酸性离子液体催化的异丁烷/丁烯烷基化反应研究

以一系列酸性离子液体作为催化剂,考察了异丁烷/丁烯在不同离子液体中催化异丁烷与丁烯的烷基化反应,研究了离子液体在进行酸性和阴阳离子调整后对烷基化反应的影响.其中[MBSIM]OTf类离子液体催化所得目的产物三甲基戊烷含量最高可达69.8%,该类催化体系重复使用8次,催化性能没有明显下降.     

离子液体的酸性测定及其催化的异丁烷／丁烯烷基化反应

 初次采用吡啶红外光谱探针法测定了离子液体的酸性．该方法能鉴别离子液体的Br¨onsted／Lewis酸类型，并可以粗略指示离子液体的Lewis酸强度．将［bmim］Cl／AlCl3类离子液体用于催化异丁烷与丁烯的烷基化反应，考察了酸强度、反应温度、压力和时间对产物分布的影响，并在最优操作条件下与传统的H2SO4催化剂进行了比较．结果表明，离子液体对烷基化反应的催化活性和选择性与H2SO4可比，而且它更容易与产物分离，不经任何处理可循环利用10次．     

Cu对离子液体异丁烷/丁烯烷基化反应选择性的影响研究

合成并表征了[BMIm]Cl-1.8AlCl3-0.5CuCl、[Et3NH]Cl-1.8AlCl3/CuAlCl4等离子液体,考察了含Cu离子液体等酸性催化剂中的异丁烷/丁烯烷基化反应,研究了Cu对离子液体烷基化选择性的影响。结果表明,Cu的引入对离子液体酸性的影响较小,不是反应选择性提高的主要原因,而烷基化过程中CuAlCl5-/CuAlCl4等配合物的存在,以及它们对2-丁烯的络合吸附是改善离子液体催化选择性的关键因素。相同反应条件下,[Et3NH]Cl-1.8AlCl3/CuAlCl4、[BMIm]Cl-1.8AlCl3/CuAlCl4等催化剂的三甲基戊烷选择性最高可达87.5%(质量分数),产物辛烷值100.5,明显优于硫酸、常规氯铝酸离子液体和复合离子液体等烷基化汽油辛烷值。     

复合离子液体催化碳四烷基化反应性的研究

合成了一种新型的酸性离子液体催化剂——复合离子液体，该离子液体的阴离子具有双金属的配位中心。同时，研究了复合离子液体催化异丁烷与丁烯烷基化反应的规律。结果表明，在搅拌速率大于1500r/min，反应低于20℃，烃酸比2∶1~3∶1，烷烯比大于15，反应停留5min~10min，使用丁烯-2为碳四烯烃反应原料下，复合离子液体催化碳四烷基化所得烷基化油的研究法辛烷值（RON）最高可达100以上，明显优于常规氯铝酸离子液体催化所得烷基化油的质量。     

改性离子液体中异丁烷与丁烯的烷基化反应

向由无水三氯化铝和盐酸三乙基胺合成的离子液体中溶入不同过渡金属（铜、铁、锌等）离子，考察它们对离子液体催化异丁烷与丁烯烷基化反应性能的影响。结果表明：过渡金属离子的加入能不同程度地影响离子液体的催化性能。溶入Cu2+和Cu+后，离子液体的催化性能有显著的改善，当Cu2+的摩尔加入量为三氯化铝的5%时，烷基化油收率达到丁烯体积的178%，对C8的选择性为75%，烷基化油辛烷值（RON）为92.2，并且离子液体可以重复使用。     

CuCl对Et3NHCl/AlCl3离子液体催化性能的影响

 用CuCl对Et3NHCl/AlCl3离子液体进行改性,并考察了其对异丁烷-丁烯烷基化反应的催化性能. 结果表明,烷基化油的收率达到178%,C8组分的含量达到85%,辛烷值(RON)达到94.8. 通过结构组成及电荷分布分析可知,在CuCl改性的Et3NHCl/AlCl3离子液体中形成了新的配位结构AlCl4CuCl-,它作为更好的碳正离子受体,在反应过程中可降低碳正离子的浓度,进而降低烯烃的聚合程度,抑制较长碳链烷烃的生成,改善烷基化油的组成.     

异丁烷与丁烯烷基化反应的热力学分析

对异丁烷与丁烯烷基化反应进行了较为详尽的热力学分析和计算，得到了不同反应温度下的焓值、吉布斯自由能和反应平衡常数，并且对温度、压力和惰性物质对热力学平衡的影响进行了分析。得到了详细的烷基化反应热力学基础数据，这些数据对研究异丁烷与丁烯的烷基化反应具有重要的参考价值。     

固体酸催化烷基化反应中微量氟化氢反应助剂的作用 Ⅰ.助剂对反应的促进效应

 研究了负载型杂多酸催化剂20%H3PW12O40/SiO2催化的异丁烷与丁烯的烷基化反应. 发现当在反应物料中加入0.0192%(质量分数)含强电负性元素F的反应助剂HF后,在超临界烷基化反应条件下（137 ℃和5.0 MPa）,反应产物烷基化汽油中C8烷烃的含量和目的产物三甲基戊烷的收率均大幅度提高,三甲基戊烷与二甲基己烷的摩尔比值提高了一倍以上. 这是一个重要和有趣的实验现象,它说明微量HF反应助剂可大幅度提高固体酸催化剂对烷基化反应的选择性. 我们把微量反应助剂在固体酸催化烷基化反应中的这种特殊作用称为对烷基化反应的促进效应,这种促进效应已经在我们实验室中被反复证实.     

Hβ沸石粒度对异丁烷与丁烯烷基化反应活性和选择性的影响

合成了一系列不同粒度的β沸石,并应用在异丁烷与丁烯的烷基化反应中.实验结果显示,随β沸石粒度的逐渐减小(40μm～20nm),反应活性逐渐增加;在产物的选择性方面,随β沸石粒度的逐渐减小,汽油组分C8在产物中所占的比例略有下降.     

异丁烷-丁烯烷基化反应催化剂的研究

固体强酸;异丁烷-丁烯烷基化反应催化剂的研究     

Group 6 carbene complexes derived from lithiated azoles and the crystal structure of a molybdenum thiazolinylidene complex

Fischer-type (alkoxy)azolyl carbene complexes and Öfele–Lappert-type azolylinylidene complexes were synthesised by reaction of 1-phenylpyrazol-3-yllithium, 4-methylthiazol-2-yllithium, benzothiazol-2-yllithium, 1-methylimidazol-2-yllithium with M(CO)₅L (L=CO, THF or Cl⁻; M=Cr, Mo or W) and subsequent alkylation with CF₃SO₃CH₃. The alkylation of Fischer-type carbene complexes containing an azolyl as the organic substituent proceeded via ring opening of tetrahydrofuran. When the alkylation is carried out in THF, the carbocation CH₃O(CH₂)₄⁺ acts as an electrophile. Protonation rather than alkylation of coordinated imidazolyl furnished cyclic imine complexes. Changing the donor atom of a coordinated thiazole from N to C by deprotonation and alkylation afforded a carbene complex.     

Pt-SO42-/ZrO2固体超强酸上异丁烷与丁烯烷基化反应

由异丁烷和1-丁烯烷基化合成高辛烷值汽油虽已被广泛用于工业生产,但由于液体酸催化剂存在许多缺点,寻找固体酸催化剂——分子筛、磺酸树脂及固体超强酸已受到国内外学者的广泛重视。对超强酸的研究多集中在SO_4~(2-)/氧化物催化剂上,此类催化剂的酸强度高、热稳定性好、制备简单,对异丁烷、1-丁烯烷基化具有较高的反应活性,但存在着积炭、寿命     

新型Lewis固体酸Ce~(3+)-Ti~(4+)-SO_4~(2-)/MWCNTs制备及催化酯化反应合成生物柴油性能研究

采用高温浸渍法,通过Ce~(3+)、Ti~(4+)和浓硫酸磺化反应对多壁纳米碳管进行了改性处理,制备了Lewis酸型固体酸催化剂Ce~(3+)-Ti~(4+)-SO_4~(2-)/MWCNTs,并采用透射电镜、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱、吡啶吸附红外光谱、X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射光谱和NH_3程序升温脱附等多种测试技术对催化剂的物理化学特性和结构特征进行了表征。以Ce~(3+)-Ti~(4+)-SO_4~(2-)/MWCNTs为油酸与甲醇经酯化反应合成生物柴油的催化剂,对其催化性能进行了研究。结果表明,当醇油物质的量比为12∶1,催化剂与反应物质量比为1%,反应温度为65℃,反应5 h,油酸转化率为93.4%。催化剂Ce~(3+)-Ti~(4+)-SO_4~(2-)/MWCNTs在重复使用八次后,油酸的转化率仍为80.8%,由此表明其具有较高的催化活性和稳定性。高催化活性和稳定性是因为,纳米碳管的C 1s结合能较一般炭材料低,使得电子在其管状结构中的流动和逃逸非常容易,从而有助于负载于纳米碳管之上的活性组分之间发生强烈的相互作用,最终促使Ce~(3+)和Ti~(4+)分别与SO_4~(2-)形成稳定的配位键,增大催化剂的晶化程度,并使SO_4~(2-)与纳米碳管结合的更加牢固,增强了催化剂的稳定性,减少了催化剂中活性组分的流失。最后,由于SO_4~(2-)与Ce~(3+)的强相互作用,在不增加纳米碳管表面缺陷的情况下,改变了Ti~(4+)-SO_4~(2-)中表面原子的化学状态,使得S~(6+)离子和Ti~(4+)离子的吸电子能力增加,使催化剂以Lewis酸性活性位为主,避免了SO_4~(2-)/MWCNTs因为以Brnsted酸位为主,而在富含水的反应介质中,由于水合反应而降低其催化活性的现象发生。     

VO1-4+阳离子与n-CmH2m+2 (m = 3, 5, 7)烷烃的反应性研究：氧含量和碳链长度的影响

Vanadium oxides are one of the most important heterogeneous catalysts that are widely used to oxidize hydrocarbon molecules into value-added chemicals. In order to reveal the mechanisms and the nature of active sites, numerous experimental and theoretical studies have been reported on the reactivities of gas-phase vanadium oxide clusters toward small molecules. However, there has been very limited research on the chemical reactivity changes associated with the oxygen contents of vanadium oxides and the carbon chain lengths of alkanes. In this work, the reactions of vanadium oxide ions VO₁₋₄⁺ with alkanes (n-C_mH_2m+2, m = 3, 5, 7) were systematically investigated by time-of-flight mass spectrometry and the reactions of VO₁₋₃⁺ with pentane were further studied by density functional theory calculations. Experimental results show that in the reactions of VO⁺, VO₃⁺, and VO₄⁺ with n-C₅H₁₂, in addition to the major adsorption processes, the activation of the C―H and C―C bonds of n-C₅H₁₂ was observed. The activation of both the bonds was observed experimentally during the reaction of VO₂⁺ with n-C₅H₁₂ with large branching ratios. Among the vanadium oxide cations studied, VO₂⁺ shows the strongest oxidizability and the generation of lighter alkanes and alkenes dominates the reactions; VO⁺ is more reactive than VO₃⁺. VO₄⁺ pocesses only one η²-O₂ unit. Due to the weak bond between VO₂⁺ and η²-O₂, the η²-O₂ unit is released in VO₄⁺/n-C₅H₁₂ system leading to the formation of VO₂⁺; thus VO₄⁺ cations reflect some reactivity of VO₂⁺. Although the oxidation states in the vanadium oxide clusters increase from +Ⅲ in VO⁺ to +Ⅴ in VO₂⁺ and +Ⅳ in VO₃⁺, the reactivity does not gradually increase. Moreover, the reactivity of the mononuclear vanadium oxide cations also does not exhibit a gradually increasing trend with the increase in oxygen content. Based on the observed reactivity trend, the adsorption channels gradually become weak as the carbon chain lengths increase; meanwhile, the dehydrogenation and C―C bond activation channels gradually become obvious and some oxygen transfer products appear. Therefore, much lighter fragments of alkanes/alkenes will be obtained if linear alkanes with more carbon atoms were reacted with VO₁₋₄⁺. The theoretical results are generally consistent with those obtained from the experiments. The various reaction channels and versatile reactivity of the mononuclear vanadium oxide cations investigated in this study not only offer new insights into gas-phase reactions but also shed light on the processes occurring on the surfaces of the corresponding condensed-phase catalysts.     

Thermal dissociation of the protein homodimer ecotin in the gas phase

The influence of charge on the thermal dissociation of gaseous, protonated, homodimeric, protein ecotin ions produced by nanoflow electrospray ionization (nanoES) was investigated using the blackbody infrared radiative dissociation technique. Dissociation of the protonated dimer, (E₂ + nH)ⁿ⁺ E₂ⁿ⁺ where n = 14–17, into pairs of monomer ions is the dominant reaction at temperatures from 126 to 175 °C. The monomer pair corresponding to the most symmetric charge distribution is preferred, although 50–60% of the monomer product ions correspond to an asymmetric partitioning of charge. The relative abundance of the different monomer ion pairs produced from E₂¹⁴⁺, E₂¹⁵⁺, and E₂¹⁶⁺ depends on reaction time, with the more symmetric charge distribution pair dominating at longer times. The relative yield of monomer ions observed late in the reaction is independent of temperature indicating that proton transfer between the monomers does not occur during dissociation and that the different monomer ion pairs are formed from dimer ions which differ in the distribution of charge between the monomers. For E₂¹⁷⁺, the yield of monomer ions is independent of reaction time but does exhibit slight temperature dependence, with higher temperatures favoring the monomers corresponding to most symmetric charge distribution. The charge distribution in the E₂¹⁵⁺ and E₂¹⁶⁺ dimer ions influences the dissociation kinetics, with the more asymmetric distribution resulting in greater reactivity. In contrast, the charge distribution has no measurable effect on the dissociation kinetics and energetics of the E₂¹⁷⁺ dimer.     

Persulphate quenching of the excited state of ruthenium(II) tris-bipyridyl dication: thermal reactions

The rate constant for the reaction between the sulphate radical (SO₄^√−) and the ruthenium (II) tris-bipyridyl dication (Ru(bipy)₃²⁺) is (3.3±0.2)×10⁹ mol⁻¹ dm³ s⁻¹ in 1 mol dm⁻³ H₂SO₄ and (4.9±0.5)×10⁹ mol⁻¹ dm³ s⁻¹ in 0.1 mol dm⁻³, pH 4.7 acetate buffer. The SO₄^√−radical produced by the electron transfer quenching of Ru(bipy)₃^2+* by S₂O₈²⁻ reacts rapidly with both acetate buffer and chloride ions. These side reactions result in a reduction in the overall quantum yield of Ru(bipy)₃³⁺ production and reduced reaction selectivity when Ru(bipy)₃^2+* is quenched by persulphate.     

La3+-NaY型沸石的水热交换反应

作者根据在100℃、180℃时La³⁺-NaY型沸石交换反应等温线的测定和十三种单一稀土(Ln)元素在180℃时的交换度与相应Ln³⁺离子水合焓关系的研究以及在不同温度下交换反应速率常数、反应级数与交换反应表观活化能的测定,比较系统地研究了La³⁺-NaY型的水热交换反应,从而比较有据地提出这类交换反应的机理。     

新型碳基固体酸SO_4~(2-)/Nd_2O_3/C制备及催化油酸与甲醇酯化反应合成生物柴油研究

在流化床管式炉中,通过对废山茶油壳进行高温炭化处理制备了一种碳基材料。以该碳基材料为载体,并对其进行稀土金属离子钕和硫酸磺化改性,合成了一种新型碳基固体酸催化剂SO_4~(2-)/Nd_2O_3/C。对制备而成的催化剂进行了多种物理化学表征分析,并以其为经甲醇和油酸酯化反应来合成生物柴油的催化剂,对其催化活性和稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,当甲醇和油酸物质的量比为2∶1,催化剂与反应物质量比为2%,反应时间为120 min,反应温度为90℃,油酸的转化率为96.70%。催化剂经循环使用三次后,油酸的转化率仍高达86.74%。高催化活性可归因如下:由于Nd、O、S元素的电负性分别为1.14、3.44和2.58,因而Nd易向O和S元素的2p空轨道提供孤对电子,使Nd~(3+)与SO_4~(2-)之间形成稳定的配位键。并且,由于S=O键具有强吸电子作用,而导致了与SO_4~(2-)配位的Nd~(3+)所产生的静电场增大,当有水(强配体)存在时,可使SO_4~(2-)/Nd_2O_3/C催化剂呈现出强Brnsted酸性。     

The vibration-rotation spectrum and anharmonic potential of H3

Some qualitative effects of anharmonicity on the spectra of H₃⁺ and D₃⁺ between low vibrational levels are described. Using large-basis vibration-rotation calculations with a Morse-based discrete variable representation for the vibrations and a symmetric-top basis for the rotations, new spectra of H₃⁺ and D₃⁺ have been assigned. This procedure was assisted by adjusting eight coefficients for H₃⁺ and six coefficients for D₃⁺ in the Meyer-Botschwina-Burton ab initio potential function, and eventually 621 new and old lines of H₃⁺ to levels up to 3ν₂ and 529 new and old lines of D₃⁺ to levels up to 2ν₂ have been fitted with standard deviations of 0.118 and 0.059 cm⁻¹, respectively. An attempt is made to compare five different potential energy functions for the H₃⁺ system, two ab initio and three adjusted to fit spectra of H₃⁺ or D₃⁺, by expanding them by the same procedure in the same variables. For extension of the present work to higher vibrational levels, more accurate boundary behaviour at linear configurations will be required, and some aspects of the use of hyperspherical coordinates are discussed.