纳米压痕法研究PZT压电薄膜的力学性能

PZT压电薄膜的力学性能如弹性模量、硬度等对于MEMS器件的结构设计、结构响应特性、服役性能等尤为重要。薄膜材料由于尺寸效应、表面效应等的作用，力学性能与宏观块体材料有显著差异。本文用纳米压痕法获得了PZT压电薄膜的弹性模量和硬度，考察了基底的影响，分析了退火时间对于其力学性能的影响，以及硬度和压入深度之间的压痕尺度效应。     

TA2表面磁控溅射CNx/SiC薄膜的纳米压痕与摩擦磨损性能

采用室温磁控溅射技术在工业纯钛(TA2)表面制备出氮化碳/碳化硅(CNx/SiC)双层薄膜,SiC为中间层.研究了CNx薄膜的纳米压痕行为和摩擦磨损性能.试验结果表明:CNx薄膜的纳米硬度(H)为15.80 GPa,杨氏弹性模量(E)为130.88 GPa,硬度与弹性模量比值(H/E)为0.121;与φ4mm的氮化硅球对摩,在载荷1.96 N、室温Kokubo人体模拟体液条件下,CNx薄膜的磨损速率为10-6mm3/(m·N)级,摩擦系数约为0.124,磨损后薄膜未出现裂纹和剥落.分析表明,薄膜具有的良好抗磨性能与其H/E高、抗腐蚀性强以及摩擦系统摩擦系数低相一致.     

FCC铝纳米压痕的多尺度模拟

采用准连续介质方法模拟面心立方(FCC)铝单晶薄膜在纳米压痕下产生的变形过程.分别用四种不同的压头宽度,得出载荷-位移响应曲线和应变能变化曲线,发现压头宽度越大,晶体产生塑性变形的临界载荷越大;临界载荷的大小和采用能量理论预测的大小基本一致;模拟过程中,观察到位错成核现象,了解到载荷-位移响应曲线的突降是由位错成核现象所引起,四种情况中压头载荷的降幅大致相同;最后分析了模型在原子层次下的变形机理.     

磁控溅射TiN界面结合强度的压痕法测试

在试验的基础上提出了测量ＴｉＮ涂层界面结合强度的弹塑性赫兹接触应力经验修正公式,作为实例测量了不同基体表面粗糙度对磁控溅射沉积的ＴｉＮ涂层界面结合强度的影响,将测量结果与其它测量方法所得结果进行比较,证明提出的方法切实可行。     

镍单晶薄膜纳米压痕的准连续介质模拟

用准连续介质方法模拟了大规模原子的镍薄膜在纳米压痕下发生初始塑性变形的行为.主要得到了:(1) 载荷-位移响应.在载荷位移曲线上除了反应晶体弹性性质的直线外还有数次的载荷突然下降过程.(2) 位错形核现象.与载荷-位移曲线上的载荷突然下降相对应的在受压的晶体上发现了位错形核现象,说明载荷的下降是因为位错形核引起的.(3) 位错的发射机制.用Peierls-Nabarro位错模型以及能量法分析了位错的发射机制,理论值与计算值吻合较好.(4) 几何必需位错密度.用一个简单的模型计算了几何必须位错密度.此外还考虑了边界条件对模拟结果的影响.     

分子沉积膜纳米压痕过程的分子动力学模拟

在利用联合原子模型并考虑静电力作用的基础上，采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了金探针作用下分子沉积膜的纳米压痕过程，并对其纳米力学行为进行了理论分析．结果表明，分子沉积膜在探针压下过程中出现了明显的接触跳跃现象，探针下面的膜的分子倾角和法向载荷呈现出相同的滞后趋势，这可能是探针和分子沉积膜之间粘着力作用的结果．     

自组装膜纳米压痕的分子动力学模拟

研究了金探针对沉积在金 (111)表面的 CH3 (CH2 ) 1 5S自组装膜的纳米压痕的分子动力学模拟 .结果表明 ,自组装膜在金探针的作用下出现了跳跃接触现象 ,倾角和法向载荷都出现明显的滞后 ,并进一步表明与探针和膜之间的粘着力有关     

纳米压痕仪接触投影面积标定方法的研究

基于Oliver与Pharr方法的纳米压痕实验以其简单方便获得广泛的应用，但众多因素对压 痕实验结果的影响范围并无明确的结论. 其中压痕接触面积的确定是一个重要环节，该因素 对实验结果，特别是小深度下的实验结果具有重要影响. 仔细分析了Oliver与Pharr 方法并进行了几种材料的纳米压痕实验，针对该方法在接触深度确定、不同深度范围下方法 的适用性进行了说明. 分析结果表明，对所有的材料使用统一的面积公式，只有在大压痕深 度时才是适用的，而在小压痕深度时可能带来较大的误差. 因此，应慎重使用由Oliver与 Pharr方法得到的小压痕深度的硬度数据.     

不同形状压头作用下的压痕蠕变数值研究

采用有限元方法分析了圆锥压头、球形压头和圆柱形平压头作用下铝合金(2A12)的压痕蠕变行为,给出了三种压头作用下的等效蠕变应变、压痕深度-时间曲线和硬度-时间曲线.对于给定尺寸的三种压头,在相同载荷作用下,圆锥压头作用下的最大等效蠕变应变最大,圆柱形平压头作用下的最大等效蠕变应变最小;不同形状压头的压痕深度-时间曲线相似,由"瞬态蠕变"和"稳态蠕变"两段组成;而硬度随时间和压痕深度均呈现递减的趋势,不存在稳态数值.结果表明,在研究高温压痕蠕变现象、确定材料蠕变参数方面,平压头具有相当的优势:压头下方的应力场相对稳定,可不考虑摩擦和堆积的影响,计算简便准确.     

纳米压痕法确定金属间化合物力学性能的研究

利用 SMT 全自动回流焊机和高温恒温试验箱制备出经2次回流焊时效处理20天的Sn-0.7Cu/Cu 焊点试件;采用纳米压入法对其焊点金属间化合物力学性能进行了测试,根据Oliver-Pharr算法,利用接触刚度连续测量技术得到了该化合物（IMC）的杨氏模量及硬度,其硬度为6.43GPa,明显大于同种工况下Cu（2.29GPa）和Sn-0.7Cu（0.32GPa）的硬度;与此同时利用有限元分析软件 ANSYS 对纳米压入过程进行了反分析,结果表明：与理想弹塑性模型相比,线性强化弹塑性模型能够更准确地描述IMC层的力学本构关系,其初始屈服应力0σ和切线模量EΤ分别为0.90GPa和14.5GPa。     

压头不同晶向下纳米压痕的多尺度研究

为了研究压头晶体各向异性对纳米压痕的影响,采用多尺度准连续介质(QC)法模拟了不同晶向Ni压头与Ag薄膜的纳米压痕过程。通过对比不同晶向下压头在薄膜上触发的原子滑移,发现压头的晶向引起的界面失配位错在很大程度上决定薄膜开启初始原子滑移系的难易。然后对比了压头在不同晶向下测得的薄膜纳米硬度,发现其计算值是一样的。最后研究压头表面和压痕表面的正应力和切应力的分布,分析了应力分布与原子滑移系的关系。     

Elastic modulus and yield stress of suspensions

A recent technique, developed to measure yield stress has here also been used to determine the elastic modulus of a suspension. Temperature effects have been measured.     

Determination of the yield properties of thin films using enhanced coherent gradient sensing

This paper describes coherent gradient sensing (CGS) as an optical, full-field, real-time, nonintrusive, noncontact technique for measurement of curvature and curvature changes in single-layered and multilayered thin films deposited on substrates. The sensitivity of the basic CGS technique is enhanced using optical fringe multiplication to map curvature in very flat specimens (k0.001 m^–1). Subsequently, this curvature measurement technique is applied to the determination of the yield properties of thin films subjected to cyclic thermomechanical loading.     

A weighted residual method for elastic-plastic analysis near a crack tip and the calculation of the plastic stress intensity factors

In this paper,a weighted residual method for the elastic-plastic analysis near a crack tip is systematically given by taking the model of power-law hardening under plane strain condition as a sample.The elastic-plastic solutions of the crack tip field and an approach based on the superposition of the nonlinear finite element method on the complete solution in the whole crack body field,to calculate the plastic stress intensity factors,are also developed.Therefore,a complete analysis based on the calculation both for the crack tip field and for the whole crack body field is provided.     

Experimental validation of steady shear and dynamic viscosity relation for yield stress fluids

A common problem when studying yield stress fluids under steady shear in rotating rheometry is that of sample fracture. It is therefore preferable to work with oscillating shear, where fracture is limited. Doraiswamy et al. (1991) proposed a model for yield stress fluids that predicts the relation: ^*( _m ) = (y) between the viscosity in steady shear and the complex viscosity in dynamic shear. The present study validates this relation experimentally with both controlled stress and controlled strain, and demonstrates its limitations. Three yield stress fluids were used: a lubricating grease with lithium based soap, a thixotropic dispersion of colloidal silica in a polymer solution and a non-thixotropic aqueous gel.     

Measuring static yield stress of electrorheological fluids using the slotted plate device

An electrorheological (ER) response is defined as the dramatic change in rheological properties of a suspension of small particles due to the application of a large electric field transverse to the direction of flow. ER fluids are typically composed of nonconducting or semiconducting particles dispersed in a nonconducting continuous phase. A sufficiently large electric field will cause ER fluids to solidify, giving rising to a yield stress. Many applications in torque and stress transfer devices were proposed employing the reversible yielding behavior of ER fluids. Successful applications depend on a large yield stress of ER fluids and therefore accurate measurements of the yield stress of ER fluids are required. Reported experimental yield stresses of ER fluids have been dynamic yield stresses obtained by extrapolating the shear stress–shear rate data to zero-shear rate. It would be very helpful to the understanding of ER behaviors and the applications of ER fluids to be able to measure the static yield stress of ER fluids accurately. The slotted plate technique has been shown to be a successful method to determine the static yield stress of suspensions. The values obtained via the slotted plate method are static yield stress as the platform is designed for extremely low-speed motion. In this study, we modified the slotted plate device for the application of large electric fields and measured the static yield stress of TiO₂ ER fluids under various electric fields. The measured static yield stress values are also compared with the static yield stress values from a commercial rheometer.     

Effect of yield stress on the flow of a Casson fluid in a homogeneous porous medium bounded by a circular tube

The effect of yield stress on the flow characteristics of a Casson fluid in a homogeneous porous medium bounded by a circular tube is investigated by employing the Brinkman model to account for the Darcy resistance offered by the porous medium. The non-linear coupled implicit system of differential equations governing the flow is first transformed into suitable integral equations and are solved numerically. Analytical solution is obtained for a Newtonian fluid in the case of constant permeability, and the numerical solution is verified with that of the analytic solution. The effect of yield stress of the fluid and permeability of the porous medium on shear stress and velocity distributions, plug flow radius and flow rate are examined. The minimum pressure gradient required to start the flow is found to be independent of the permeability of the porous medium and is equal to the yield stress of the fluid.     

无氧铜平面冲击波实验的横向应力测试及屈服强度确定

为直接确定平面冲击波实验中无氧铜的流动应力,测量了试件中的纵向应力和横向应力,得到了试件中流动应力随时间的变化。采用构建的7种本构模型对无氧铜平面冲击波实验进行数值模拟,比较了实验结果与理论计算结果。研究指出,由SHPB等确定的中等应变率本构并不能拓宽应用于平面冲击波实验。     

直接增强自然单元法计算应力强度因子

自然单元法是一种新兴的无网格数值计算方法,但应用于裂纹问题计算时,其近似函数并不能准确反映裂纹尖端渐进应力场的奇异性,为获得足够的计算精度,需要在缝尖附近增大结点的布置密度。针对裂纹问题提出一种增强的自然单元法,将缝尖渐近位移场函数嵌入到自然单元法近似函数中,给出了增强试函数的构造方法,推导了总体刚度矩阵和荷载列阵的相关列式。应力强度因子可以作为附加未知量直接算得,也可用J积分或相互作用能量积分方法进行计算,对增强区域的选择和影响进行了分析。算例结果表明,基于增强自然单元法采用围线积分方法计算应力强度因子具有很高的精度,但直接以附加结点自由度形式计算则精度有所降低。     

A new interpretation of viscosity and yield stress in dense slurries: Coal and other irregular particles

Illinois coal was ground and wet-sieved to prepare three powder stocks whose particle-size distributions were characterized. Three suspending fluids were used (glycerin, bromonaphthalene, Aroclor), with viscosities _s that differed by a factor of 100 and with very different chemistries, but whose densities matched that of the coal. Suspensions were prepared under vacuum, with coal volume fractions that ranged up to 0.46. Viscosities were measured in a cone-and-plate over a shear rate range 10^–3–10² s^–1. Reduced viscosity _r = /_s is correlated in the high-shear limit ( ) with/ _M, where _M is the maximum packing fraction for the high-shear microstructure, to reveal the roles of size distribution and suspending fluid character. A new model that invokes the stress-dependence of _M is found to correlate _r well under non-Newtonian conditions with simultaneous prediction of yield stress at sufficiently high; a critical result is that stress and not governs the microstructure and rheology. Numerous experimental anomalies provide insight into suspension behavior.