Determination of dimetridazole and metronidazole in poultry and porcine tissues by gas chromatography-electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry

A sensitive and selective method using gas chromatography-electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry (GC-ECNI-MS) for analysis of dimetridazole (DMZ) and metronidazole (MNZ) in poultry muscles, porcine kidney and liver, and chicken liver, was developed and validated for the purpose of food surveillance testing of the residues of these two nitroimidazoles in various types of animal tissues in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Before homogenization and extraction with toluene, [2H₃]dimetridazole-(DMZ-d³) and secnidazole (SNZ) were added to tissue samples as internal standards. The organic extracts were mixed with n-hexane and subject to solid-phase extraction cleanup by amine extraction columns. MNZ and SNZ were derivatized with BSA prior to GC-ECNI-MS determination. Good recovery and precision were obtained and the limit of detection was below parts per billion levels for poultry and porcine tissues. The method could also be applied for the detection of the hydroxylated metabolite of DMZ.     

气相色谱-电子轰击离子源质谱法分析卷烟和烟叶中29种农药的残留

开展了卷烟和烟叶中有机氯、有机磷和拟除虫菊酯3类29种农药残留的气相色谱-电子轰击离子源质谱(GC-EI/MS)的分析方法研究。优化与选择了卷烟和烟叶样品的前处理条件,样品经正己烷-丙酮(体积比为1∶1)混合提取剂超声提取、Florisil硅土和中性氧化铝双净化剂固相萃取柱净化、二氯甲烷-正己烷(体积比为95∶5)混合洗脱剂洗脱和浓缩后,以磷酸三苯酯(TPP)为内标物,采用GC-EI/MS的选择离子监测方式(SIM)进行定性和定量分析。当样品的加标水平为20,50,100 μg/kg时,加标回收率为70%～110%,相对标准偏差在2%～8%之间;除了甲氰菊酯、氯菊酯和溴氰菊酯的方法检出限(LOD)分别为1.85,1.74与2.54 μg/kg外,其余的26种农药的LOD均小于0.8 μg/kg;线性范围为5.0～500.0 μg/kg,相关系数都大于等于0.9994。此分析方法已成功地应用于卷烟和烟叶样品中3类29种痕量农药残留的分析     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物源食品中3-甲基喹喔啉-2-羧酸和喹喔啉-2-羧酸残留

建立了动物源食品中喹喔啉类药物代谢残留标识物3-甲基喹喔啉-2-羧酸和喹喔啉-2-羧酸的高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。样品在酸性环境水解,经乙酸乙酯、磷酸盐缓冲液依次提取,Oasis MAX固相萃取小柱净化,用Waters Xterra MS C18柱(150 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm)分离,以甲醇-0.2%甲酸为流动相梯度洗脱,采用多反应监测(MRM)正离子模式检测,内标法定量。各物质在1.0～20.0 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均不低于0.9996; 3-甲基喹喔啉-2-羧酸和喹喔啉-2-羧酸在0.1、0.2、1.0 μg/kg加标水平的回收率为62.4%～118%,相对标准偏差为1.48%～28.1%;定量限(以信噪比≥10计)为0.1 μg/kg。该方法简单、灵敏、稳定,可满足猪肉、猪肝、鸡肉、鸡肝、鱼、虾等动物源食品中3-甲基喹喔啉-2-羧酸和喹喔啉-2-羧酸残留的检测与确证需要。     

大体积采样结合高分辨气相色谱-电子捕获负化学源-低分辨质谱法测定空气中的短链氯化石蜡

建立了大体积采样结合高分辨气相色谱-电子捕获负化学源-低分辨质谱(HRGC-ECNI-LRMS)测定空气中短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)的定量分析方法。联合使用酸化硅胶复合层析柱和碱性氧化铝层析柱净化处理空气样品中的SCCPs,并对净化条件进行优化。使用该方法计算得到氯含量为58.1%~63.3%的SCCPs系列标准储备溶液的总响应因子与氯含量线性相关,相关系数(R²)大于0.99。该方法的仪器检出限(S/N≥3)为4.2 pg,定量限(S/N≥10)为12 pg。SCCPs的方法检出限(MDL)为0.34 ng/m³(n=7),实际样品加标回收率均达80%以上。该方法灵敏度高、选择性好,能满足空气样品中SCCPs的监测和分析需求。     

Measurement of oleic acid in human plasma by isotope dilution mass spectrometry

Summary A method for the quantitative determination of oleic acid in human plasma by isotope-dilution mass spectrometric technique is described. For the measurement of the fatty acid concentration (1-¹³C) oleic acid is added to the plasma sample. The fatty acids are extracted with n-hexane. Portions of the extract are esterified by the boron trifluoridemethanol method or stable isotope methylation. The methyl ester derivatives of the fatty acids are separated and detected by GC-MS with the mass spectrometer set to m/z 296 and 297. For the measurement of oleic acid after stable isotope methylation the m/z 299 and m/z 300 are monitored. The amounts of oleic acid in the plasma are calculated from the isotope ratios measured by selected ion monitoring. The recovery of the methylation step and the precision and accuracy of the GC-MS method are presented and discussed.     

动物肝脏中九种多溴联苯醚残留量的GC—NCI／MS分析

建立了动物肝脏中9种PBDEs残留量的气相色谱-负化学离子源/质谱(GC-NCI/MS)的分析方法。动物肝脏样品经V(正己烷)∶V(丙酮)=1∶1超声辅助提取,中性与酸性硅胶层析柱净化和V(正已烷)∶V(CH2Cl2)=1∶1洗脱和浓缩后,以PCB-103为内标物,采用GC-NCI/MS的选择离子监测方式(SIM)对其中的9种PBDEs残留量进行了定性与定量分析。当动物肝脏空白样品的加标质量浓度为5.0、20.0μg/kg(PBDE-183为6.0、24.0μg/kg)时,9种PBDEs的平均加标回收率为75.1%~88.2%,相对标准偏差为3.3%~7.9%,方法检出限均小于0.07μg/kg;线性范围除PBDE-183为0.12~600.0μg/kg外,其余8种PBDEs为0.1~500.0μg/kg,相关系数都大于0.9993。所建立的分析方法已用于5种动物肝脏的8个样品中9种PBDEs残留量的分析。     

GC-MS/NCI稳定同位素稀释技术检测动物源性食品中氯霉素的残留量

建立了一种用于各种动物源性食品中氯霉素残留量的气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱(GC-MS/NCI)检测方法。以氘代氯霉素(D5-CAP)为内标物,用乙酸乙酯对各类样品中的氯霉素进行提取,用正己烷和40 g/L NaCl溶液液液分配除脂肪,基质复杂的样品再用Oasi HLB固相萃取柱净化,经硅烷化衍生后由GC-MS/NCI在选择离子监测模式下进行测定。多数样品在0.2,0.5,1.0μg/kg3个添加水平下氯霉素的回收率处于87.8%和107.0%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)不大于8.5%。方法在2.0~80.0μg/L范围内有良好的线性关系,基质复杂样品中氯霉素残留的检出限达到0.1μg/kg,基质简单样品的检测限可达0.05μg/kg。方法适合各种动物源性食品中氯霉素残留量的确证分析。     

Determination of misoprostol free acid in human breast milk and serum by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry

To study an expected transition of misoprostol from human blood into breast milk, a novel method for the determination of its active metabolite misoprostol acid (MPA) was developed. MPA was determined in serum and breast milk samples by an isotope dilution assay using gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (GC/NICI-MS/MS). After addition of (15S)-15-methylprostaglandin E(2) (15-methyl-PGE(2)) as an internal standard, MPA was extracted from both matrices using a reversed-phase cartridge. The prostanoids were derivatized with O-2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (PFBHA) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFBB) to the pentafluorobenzyl oxime (PFBO)-pentafluorobenzyl ester (PFB) derivatives. The sample was subjected to thin-layer chromatography with ethyl acetate-hexane (1 : 1 (v/v)) as the developing solvent. The corresponding zone was extracted. After derivatization to the trimethylsilyl ether, MPA was determined by GC/NICI-MS/MS using the [molecule (M) - pentafluorobenzyl (PFB)](-) ([P](-)) ions as precursor in the negative ion chemical ionization mode. The product ions used for quantification were [P - 2TMSOH - C(6)F(5)CH(2)OH](-) (MPA) and [P - 2TMSOH - C(6)F(5)CH(2)OH - CO(2)](-)(15-methyl-PGE(2)), respectively. The limit of quantification for MPA was approximately 1 pg ml(-1) in breast milk and serum samples. The correlation coefficients of the calibration curves for MPA were r > 0.997 in the 0.5-2000 pg ml(-1) range for both tested matrices.     

Determination of 17 pyrethroid residues in troublesome matrices by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization

An analytical method with the technique of QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) and gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) in negative chemical ionization (NCI) has been developed for the determination of 17 pyrethroid pesticide residues in troublesome matrices, including garlic, onion, spring onion and chili. Pyrethroid residues were extracted with acidified acetonitrile saturated by hexane. After a modified QuEChERS clean-up step, the extract was analyzed by GC-NCI/MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. An isotope internal standard of trans-cypermethrin-D₆ was employed for quantitation. Chromatograms of pyrethroids obtained in all these matrices were relatively clean and without obvious interference. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.02 to 6 μg kg⁻¹ and recovery yields were from 54.0% to 129.8% at three spiked levels (20, 40 and 60 μg kg⁻¹ for chili, and 10, 20 and 30 μg kg⁻¹ for others) in four different matrices depending on the compounds determined. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were all below 14%. Isomerization enhancement of pyrethroids in chili extract was observed and preliminarily explained, especially for acrinathrin and deltamethrin.     

Quantitative analysis of memantine in human plasma by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization/mass spectrometry

A sensitive and specific method for the determination of memantine in human plasma is presented. Memantine was extracted from plasma and derivatized to the pentafluorobenzoyl derivative in a one-step procedure avoiding any sample concentration steps. Amantadine was used as an internal standard. The compounds were measured by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry without any further processing. Using this detection mode, the fragment ions at m/z 353 and 325 were obtained at high relative abundance. Calibration graphs were linear over the range 0.117-30 ng ml(-1). At the limit of quantification (LOQ), the inter-assay precision was 2.00% and the intra-assay variability was 3.22%. The accuracy at the LOQ showed deviations of -1.42% (intra-assay) and -2.47% (inter-assay). The method is rugged, rapid and robust and was applied to the batch determination of memantine during pharmacokinetic profiling of the drug.     

Determination of fatty acid positions in native lipid A by positive and negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Lipid A is the endotoxic principle of the lipopolysaccharide fraction from Gram-negative bacteria. It is involved in the elicitation of cytokine production that leads to massive inflammation and to septic shock as a lethal consequence. For this reason, the structural elucidation of lipopolysaccharides from toxic Gram-negative bacteria is an important and complicated task, mainly owing to its natural heterogeneity. Here, a new methodology to infer the distribution of the primary and secondary acyl residues is described, based on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) of intact lipid A under high cone voltage in order to achieve in-source fragmentation. Under these conditions, acyl fragmentation is induced and a different regioselective cleavage of secondary fatty acids is observed in positive and negative ESI-MS, allowing the rapid identification of the lipid A structure.     

Determination of acrylamide in Chinese traditional carbohydrate-rich foods using gas chromatography with micro-electron capture detector and isotope dilution liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

The present study developed two analytical methods for quantification of acrylamide in complex food matrixes, such as Chinese traditional carbohydrate-rich foods. One is based on derivatization with potassium bromate and potassium bromide without clean-up prior to gas chromatography with micro-electron capture detector (GC-MECD). Alternatively, the underivatized acrylamide was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in the positive electrospray ionization mode. For both methods, the Chinese carbohydrate-rich samples were homogenized, defatted with petroleum ether and extracted with aqueous solution of sodium chloride. Recovery rates for acrylamide from spiked Chinese style foods with the spiking level of 50, 500 and 1000 μg kg⁻¹ were in the range of 79-93% for the GC-MECD including derivatization and 84-97% for the HPLC-MS/MS method. Typical quantification limits of the HPLC-MSMS method were 4 μg kg⁻¹ for acrylamide. The GC-MECD method achieved quantification limits of 10 μg kg⁻¹ in Chinese style foods. Thirty-eight Chinese traditional foods purchased from different manufacturers were analyzed and compared with four Western style foods. Acrylamide contaminant was found in all of samples at the concentration up to 771.1 and 734.5 μg kg⁻¹ detected by the GC and HPLC method, respectively. The concentrations determined with the two different quantitative methods corresponded well with each other. A convenient and fast pretreatment procedure will be optimized in order to satisfy further investigation of hundreds of samples.     

气相色谱-负化学源质谱法测定蔬菜中17种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量

建立了气相色谱-负化学源质谱检测蔬菜中17种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量的方法。样品中的目标物经乙腈提取后,用乙二胺-N-丙基甲硅烷(PSA)和石墨化炭黑填料进行分散固相萃取净化,气相色谱-负化学源质谱选择离子监测模式测定,同位素内标法定量。在甜豌豆、绿花菜和大葱基质中均未见干扰所有农药测定的现象。17种拟除虫菊酯类农药的定量限均为0.02～5 μg/kg。在10、20、30和100 μg/kg等4个添加水平下,所有农药的回收率均为71.0%～139.0%,相对标准偏差≤12.8%。该方法可作为蔬菜中17种菊酯类农残检测的确证方法。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测猪肉中3-甲基喹喔啉-2-羧酸残留

建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时定量和确证猪肉中3-甲基喹喔啉-2-羧酸（MQCA）残留量的检测方法。试样用0.3 mol/L盐酸溶液水解提取，加入乙腈和乙酸乙酯萃取，再用0.1 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液反萃取，阴离子交换固相萃取柱净化，经Agilent Eclipse Plus C₁₈柱（50 mm×3.0 mm，1.8 μm）分离，采用液相色谱-串联质谱仪检测，基质匹配添加标准曲线定量。MQCA在1.0~50 μg/L范围内线性相关系数大于0.99，在0.5、1.0、5.0 μg/kg加标水平下其回收率为90.5%~119.6%，相对标准偏差为3.14%~4.22%。方法可用于猪肉中MQCA残留量的快速定量和确证检测。     

Mass spectrometric characteristics of decabromodiphenyl ether and the application of isotopic dilution in the electron capture negative ionization mode for the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers

The mass spectrometric properties of (12)C-and (13)C-labeled decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in the low-resolution mass spectrometry electron capture negative ionization mode (ECNI-MS) is described in detail and are compared with those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) with a lower degree of bromination. The mass spectrometric properties of BDE-209 make it possible to apply (13)C-labeled BDE-209 as an internal surrogate standard for the determination of BDE-209 by isotopic dilution. A combination of the [Br](-) and [C(6)Br(5)O](-) fragment ions is proposed for the detection with ECNI-MS in the selected ion monitoring mode to increase selectivity, sensitivity and accuracy in the determination of decabromodiphenyl ether together with other polybrominated diphenyl ethers. The importance of optimizing the instrument parameters to obtain optimal response from the mass spectrometer in the analysis of PBDEs is discussed in detail.     

Direct quantification of creatinine in human urine by using isotope dilution extractive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Urinary creatinine (CRE) is an important biomarker of renal function. Fast and accurate quantification of CRE in human urine is required by clinical research. By using isotope dilution extractive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (EESI–MS/MS) a high throughput method for direct and accurate quantification of urinary CRE was developed in this study. Under optimized conditions, the method detection limit was lower than 50 μg L⁻¹. Over the concentration range investigated (0.05–10 mg L⁻¹), the calibration curve was obtained with satisfactory linearity (R² = 0.9861), and the relative standard deviation (RSD) values for CRE and isotope-labeled CRE (CRE-d3) were 7.1–11.8% (n = 6) and 4.1–11.3% (n = 6), respectively. The isotope dilution EESI–MS/MS method was validated by analyzing six human urine samples, and the results were comparable with the conventional spectrophotometric method (based on the Jaffe reaction). Recoveries for individual urine samples were 85–111% and less than 0.3 min was taken for each measurement, indicating that the present isotope dilution EESI–MS/MS method is a promising strategy for the fast and accurate quantification of urinary CRE in clinical laboratories.     

Determination of phthalate esters in Chinese spirits using isotope dilution gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

Phthalate esters are additives used in polyvinylchloride and are found as contaminants in many food products. An isotope dilution mass spectrometry technique has been developed for accurate analysis of 16 phthalate esters in Chinese spirits by adopting the 16 corresponding isotope‐labeled phthalate esters. The ethanol in the spirit sample was first removed by heating with a water bath at 100°C with a stream of nitrogen, after which the residue was extracted with n‐hexane twice. The phthalates collected were identified and quantified by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The spiking recoveries of 16 analytes ranged from 94.3 to 105.3% with relative standard deviation values of <6.5%. The detection limits for 16 analytes were <10.0 ng/g. The expanded relative uncertainties were from 3.0 to 14%. A survey was performed on Chinese spirits from the market. Six of the nine analyzed samples were contaminated by phthalates. Di‐n‐butyl phthalate and di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate showed higher detection frequency and concentrations. This isotope dilution gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method is simple, rapid, accurate, and highly sensitive, which qualifies as a candidate reference method for the determination of phthalates in spirits.     

Quantitative analysis of clavulanic acid in porcine tissues by liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a method for the determination of clavulanic acid (CLAV) residues in edible tissues of swine by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). After a simple extraction of CLAV using an aqueous phosphate buffer solution of pH 6.0, an ultrafiltration step was performed for protein removal. Chromatography of CLAV and the internal standard tazobactam (TAZO) was achieved on a reversed-phase PLRP-S polymeric column (150 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 100 Å) using a mixture of 0.05 (v/v)% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The mass spectrometer was operated in the MS/MS selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The method was validated for the analysis of porcine muscle, skin plus fat, liver and kidney, according to the requirements defined by the European Community. Calibration curves were prepared for all tissues and good linearity was achieved over the concentration ranges tested (correlation coefficient ≥0.99 and goodness-of-fit coefficient ≤10%). Limits of quantification of 50 ng g⁻¹ were obtained for the analysis of CLAV in the various tissues which corresponds in all cases to at least half the maximum residue limits (MRLs). Limits of detection ranged between 8.0 and 15.14 ng g⁻¹. The within-day, between-day precisions and trueness fell within the ranges specified in the EMEA/CVMP/573-00/FINAL document. Biological samples from pigs that received an oral or intravenous bolus of a commercial amoxicillin/clavulanic acid formulation were analyzed using the described method.     

大流量采样-GC-NCI-MS测定环境空气中的多溴联苯醚

建立了大流量采样-气相色谱负化学电离质谱法测定环境空气中痕量多溴联苯醚的方法.用PS-1型大流量空气采样器采集环境空气样品,样品经提取、纯化后采用气相色谱负化学电离质谱法测定环境空气中多溴联苯醚.方法的线性范围在5～10000 pg/m3之间,检出限1～50 pg/m3.用于检测2006年5月在广州市采集的环境空气样品,多溴联苯醚组分含量在5.4～4989 pg/m3范围.该方法适合用于监测环境空气中的痕量PBDEs.     

气相色谱-负化学源-质谱法检测水中10种全氟羧酸化合物

建立了气相色谱-负化学源-质谱（GC-NCI-MS）检测水中10种全氟羧酸化合物的分析方法。使用硅烷衍生化试剂N-甲基-N-三甲基硅基三氟乙酰胺（MSTFA）对全氟羧酸化合物进行衍生化，水样经弱阴离子交换固相萃取柱净化富集后进样。实验优化了样品前处理、衍生化和仪器条件。结果表明，10种全氟羧酸化合物在0.1~10 mg/L范围内线性关系良好，相关系数为0.9956~0.9993；方法的检测限（LOD）和定量限（LOQ）分别为0.5~1.5 μg/L和1.5~4.5 μg/L。在空白水样中进行了3个添加水平的加标回收试验，10种全氟羧酸化合物的平均回收率为70.2%~112.6%，相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.1%~14.5%（n=6）。该法原理简单，灵敏度高，准确、精密，可实现水体中10种全氟羧酸化合物同时检测的要求。