Mechanical response of encapsulated shear thickening fluid

In this investigation,the hard-to-handle shear thickening fluid (STF) is successfully encapsulated for easy handling and re-processing in the application of promising impact resistant material.Double-walled macroscopic STF capsules are synthesized using a convenientprocess by instilling the diluted STF droplets into reaction solution.The obtained STF capsules show significant shear thickening response to dynamic impact in comparison to quasistatic compression in terms of 154 times higher absorbed nominal strain energy.This innovative method opens a new window to design and manufacture versatile impact resistant materials and structures.     

冲击载荷作用下颗粒材料动态力学响应的近场动力学模拟

颗粒材料在冲击载荷作用下的动态力学行为是学术界关注的热点问题. 新近问世的近场动力学(peridynamics)理论将材料视为由大量有限体积和有限质量的物质点组成,基于非连续性和非局部作用假定建模,建立空间积分形式的运动方程,自然适应于颗粒材料动态力学行为的描述与分析. 发展了描述颗粒间接触作用的物质点尺度的排斥力模型,考虑近场动力学方法中非局部长程力特征,改进了近场动力学中的初始微观弹脆性(prototype microelastic brittle, PMB) 模型的本构力函数,并消除了原PMB 模型中存在的“边界效应” 问题. 计算分析了冲击载荷作用下碳化钨陶瓷颗粒体系的动态力学响应,得到了不同冲击速度下颗粒体系的冲击波速,PD计算结果与试验结果高度一致;通过颗粒物质点尺度作用描述单颗粒尺度的接触作用,很好地再现了颗粒的转动与平动、颗粒挤压变形以及颗粒破碎等现象;刚性冲击板附近同时存在严重的颗粒破碎与轻微的颗粒损伤,远离冲击板的部分颗粒出现破损,且颗粒破碎主要是由颗粒间挤压、碰撞以及相对滑动剪切作用造成的. 研究结果表明,所发展的计算模型和分析方法能很好地反映颗粒材料动态力学行为,具有广泛的应用价值.      

颗粒存在对网栅后气相流动湍流特性的影响

应用 L DV测试技术对方管内网栅后的气固两相流动 ,在颗粒平均粒径 Dp =0 .2 1 mm,颗粒质量浓度为 0 .2 4%、0 .36 % ;Dp =0 .35 mm,颗粒质量浓度为 0 .1 2 %、0 .2 1 %、0 .335 % ;Dp =0 .6 mm,颗粒质量浓度为 0 .1 6 %、0 .2 45 %、0 .34 5 % ;Dp =0 .9mm,颗粒质量浓度为 0 .2 0 5 %、0 .30 %多种工况下进行了测量 ,得出各种工况下气流脉动速度、湍动能沿流动方向的衰减规律 ,通过与纯气流条件下的实验结果比较 ,分析了颗粒浓度及颗粒尺寸对网栅后气相流动湍流特性的影响。根据测量结果 ,提出了一个在有固相颗粒存在时 ,关于湍流模型方程中模型常数 C2的修定方法。     

颗粒材料计算力学专题序

<正>颗粒材料是由大量不同形状、尺寸的离散颗粒及其孔隙介质组成,具体表现为自然界中的滑坡、沙尘、工程结构中的土体、混凝土、工业生产中的矿石、谷物等,是自然环境、工程应用和日常生活中出现最广泛的材料之一.由于颗粒材料在微尺度下的形态复杂性、非均质性和随机性,其在宏观尺度上也呈现出复杂的力学行为.当颗粒材料与其周围流体、工程结构发生耦合作用时,则会呈现出更加复杂的多尺度、多介质力学特性.采用数值方法对颗粒材料中的力学问题进行深入     

几种牙科用复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

测量了Compoglass、F2000、Elan及Dyract-AP等4种牙科用复合材料中的玻璃颗粒含量及其表面硬度;采用球-盘往复摩擦磨损试验机考察了其摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:F2000的摩擦系数最高,Elan的摩擦系数次之,Dyract-AP的摩擦系数最低;复合材料的摩擦系数随玻璃颗粒含量增加而增加;在相同试验条件下,Dyract-AP和Compoglass的耐磨性较好;其磨损机理主要表现为由玻璃颗粒脆性断裂引起的玻璃颗粒脱落和磨粒磨损.     

声场操控微颗粒图案化实验研究

体声波(bulk acoustic wave, BAW)作为一种典型的声场操控方法,能够实现微颗粒三维方向上的直接排列,并因其优良的生物兼容性,在微小生物目标图案化排列方面展示出巨大的应用潜力.在组织工程和生物3D打印等相关应用领域中,微颗粒图案化排列的效率是最终成型质量的关键因素.尽管已有对图案化排列过程中微粒运动的理论描述,但由于微尺度下无法实施高精度测量,难以构建准确可靠的仿真模型,因此影响图案化排列效率的具体因素尚不明确.为了探究影响图案化排列效率的主要因素及其特征,本研究设计并构建了一套可视化实验平台.通过显微视觉系统,精确观察了BAW作用下微颗粒的运动行为以及单个微颗粒的状态变化,分析了压电陶瓷换能器驱动电压、悬浮液浓度、颗粒尺寸和液体黏度对排列时间的影响规律.结果表明,在特定范围内,微球悬浮液浓度的增加会导致排列时间略微延长,然而这种差异并不显著;对于直径范围在10～100μm之间的微球,其尺寸的增大有助于提高排列效率;相较于其他参数,液体黏度对排列效率的影响最为显著.本研究为基于BAW实现微颗粒图案化研究及相关应用提供了重要数据和设计指导,有助于推动生物医学和材料科学等...     

爆炸抛撒金属颗粒群的装药方式

对炸药与金属颗粒混装及炸药与金属颗粒分装方式(添加分散剂和不添加分散剂)下炸药爆炸抛 撒金属颗粒群进行了实验研究。结果表明,分装方式下颗粒容易烧结成团且在空间分布不均,添加分散剂后 颗粒的分散性较好,没有烧结成团现象。混装方式下颗粒不会烧结,空间分散性较好。在有效距离内,从颗粒 空间数密度、颗粒对靶板的侵彻能力、工艺和安全等方面来看,分装加分散剂方式优于其他2种方式。     

双柱状颗粒在线性剪切流场中的动力学分析

为研究柱状颗粒在线性剪切流场中的运动状态和受力情况,本文以颗粒长径比为2,颗粒之间的初始距离ΔS_Py=4D为例,基于直接力浸入边界法数值模拟了双柱状颗粒在三维线性剪切流场中的运动过程。根据模拟结果分析了柱状颗粒周围流场参数分布,在考虑壁面对颗粒的影响和颗粒之间相互影响的条件下,研究了颗粒的受力和运动的变化,探索了流体曳力导致柱状颗粒迁移和转动的规律。研究结果表明,双柱状颗粒在线性剪切流场中易向速度大的流体区域运动;前后两颗粒运动状态和轨迹不同,颗粒之间距离较近时,曳力会产生较大的波动;只有当颗粒在壁面附近时,滞后颗粒才能追上领先颗粒,两颗粒发生牵引、翻滚和分离过程。     

天然橡胶基磁流变弹性体的研制与表征

磁流变弹性体又称磁敏高弹体,是一种由高分子聚合物和磁性颗粒构成的新型智能材料,它的力学、电学、磁学等诸性能可以由外加磁场来控制,因此磁流变弹性体在舰船、振动控制等领域具有广泛的应用前景.但目前国际上研制的磁流变弹性体存在机械性能不够好和磁致效应不够强的问题,这制约了基于磁流变弹性体器件的设计和应用.为了制备出实用型磁流变弹性体,本文对其制备条件进行了研究,包括基体类型、预结构化时磁场强度和温度、增塑剂和磁性颗粒含量对磁流变弹性体磁致效应的影响.结果表明,以天然橡胶为基体的磁流变弹性体,在高于600mT外加磁感应强度下,当磁性颗粒含量为80%(质量比)时,剪切模量的相对增量达133%;而当磁性颗粒含量为90%时,剪切模量的绝对增量达4.5MPa.本文还对磁流变弹性体应用环境进行了实验研究,结果表明磁流变弹性体在小应变下显示出更强的磁致效应,而激励频率不改变材料的磁致模量.     

固体颗粒在热对流下沉降的直接数值模拟研究

在任意拉格朗日-欧拉算法模拟等温惰性颗粒两相流的基础上,增加对能量方程的联立求解,在热对流条件下对固体颗粒在不同雷诺数下的沉降规律进行了直接数值模拟.结果表明:热对流引起了流场流动的变化和不对称,颗粒在热流体中沉降,热对流产生的力加速了冷颗粒的运动,尾部形成了涡脱落;颗粒在冷流体中沉降,热对流产生的力阻碍了冷颗粒的运动,尾部形成了羽流. 随着雷诺数的增大,颗粒经历了稳定沉降、周期性摆动到不稳定、无规则运动3个阶段.      

Investigation of impact resistance of multilayered woven composite barrier impregnated with the shear thickening fluid

Dynamic properties of the Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) are studied. Two series of tests by the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar method were carried out to determine the dynamic bulk and shear properties of STF. The hypothesis about the possibility to describe STF behavior by a Newtonian fluid model in the characteristic range of strain rates is confirmed. A simplified mathematical model of the STF is then formulated for the use in computer simulation of ballistic impact tests of multilayered composite protective shells. The effectiveness of the STF impregnation for improvement of ballistic impact characteristics of Kevlar woven fabrics is confirmed. It is concluded that the role of the contact conditions between STF and Kevlar basis in the process of increasing the energy absorption capacity of Kevlar-STF barrier is significant, noting that the mechanism of contact interaction between STF and Kevlar basis can be described by viscous friction law, i.e., the STF behaves almost as a rigid body during the interactions with the solids, while it normally behaves as a fluid. It is also established that the STF impregnation of protective shells with titanium framework not only increases the absorption capacity of the whole package but also reduces the deflection of the metal base.     

不同失效模式下轴压管状结构的吸能特性比较

圆管、方管等管状结构受轴向的压缩作用,是工程上常见的一种结构受力形式.由于几何尺寸、边界条件和材料特性的不同,管状结构可以发生5种不同的失效模式:渐进屈曲、整体失稳、翻转、膨胀和劈裂.本文综述了近年来管状结构在轴压作用下不同失效模式的理论建模、实验测试和数值仿真研究结果,并对5种失效模式的力学响应、能量吸收特性进行了对比与分析.     

Synchronization of a novel fractional order stretch-twist-fold (STF) flow chaotic system and its application to a new authenticated encryption scheme (AES)

In this paper, a new fractional order stretch-twist-fold (STF) flow dynamical system is proposed. The stability analysis of the proposed system equilibria is accomplished and we establish that the system is exhibited chaos even for order less than 3. The active control method is applied to enquire the hybrid phase synchronization between two identical fractional order STF flow chaotic systems. These synchronized systems are applied to formulate an authenticated encryption scheme newly for message (text and image) recovery. It is widely applied in the field of secure communication. Numerical simulations are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed theory.     

Improved averaging method for turbulent flow simulation. Part II: Calculations and verification

This is the second of two articles intended to develop, apply and verify a new method for averaging the momentum and mass transport equations for turbulence. Part I presented the theoretical development of a new space-time filter (STF) averaging procedure. The new method, as well as all existing averaging procedures, are applied to the one-dimensional transient equations of momentum and scalar transport in a Burgers' flow field. Dense-grid ‘exact’ results from the unaveraged equations are presented to depict the dynamic behaviour of the flow field and serve as a basis for verifying the coarse-grid STF predictions. In this paper, a finite difference procedure is used to numerically solve the new STF averaged equations, as well as the other forms of the averaged equations derived in Part I. All averaged equations are solved on the same coarse grid. The velocity and scalar fields, predicted from each equation form, are intercompared according to a verification procedure based on the statistical and spectral properties of the results. It is found that the new STF procedure improves coarse-grid dynamic predictions over the existing methods of averaging.     

Competitive modes for the Baier–Sahle hyperchaotic flow in arbitrary dimensions

In this article, the stretch-twist-fold (STF) flow is numerically studied using phase portraits, sensitive dependence on initial conditions, Lyapunov exponents, power spectrum, and the Poincaré map. The stretch-twist-fold flow is a two-parameter family of Stokes flows defined in a unit sphere that is associated with the fluid particle motion that naturally arises in the dynamo theory, which proposes a mechanism by which celestial bodies, such as earth and sun can maintain and amplify the magnetic field continuously. For this continuous growth of magnetic field, scientists are interested to invent new tools for the nonfuel consumption magnetism propulsion for the low earth orbit of spacecrafts or satellites. General properties of a chaotic dynamical system reference to the stretch-twist-fold flow model are addressed and numerical solutions are generated to explain some of these properties. Analytically, we studied the local behavior at equilibrium points. The predictability of chaos in the STF flow with the numerical calculation of Lyapunov exponents and Poincaré map is presented in this paper.     

A multiple-reflection cell suited for absorption measurements in shock tubes

The improvement of the detection limit in optical concentration measurements by means of multiple-reflection cells (MRC) has become a well established method in absorption spectroscopy.To apply such an experimental method to shock tubes, several technical problems have to be solved. The use of special optical cells showing mechanical ruggedness is required.In this report we present such a MRC designed for a cylindrical shock tube with an inner diameter of 100 mm. By means of 8 mirrors (optical coated stainless steel) the absorption length has been increased by almost one order of magnitude (863 mm) while the optical path is kept in one plane. The use of fixed flat mirrors provides a very high mechanical stability, which facilitates the application to shock tubes.The first experimental results with this MRC were obtained by measuring the thermal decomposition of O₃ behind incident shock waves using an UV laser beam. A direct comparison to the signals simultaneously detected by the use of the conventional absorption length (i.e. the tube diameter of 100 mm) documents the suitability of this MRC for applications in chemical kinetics.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

A single strain-based growth law predicts concentric and eccentric cardiac growth during pressure and volume overload

Adult cardiac muscle adapts to mechanical changes in the environment by growth and remodeling (G&R) via a variety of mechanisms. Hypertrophy develops when the heart is subjected to chronic mechanical overload. In ventricular pressure overload (e.g. due to aortic stenosis) the heart typically reacts by concentric hypertrophic growth, characterized by wall thickening due to myocyte radial growth when sarcomeres are added in parallel. In ventricular volume overload, an increase in filling pressure (e.g. due to mitral regurgitation) leads to eccentric hypertrophy as myocytes grow axially by adding sarcomeres in series leading to ventricular cavity enlargement that is typically accompanied by some wall thickening. The specific biomechanical stimuli that stimulate different modes of ventricular hypertrophy are still poorly understood. In a recent study, based on in vitro studies in micropatterned myocyte cell cultures subjected to stretch, we proposed that cardiac myocytes grow longer to maintain a preferred sarcomere length in response to increased fiber strain and grow thicker to maintain interfilament lattice spacing in response to increased cross-fiber strain. Here, we test whether this growth law is able to predict concentric and eccentric hypertrophy in response to aortic stenosis and mitral valve regurgitation, respectively, in a computational model of the adult canine heart coupled to a closed loop model of circulatory hemodynamics. A non-linear finite element model of the beating canine ventricles coupled to the circulation was used. After inducing valve alterations, the ventricles were allowed to adapt in shape in response to mechanical stimuli over time. The proposed growth law was able to reproduce major acute and chronic physiological responses (structural and functional) when integrated with comprehensive models of the pressure-overloaded and volume-overloaded canine heart, coupled to a closed-loop circulation. We conclude that strain-based biomechanical stimuli can drive cardiac growth, including wall thickening during pressure overload.     

剪切增稠液体液舱侵彻实验

为研究剪切增稠液体(shear-thickening fluid, STF)液舱对弹体的防护性能,制备特定规格剪切增稠液体,并开展弹体侵彻剪切增稠液舱实验研究。实验中采用高速相机记录液舱侵彻过程中空泡的演化情况,并测试得到了弹体的剩余弹速以及前后靶板变形数据。实验结果显示,剪切增稠液体可有效抑制液舱侵彻过程中空泡的增长,从而降低液舱结构的损伤程度。结合空泡扩展理论模型,并考虑液体密度以及黏度变化对空泡增长的影响,验证了剪切增稠液体在高速冲击下产生的局部密度增大以及固化现象是抑制空泡扩展的主要原因。此外,剪切增稠液体对弹体速度的衰减作用明显,且相同初始弹速下,剪切增稠液体液舱前后靶板变形明显小于水体液舱。将剪切增稠液体填充于舰船液舱防护结构,可显著提高液舱结构的防护性能。     

力学超材料研究进展与减振降噪应用

力学超材料是一类由人工微结构单元构筑的复合结构或复合材料,具有天然材料所不具备的静力学/动力学性能.由于这些超常特性通常取决于微结构单元而非材料组分,这就为力学性能调控和结构功能材料设计提供了新思路.本文在简述力学超材料概念的提出、发展及其超常力学性能的基础上,以装备减振降噪工程需求为牵引,重点探讨力学超材料在水声调控,空气声吸隔声降噪,结构减振抗冲设计等方面的应用探索及发展趋势,为相关领域的科研及工程人员提供一定参考.