CaO/MgO负载的钙钛矿型氧化物用于甲烷化学链蒸汽重整（英文）

甲烷化学链蒸汽重整(Chemical-looping steam methane reforming,CL-SMR)是基于化学链燃烧的概念而提出的一种新颖的技术。在重整反应器中,甲烷与载氧体中的晶格氧发生部分氧化反应生成合成气(H_2/CO物质的量比为2.0),还原后的载氧体进入到水蒸气反应器中,与水蒸气反应恢复晶格氧的同时生成H2。以钙钛矿型氧化物LaFeO_3为载氧体用于甲烷化学链蒸气重整过程,同时通过碱金属CaO和MgO对LaFeO_3进行负载,以增大载氧体的比表面积、热稳定性和抗积炭能力。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、BET比表面积分析(BET)和X光电子能谱(XPS)对载氧体进行表征。结果表明,三种载氧体均表现出较高的反应活性和合成气选择性,循环后仍能保持钙钛矿的结构。从反应性能、选择性和抗积炭能力等方面综合考虑,LaFeO_3-CaO的效果最好,五次循环后具有很好的再生性     

三维有序大孔钙钛矿型氧化物LaFeO3的合成及甲烷化学链重整性能

采用无皂乳液聚合法制备了聚苯乙烯(PS)聚合物微球,并采用胶晶模板法制备了三维有序大孔3DOM LaFeO₃钙钛矿型氧化物.通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射和傅里叶变换红外光谱等手段对氧化物的性能进行了表征.利用程序升温还原和多次氧化还原循环反应评价了氧化物的反应性,并在固定床反应器上研究了其甲烷氧化性能.结果表明,与离心法和蒸发法相比,垂直沉积法获得的PS微球模板排列更均匀有序;前驱物溶剂及浓度对最终的三维有序大孔材料的结构有显著影响,利用乙醇为前驱物溶剂所制备的样品比利用乙烯为溶剂的样品具有更好的三维有序大孔结构,前驱物乙醇溶液浓度在1.0 mol/L为宜.甲烷氧化实验表明,3DOM-LaFeO₃钙钛矿型氧化物中存在两种氧物种:表面吸附氧和体相晶格氧.表面吸附氧主要在反应初期将甲烷完全氧化为CO₂和水蒸汽,而体相晶格氧主要将甲烷部分氧化为H₂和CO.在甲烷部分氧化反应中,三维有序大孔LaFeO₃钙钛矿型氧化物比相同质量的纳米LaFeO₃氧化物提供了更多的氧,并且可使甲烷在较宽的反应阶段生成H₂和CO摩尔比为2:1的合成气,从而更有利于后续的费托合成等工艺.     

钙钛矿型氧化物负载Ni催化剂上甲烷二氧化碳重整反应研究

采用浸渍法制备了一系列MTiO₃(M=Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba)钙钛矿型氧化物负载的Ni催化剂(Ni的负载量为5%,质量分数),通过XRD、氮吸附、H₂-TPR、CO₂-TPD、XPS和TG等技术对催化剂进行了表征,对其甲烷二氧化碳重整反应的催化性能进行了研究。结果表明,M为不同碱土金属时,催化剂上金属载体相互作用、活性组分的表面原子浓度以及催化剂晶格氧的流动性都发生了变化。Ni/CaTiO₃催化剂上金属载体相互作用较强,还原出的活性组分Ni的含量较多,晶格氧流动性较高,因而具有较好的催化性能。SrTiO₃载体颗粒粒径较大,Ni/SrTiO₃催化剂上Ni的分散度不高,金属载体的相互作用较弱,表面Ni原子相对含量较低,晶格氧的流动性较差,其甲烷二氧化碳重整反应活性也最低。     

LaMO3纳米复合钙钛矿氧载体化学循环重整甲烷制合成气

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同B位可变价离子的LaMO3 (M= Cr,Mn,Fe,Co)复合氧化物氧载体,采用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、扫描电镜及CH4程序升温表面反应等手段对氧载体进行了表征,并用于直接选择氧化CH4的反应中.结果表明,Cr,Mn,Fe 和Co均能形成LaMO3纳米复合钙钛矿结构,其氧物种氧化能力大小...     

三维有序大孔钙钛矿型氧化物LaFe_(0.7)Co_(0.3)O_3的合成及甲烷化学链水蒸气重整性能

采用无皂乳液聚合法制备聚苯乙烯(PS)微球,通过自组装得到排列均匀有序的聚苯乙烯(PS)胶晶模板,然后经过浸渍和煅烧得到三维有序大孔(3DOM)钙钛矿型氧化物LaFe_(0.7)Co_(0.3)O_3。通过扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射等手段对制备的3DOM钙钛矿型氧化物LaFe_(0.7)Co_(0.3)O_3的物理化学性能进行表征。在固定床反应器上考察3DOM LaFe_(0.7)Co_(0.3)O_3的甲烷化学链水蒸气重整性能。结果表明,聚苯乙烯(PS)微球粒径受苯乙烯单体使用量的影响,随着苯乙烯单体使用量的增加聚苯乙烯(PS)微球粒径呈增大的趋势;煅烧温度对三维有序大孔结构有显著影响,浸渍后模板在500℃煅烧下即能形成三维有序大孔结构比表面积达到19.820 m2/g,随着煅烧温度的升高三维有序大孔结构遭到部分破坏,在900℃煅烧下三维有序大孔结构遭到完全破坏。在氧载体与甲烷的反应前期,气体产物中CO2含量较高,是表面吸附氧将甲烷完全氧化所致,在表面吸附氧消耗完后体相晶格氧将甲烷部分氧化生成H2与CO。在水蒸气氧化阶段,水蒸气与还原态的氧载体发生反应生成氢气,产氢率为4.0-5.0 mmol/g。同时水蒸气氧化阶段气相产物中CO和CO2含量很低,说明3DOM LaFe_(0.7)Co_(0.3)O_3具有优秀的抗积炭性能。     

CeO2/LaFeO3用于甲烷化学链重整制取合成气反应性能研究

甲烷化学链重整是一种利用载氧体(金属氧化物)的部分氧化能力以实现甲烷重整制取合成气的工艺,同时氧化过程中利用水蒸气氧化,还原态的载氧体在恢复晶格氧的同时分解水蒸气制氢.利用溶胶-凝胶法制备载氧体CeO2/LaFeO3,通过X射线粉末衍射和程序升温还原等材料表征方法分析该载氧体的结构特点以及供氧能力,借助于固定床反应实验...     

基于晶格氧的甲烷化学链重整制合成气

利用氧载体中的晶格氧代替分子氧进行的甲烷化学链重整制合成气,是一种新颖的甲烷制合成气技术,具有较高经济效益和环境效应。它具有省却纯氧设备、能自热、合适的氢碳比、有用的副产物以及过程易于工业化等优点,因此受到国内外研究者的普遍关注。本文介绍了化学链重整技术的基本原理及其特点;重点总结了用于甲烷化学链重整的单金属氧载体和复合金属氧载体的研究进展;同时,探讨了几种具有典型代表的甲烷化学链重整反应装置,并指出串行流化床反应器是实现化学链重整技术工业化最有效的装置;最后对化学链重整技术的拓展应用以及与其他技术交叉运用等发展趋势进行了展望。     

化学循环重整甲烷制合成气LaBO3钙钛矿型氧载体研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同B位可变价离子的La-B-O复合氧载体(B=Cr、Ni),采用XRD、BET、FT-IR、H2-TPR及CH4-TPSR等进行了表征,并用于化学循环重整(CLR)CH4反应中.结果表明,LaNiO3氧化物更易于与CH4发生深度氧化和选择氧化,LaCrO3氧化物则利于CH4裂解,其氧物种氧化CH4的能力较弱.在连续流动CLR反应中,LaNiO3具有较高的供氧量和持续供氧能力,能将CH4选择氧化为H2/CO=1.45的合成气,其CH4转化率和CO选择性分别达到23.4%和86.9%,且其结构保持了较高的稳定性.     

负载型镧锰钙钛矿催化剂上甲烷催化燃烧的研究

研究了甲烷在负载型镧锰钙钛矿催化剂(LCFM／α-Al2O3)上的低温催化燃烧反应．考察了制备方法、焙烧温度列催化剂结构和活性的影响．并进行了100h稳定性实验．实验结果表明用浸渍法、焙烧温度高于800℃就能在载体上生成良好的钙钛矿结构，催化剂具有较低的起燃温度并且在高温条件下具有与非负载型镧锰钙钛矿催化剂相当的活性；100h稳定性实验表明LCFM／a-Al2O3催化剂经历了100h．800℃的连续高温燃烧反应，催化剂仍保持了原有结构和催化活性．并且没有明显积碳．     

化学循环重整甲烷制合成气LaB03钙钛矿型氧载体研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同B位可变价离子的La-B-O复合氧载体（B=Cr、Ni）,采用XRD、BET、FT-IR、H2-TPR及CH4-TPSR等进行了表征,并用于化学循环重整（CLR）CH4反应中.结果表明,LaNiO3氧化物更易于与CH4发生深度氧化和选择氧化,LaCrO3氧化物则利于CH4裂解,其氧物种氧化CH4的能力较弱.在连续流动CLR反应中,LaNiO3具有较高的供氧量和持续供氧能力,能将CH4选择氧化为H2/CO=1.45的合成气,其CH4转化率和CO选择性分别达到23.4%和86.9%,且其结构保持了较高的稳定性.     

助剂MgO、CaO对甲烷水蒸气重整Ni/γ-Al2O3催化性能的影响

采用固定床装置,考察了以共浸方式引入的助剂MgO、CaO对Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂在甲烷水蒸气催化重整中的催化反应性能的影响。结果表明,在H₂O/CH₄/N₂的摩尔比为2.86/1/3.28,GHSV为1800h^－1,反应温度为700℃下,催化剂Ni-CaO/Al₂O₃催化性能最好;反应初期甲烷转化率可达到96.95%、CO选择性可达68.93%、H₂收率可达73.58%。XRD和H₂-TPR结果表明,CaO的存在使催化剂中的活性NiO组分增多,还原性和分散性能较好。利用热分析技术对积炭进行考察发现反应10h后的Ni-CaO/Al₂O₃催化剂上并未出现导致催化剂失活的炭物种。     

Influence of MgO in the CO2 – steam reforming of methane to syngas by NiO/MgO/ α-Al2O3 catalyst

Simultaneous steam and CO₂ reforming of methane to syngas (H₂and CO) over NiO/MgO/a-Al₂O₃ catalyst have been investigated at different MgO wt.%. The catalyst has been characterized by temperature-programmed reduction and XRD techniques. Addition of MgO reduced the carbon deposition and energy consumption. The stability and less coking on MgO-promoted catalysts are attributed to the lewis basicity of MgO.     

Ni/MgO catalyst prepared using atmospheric high-frequency discharge plasma for CO2 reforming of methane

A new type of Ni/MgO catalyst was prepared using atmospheric high-frequency discharge cold plasma. The influences of conventional method, plasma method, and plasma plus calcination method on the catalytic activity were studied and the CO2 reforming of methane was chosen as the probe reaction. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and CO2 temperature-programmed surface reaction techniques. The results suggested that the nickel-based catalyst prepared by plasma plus calcination method possessed a smaller particle size and a higher dispersion of active component, better low-temperature activity and enhanced anti-coking ability. The conversion of CO2 and CH4 was 90.70% and 89.37%, respectively, and the reaction lasted for 36 h without obvious deactivation under 101.325 kPa and 750°C with CO2/CH4 = 1/1.     

Effect of MgO promoter on Ni-based SBA-15 catalysts for combined steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane

A series of Ni/SBA-15 catalysts with Ni contents ranging from 5 wt% to 15 wt%, as well as another series of 10%Ni/MgO/SBA-15 catalysts, in which the range of the MgO content was from 1 wt% to 7 wt%, were prepared, and their catalytic performances for the reaction of combined steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane were investigated in a continuous flow microreactor. The structures of the catalysts were characterized using the XRD, H2-TPR and CO2-TPD techniques. The results indicated that the CO selectivity for this reaction was very close to 100%, and the H2/CO ratio of the product gas could be controlled by changing the H2O/CO2 molar ratio of the feed gas. The simultaneous and plentiful existing of steam and CO2 had a significant influence on the catalytic performance of the 10%Ni/SBA-15 catalyst without modification. After reacting at 850 °C for 120 h over this catalyst, the CH4 conversion dropped from 98% to 85%, and the CO2 conversion decreased from 86% to 53%. However, the 10%Ni/3%MgO/SBA-15 catalyst exhibited a much better catalytic performance, and after reacting for 620 h, the CO2 conversion over this catalyst dropped from 92% to around 77%, while the CH4 conversion was not decreased. Oxidation of the Ni0 species as well as carbon deposition during the reaction were the main reasons for the deactivation of the catalyst without modification. On the other hand, modification by the MgO promoter improved the dispersion of the Ni0 species, and enhanced the CO2 adsorption affinity which in turn depressed the occurring of carbon deposition, and thus retarded the deactivation process.     

Improved catalytic performance of Ni catalysts for steam methane reforming in a micro-channel reactor

Milliseconds process to produce hydrogen by steam methane reforming （SMR） reaction, based on Ni catalyst rather than noble catalyst such as Pd, Rh or Ru, in micro-channel reactors has been paid more and more attentions in recent years. This work aimed to further improve the catalytic performance of nickel-based catalyst by the introduction of additives, i.e., MgO and FeO, prepared by impregnation method on the micro-channels made of metal-ceramic complex substrate. The prepared catalysts were tested in the same micro-channel reactor by switching the catalyst plates. The results showed that among the tested catalysts Ni-Mg catalyst had the highest activity, especially under harsh conditions, i.e., at high space velocity and/or low reaction temperature. Moreover, the catalyst activity and selectivity were stable during the 12 h on stream test even when the ratio of steam to carbon （SIC） was as low as 1.0. The addition of MgO promoted the active Ni species to have a good dispersion on the substrate, leading to a better catalytic performance for SMR reaction.     

Transesterification of ethyl butyrate with methanol using MgO/CaO catalysts

A series of mixtures of MgO/CaO with different Mg/Ca molar ratios (between 3 and 15), as well as the corresponding pure oxides, was prepared by the coprecipitation method in a basic medium and subsequent calcination. Their textural and structural characterization was carried out by using XRD, FT-IR, SEM and N₂ sorption at 77 K. The alkalinity was studied by CO₂-TPD and catalytic decomposition of 2-propanol. The MgCa oxides obtained after calcination at 1073 K exhibit X-ray diffraction patterns with clearly visible signals corresponding to crystalline CaO and MgO. Textural properties are improved by the presence of Mg, with the porosity increased and the particle sizes decreased with respect to pure CaO. FT-IR spectroscopy reveals the presence of surface carbonate. These catalysts are active in the transesterification of ethyl butyrate with methanol at 333 K and atmospheric pressure, a model reaction to evaluate the potential of these basic catalysts in triglycerides transesterification for biodiesel production. The highest activity was found for a Mg:Ca molar ratio of 3, with conversion close to 60%, whereas MgO was inactive. Moreover, lixiviation of the active phase was not observed thus excluding the contribution of the homogeneous catalysis to the studied transesterification process.     

铈修饰铁基复合载氧体用于化学链甲烷部分氧化重整制合成气研究

以Al₂O₃为惰性载体,利用共沉淀法制备了CeO₂-Fe₂O₃-Al₂O₃复合载氧体,并对载氧体进行了XRD、SEM表征。在固定床反应器中,考察了程序升温、恒温、多循环等操作条件下,载氧体对甲烷部分氧化重整的反应性能。程序升温实验结果表明,在相同温度下,CeO₂含量为30%的载氧体与不含CeO₂的载氧体对比,CH₄转化率、H₂和CO选择性均提高。在恒温实验中,含有CeO₂的两种载氧体,CH₄转化率、H₂和CO选择性上也都明显高于不含CeO₂的载氧体,当反应时间小于1 200 s时,无积炭发生。三种载氧体经过15次循环后,CeO₂含量为30%的载氧体表现出最佳的循环特性。多循环实验中,当反应温度850 ℃、反应时间945 s时,CH₄最大转化率达到91.53%、H₂的最大选择性达到86.36%、CO的最大选择性达到85.12%、H₂与CO的最佳平均物质的量比为2.03。XRD谱图显示,经过多次循环后,三种载氧体的物相没有发生变化,载氧体表现出了很好的稳定性能。     

镍负载量对Ni/MgO(111)催化甲烷二氧化碳重整反应性能影响

研究了MgO(111)负载镍基催化剂催化甲烷二氧化碳重整反应性能,针对镍负载量对反应活性和稳定性的影响进行了探讨。结果表明,随着镍负载量从2%增加到10%,催化剂的活性和稳定性均有所提高,但是当镍负载量进一步增加到20%时,催化剂的活性和稳定性略有下降。利用透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射和H₂吸附脱附等手段对催化剂结构进行了表征,利用热重分析、拉曼光谱和透射电镜等手段对反应后回收的催化剂进行了表征。研究发现,随着镍负载量的增大,活性金属镍的颗粒粒径呈现增长趋势,并且在反应过程中显示出不同的失活方式。2%Ni/MgO(111)催化剂的失活原因主要以Ni粒子的氧化为主,而负载量大于2%的Ni/MgO(111)催化剂的失活原因则是以积炭为主。