系统组分数的确定

分析了组分数表达式中各个量的意义,并举例说明组分数的计算。讨论了化学平衡和反应进行到底2种情形对系统组分数的影响:化学平衡中生成物只有1相的,化学平衡考虑与否不会影响组分数;可进行到底的反应,在特定条件下可按照化学平衡来处理。最后总结了快速确定系统组分数的步骤。     

化学平衡的信息化教学工具研究——以合成氨为例

针对现行化学平衡教学中存在的突出问题，研发了一款以合成氨为例的化学平衡知识学习和习题验证的教学软件。该软件采用了可视化的技术，用柱状图、曲线、数据来展示反应达到平衡的动态变化过程，便于学生从反应平衡的图像和数据中获取信息并进行推理，从而认知化学平衡的原理。该软件不仅能用于化学平衡各概念的教学，也能为化学平衡习题课的讲解创设必要的教学情境。     

化学平衡的稳定条件

化学平衡的稳定条件张世民（湖南大学化学化工系长沙４１００１２）关键词化学，平衡，稳定性本文讨论了化学平衡的稳定条件，特别是理想气体化学平衡的稳定条件，并指出理想气体恒温恒压化学反应和恒温恒容化学反应的平衡都是稳定的。我们知道，恒温恒压或恒温恒容化学反...     

化学学历案促进深度学习的发生——化学平衡移动复习课

学历案是关于学习经历或过程的方案，利用学历案构建一个“以学为主、以教促学”的教学模式，改变了教师的主导地位，凸显了学生的主体地位。笔者尝试借助学历案，以花青素为载体，通过生活化的化学实验，将化学平衡常数K作为分析工具，进行证据推理，以外界条件使花青素溶液颜色变化，到花青素的工业合成为明线；以化学平衡移动的本质到化学平衡移动原理的应用为暗线，双线结合，学生自主建构“化学平衡移动”的认知模型，从而促进深度学习的发生。     

高效毛细管电泳分离中的化学平衡

在高效毛细管电泳（ＨＰＣＥ）中缓冲对分离有重要影响，缓冲中的化学平衡决定了待测组分的存在状态或形态，从而决定了组分的电泳尚度，淌度的差异是ＨＰＣＥ分离之基础，因此，溶液化学平衡在ＨＰＣＥ分离中起着重要作用，本文综述了电泳淌度，ＨＰＣＥ分离与化学平衡的关系，并要介绍了电泳淌度与酸碱平衡，络合平衡的关系，从化学平衡的角度，讨论了酸碱性化合物，金属离子，对映异构体等几大类化合物的ＨＰＣＥ分离。     

用化学平衡常数证明影响化学平衡的因素

在中学化学影响化学平衡条件的教学中,依据中学化学教材介绍的化学平衡常数表达式,来分析和证明影响化学平衡移动的因素,这是一种新教法。此教法能使学生快速明白和快速判断化学平衡移动的方向。同时,还能使学生进一步理解化学平衡常数的意义。     

交换物质影响化学平衡的定量描述

推演了用相对浓度（ｘｉ，ｐｉ）和绝对浓度（ｃｉ，ｍｉ）时交换物质对化学平衡移动方向的数学表达式，并用实例进行验证之；指出了浓度因素影响化学平衡移动的关系式不会是唯一的，它们应属于两类。     

从科学概念本体和发展史视角对化学平衡相关问题的分析

中学化学教学中关于化学平衡的认识存在多种误区,本文先从科学概念本体的视角系统考察了化学平衡的相关概念,对各种认识误区进行了分析,明确了原有分析化学平衡问题的视角的缺陷;再从科学概念发展史的视角探讨了化学平衡问题的分析方法,确立了符合热力学基本规律的更科学、更实用的化学平衡问题的分析工具——平衡常数;最后明确了基于平衡常数的化学平衡的相关认识及其基于平衡常数的平衡观构建的重要价值,可促进教师更加科学地认识化学平衡问题,关注并在教学中落实化学平衡常数的教学价值,为中学化学中四大平衡的教学提供借鉴和参考。     

浅谈化学平衡常数的量纲问题

对于化学平衡常数有无量纲的问题,长期以来,人们争论不休,意见始终未能统一,许多物理化学教科书的说法也不尽相同。有的认为化学平衡常数是有量纲的;有的则认为化学平衡常数是无量纲的;还有的认为由质量作用定律导出的化学平衡常数一般具有量纲,而由热力学基本方程导出的化学平衡常数是无量纲的。     

促进学生认识发展的化学平衡教学设计研究

基于认识方式有关理论及高中生化学平衡认识模型,分析高中生在化学平衡从必修到选修的认识发展情况,进行促进学生认识发展的教学设计,实施课堂教学,并对比传统以知识获得为主的课堂教学,通过学生实际认识测查数据说明促进学生认识发展型教学优于传统教学。建议教师充分挖掘化学平衡常数的认识功能与价值,围绕化学平衡常数开展课堂教学,建立和发展学生对化学平衡的认识。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。