ^12,14-15-deoxy-PG-J₁ is readily achieved in six steps employing as the key transformation a one-pot conjugate addition-Peterson olefination sequence using exo-2-trimethylsilyl-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoinden-1-one. Additionally a Noyori-type three-component coupling approach is employed for the synthesis of enantioenriched epi-Δ¹²-15-deoxy-PG-J₁ from 4(S)-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxycyclopent-2-enone.     

Synthesis of tubuphenylalanine and epi-tubuphenylalanine via regioselective aziridine ring opening with carbon nucleophiles followed by hydroboration-oxidation of 1,1-substituted amino alkenes

An efficient synthesis of N-Boc-tubuphenylalanine benzyl ester (N-Boc-Tup-OBn, 1a) and N-Boc-epi-tubuphenylalanine benzyl ester (N-Boc-epi-Tup-OBn, 1b) is reported herein. Regioselective aziridine 4 ring opening with carbon nucleophiles followed by hydroboration of 1,1-substituted aminoalkene 3 using 9-BBN and subsequent oxidation in an alkaline medium are used as the key steps to provide N-tosyl 1,4-aminoalcohols. The 1,4-aminoalcohols are successfully transformed into the desired products with an overall yield of 23% for 1a and 11% for 1b over 8 consecutive steps separately.     

Enantioselective synthesis of phosphonate analogues of (R)- and (S)-homoserine

The enantioselective synthesis of (R)- and (S)-1-amino-3-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid, the phosphonate analogues of (S)- and (R)-homoserine, has been accomplished in four steps and good overall yield starting from diethyl (3R,5R)- or (3S,5S)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(S)-1-phenylethyl]isoxazolidinyl-3-phosphonate, respectively.     

First total synthesis of (+)-hyacinthacine A2

The first synthesis of (+)-hyacinthacine A₂ has been achieved in six steps from 2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-d-arabinofuranose in an overall yield of 11%. The structure of this natural product was thus unambiguously established as (1R,2R,3R,7aR)-1,2-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethylpyrrolizidine.     

Direct syntheses of Lan+1NinO3n+1 phases (n=1, 2, 3 and ∞) from nanosized co-crystallites

A new direct route for the “bottom up” syntheses of phases in the La_n+1Ni_nO_3n+1 series (n=1, 2, 3 and ∞) has been achieved via single-step heat treatments of nanosized co-crystallized precursors. The co-crystallized precursors were prepared using a continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis system that uses a superheated water flow at ca. 400 °C and 24.1 MPa to produce nanoparticulate slurries. Overall, a significant reduction in time and number of steps for the syntheses of La₃Ni₂O₇ and La₄Ni₃O₁₀ was achieved compared with more conventional synthesis methods, which typically require multiple homogenization and reheating steps over several days.     

Asymmetric synthesis of (−)-codonopsinine

The asymmetric synthesis of (−)-codonopsinine was achieved in 7 steps (from commercially available tert-butyl crotonate) in 5% overall yield and >99:1 dr. The key step in this synthesis involved ring-closing iodoamination of a functionalised homoallylic amine, which occurred with concomitant N-debenzylation, to give a 3-iodopyrrolidine that was elaborated to (−)-codonopsinine.     

Efficient synthesis of the cyclopentanone fragrances (Z)-3-(2-oxopropyl)-2-(pent-2-en-1-yl)cyclopentanone and Magnolione

This paper describes the selective syntheses of two cis-isomer-enriched cyclopentanone fragrances: (Z)-3-(2-oxopropyl)-2-(pent-2-en-1-yl)cyclopentanone (four steps, 62% overall yield, 67% cis) and Magnolione^® (five steps, 60% overall yield, 55% cis). In addition, the asymmetric synthesis of (3aR,7aS)-5-methyl-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-inden-1-one as well as (3a′R,7a′S)-5′-methyl-2′,3′,3a′,4′,7′,7a′-hexahydrospiro[[1,3]dioxolane-2,1′-indene] has been realized by an efficient kinetic resolution, which enables the selective synthesis of the 2S,3R-isomer-enriched 3 and 4.