A unified incompressible lattice BGK model and its application to three-dimensional lid-driven cavity flow

A unified lattice Bhatnagar－Gross－Krook (ILBGK) model iDdQq for the incompressible Navier－Stokes equation is presented. To test its efficiency, the lid-driven cavity flow in three-dimensional space for Reynolds number Re=3200 and span aspect ratio SAR=1, 2 and 3 is simulated in detail on a 48×48×(48×SAR) uniform lattice using the model. The test results agree well with those in previous experiments and numerical works and show the efficiency and strong numerical stability of the proposed ILBGK model.     

Infrared spectral radiative properties of high temperature gas with multi-component

The shock layer of high-speed missiles is a highly uneven gas medium with multi-component and high temperature. Its spectral radiation effects degrade and distort the remote sensing images of infrared sensors. The exact numerical calculating method of the shock wave thermal radiation noise has been developed in this paper. With the multi-temperature model and the rectangular grid recursive method of ray tracing, atomic-molecular absorption and emission spectra of CO₂, H₂O and N₂ were obtained along the line of sight along the seeker detectors. Based on image degradation evaluation criteria and the wind tunnel experimental results, how images blurred by the proposed model were verified. The relations between the shock wave thermal radiation noise and flow parameters were also analyzed. For the 3–8 μm infrared band, shock wave thermal radiation noise is little effected by flight altitude, and close relations with Mach number, as the empirical formula given.     

铝靶动态激光反射率的数值模拟

 从金属近自由电子模型——Prude/Fresnel理论出发，分析了激光作用下铝靶表面反射率的动态变化规律。通过对铝电导率与温度变化关系的数值模拟，得到了凝聚态、液态、气态反射率的动态变化规律，且与实验结果基本符合。当激光功率密度处于10¹¹~10¹⁵ W/cm^-2范围内时，由等离子体模型和局部热力学平衡（LTE）理论，亦得到了反射率随温度变化的数值模拟结果，与国外的实验结果符合得较好。     

双包层光纤激光器最大输出功率的估算

 通过热传导方程和边界条件得到高功率双包层光纤激光器温度分布的简化解析解，利用ANSYS模拟验证了简化的合理性，并以双包层的掺镱光纤激光器为例，把外包层的临界温度设定为80 ℃，计算了光纤激光器在自然对流、风扇制冷和水制冷条件下最大输出功率。计算结果表明：自然对流的情况下，对流传热系数为10 W·m^-2·Ｋ^-1时，光纤激光器的最大输出功率为105 W；风扇制冷的情况下，对流传热系数为80 Ｗ·m^-2·Ｋ^-1时，光纤激光器的最大输出功率820 W；要达到kW以上功率输出，必须对光纤进行主动水冷。     

Magnetized nanofluid flow of ferromagnetic nanoparticles from parallel stretchable rotating disk with variable viscosity and thermal conductivity

The current work aims at studying a constructed mathematical model with an examination of heat transfer in water-based nanofluids containing ferromagnetic nanoparticles flowing between parallel stretchable spinning discs with variable viscosity influence and variable conductivity. The nonlinear coupling of the ordinary differential equations of the momentum and energy equation with the partial differential equations based on the Navier-Stokes equation employing some influential similarity transformations. The transformed system of ordinary differential equations has been solved through the Chebyshev spectral collocation procedure (CSCP). The numerical results for the velocity and temperature distributions are shown in terms of graphical presentations. The existing available literature was utilized to test for validation of the numerical findings. The outcomes demonstrate that the stretching of the lower and upper disks and spinning parameters strengthens the impetus boundary layer and diminished the temperature boundary layer, whilst the variable thermal conductivity improved the convective and conductive strength of the ferromagnetic nanoparticles considered, and the Fe₃O₄ nanofluid displays a higher thermal conductivity strength than the Mn-ZnFe₂O₄ nanofluid.     

Optically—thick accretion discs with advection

The structures of optically-thick accretion discs with radial advection have been investigated by the iteration and integration algorithms. The advective cooling term changes mostly the inner part of disc solution, and even results in an optically-thick advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF). Three distinct branches－the outer Shakura－Sunyaev disc (SSD), the inner ADAF and the middle transition layer－are found for a super-Eddington disc. The SSD－ADAF transition radius can be estimated as 18(\dot{M}/\dot{M}_E)R_G where R_G is the Schwarzschild radius, \dot{M} is the mass accretion rate and \dot{M}_E is the Eddington accretion rate. SSD solutions calculated with the iteration and integration methods are identical, while ADAF solutions obtained by these two methods differ greatly. Detailed algorithms and their differences have been analysed. The iteration algorithm is not self-consistent, since it implies that the dimensionless advection factor ξ is invariant, but in the inner ADAF region the variation of ξ is not negligible. The integration algorithm is always effective for the whole region of an optically-thick disc if the accretion rate is no smaller than 10^-4\dot{M}_E. For optically-thin discs, the validity of these two algorithms is different. We suggest that the integration method be employed to calculate the global solution of a disc model without assuming ξ to be a constant. We also discuss its application to the emergent continuum spectrum in order to explain observational facts.     

Effect of magnetic and boundary parameters on flow characteristics analysis of micropolar ferrofluid through the shrinking sheet with effective thermal conductivity

Ferrofluids have many applications in mechanical and electrical engineering. In this paper, characteristics of ferrofluid over a shrinking sheet with effective thermal conductivity model are studied by the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) and Akbari-Ganji's method (AGM). Also, the Finite Element Method (FEM) has been applied for numerical solution. The governing equations formulated by the Tiwari-Das model. It is supposed that base fluid and nanoparticles are water and Fe₃O₄respectively. Effect of related parameters of micro-rotation velocity and dimensionless velocity have taken for suction and injection of mass transfer parameter. Results show that the magnetic and boundary parameters, in contrast to the micro-rotation parameter, have the same impact on velocity. Moreover, a comparison has been made between the results of this study with other researchers shows the impressive accuracy and efficiency of these methods.     

Double threshold behaviour of I－V characteristics of CoSi2/Si Schottky contacts

The forward current－voltage (I－V) characteristics of polycrystalline CoSi₂/n-Si(100) Schottky contacts have been measured in a wide temperature range. At low temperatures (≤200K), a plateau-like section is observed in the I－V characteristics around 10^-4A·cm^-2. The current in the small bias region significantly exceeds that expected by the model based on thermionic emission (TE) and a Gaussian distribution of Schottky barrier height (SBH). Such a double threshold behaviour can be explained by the barrier height inhomogeneity, i.e. at low temperatures the current through some patches with low SBH dominates at small bias region. With increasing bias voltage, the Ohmic effect becomes important and the current through the whole junction area exceeds the patch current, thus resulting in a plateau-like section in the I－V curves at moderate bias. For the polycrystalline CoSi₂/Si contacts studied in this paper, the apparent ideality factor of the patch current is much larger than that calculated from the TE model taking the pinch-off effect into account. This suggests that the current flowing through these patches is of the tunnelling type, rather than the thermionic emission type. The experimental I－V characteristics can be fitted reasonably well in the whole temperature region using the model based on tunnelling and pinch-off.     

The charge storage of the nc—Si layer

Sandwiched structures (a-SiN_x/a-Si/a-SiN_x) have been fabricated by the plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition technique. A Si nanocrystal (nc-Si) layer was formed by crystallization of an a-Si layer according to the constrained crystallization principle after quasi-static thermal annealing at 1100℃ for 30 min. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman scattering spectroscopy clearly demonstrated that nc-Si grains were formed in the as-deposited a-Si layer after annealing. The density of nc-Si grains is about 10¹¹cm^-2 as shown by TEM photographs. Using capacitance－voltage (C－V) measurements we investigated the electrical characteristics of the sandwiched structures. The charge storage phenomenon of the nc-Si layer was observed from the shift of flat-band voltage (V_FB) in C－V curves at a high frequency (1 MHz). We estimated the density of nc-Si grains to be about 10¹¹cm^-2 from the shift value of V_FB, which is in agreement with the result of TEM photographs. At the same time, we found that the shift of V_FB increased with the increase of the applied constant dc voltage or the thickness of the nc-Si layer.     

Magnetic properties and magnetoresistance effect of Y1-xGdxMn6Sn6 (x=0－1) compounds

The magnetic properties and magnetoresistance effect of Y_1-xGd_xMn₆Sn₆ (x=0－1) compounds have been investigated by magnetization and resistivity measurements in the applied field range (0－5 T). Compounds with x=0.4－1 display ferrimagnetic behaviours in the whole magnetic ordering temperature range, while compounds with x=0－0.2 display a field-induced metamagnetic transition, and the threshold fields decrease with increasing Gd content. The compounds with x=0.1－0.2 undergo an antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic transition with increasing temperature. The cell-parameter a and c and cell-volume V of compounds (x=0－1) increase with increasing Gd content. It was found that the saturation magnetization M_s of the compounds (x=0.4－1) decreases, while the ordering points of the compounds (x=0－1)increase with increasing Gd content. A large MR effect was observed in the compound with x=0.2, and the maximum absolute value of MR at 5 K under 3 T is close to 19.3%.     

Energy balance of pulsed laser ablation: thermal model revised

We present the results of modeling of nanosecond laser ablation of graphite, niobium, YBa₂Cu₃O₇ superconductor, and silicon performed on the basis of a modified thermal model which includes a thorough calculation of the solid–melt interface. The model is based on experimental data on mass removal and takes into account plasma absorption. The numerical results of the laser energy balance are presented over a wide range of laser fluences. The probable critical temperatures for the materials studied have been estimated on the basis of the modeling. PACS 52.38.Mf; 79.20.Ds     

Spatial and temporal thermal analysis of acousto-optic deflectors using finite element analysis model

Thermal effects greatly influence the optical properties of the acousto-optic deflectors (AODs). Thermal analysis plays an important role in modern AOD design. However, the lack of an effective method of analysis limits the prediction in the thermal performance. In this paper, we propose a finite element analysis model to analyze the thermal effects of a TeO₂-based AOD. Both transducer heating and acoustic absorption are considered as thermal sources. The anisotropy of sound propagation is taken into account for determining the acoustic absorption. Based on this model, a transient thermal analysis is employed using ANSYS software. The spatial temperature distributions in the crystal and the temperature changes over time are acquired. The simulation results are validated by experimental results. The effect of heat source and heat convection on temperature distribution is discussed. This numerical model and analytical method of thermal analysis would be helpful in the thermal design and practical applications of AODs.     

Optical vibration modes and electron－phonon interaction in ternary mixed crystals of polar semiconductors

Optical vibrations of the lattice and the electron－phonon interaction in polar ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the continuum model of Born and Huang and the random-element-isodisplacement model. A normal-coordinate system to describe the optical vibration in ternary mixed crystals is correctly adopted to derive a new Fr?hlich-like Hamiltonian for the electron－phonon interaction including the unit-cell volume variation influence. The numerical results for the phonon modes, the electron－phonon coupling constants and the polaronic energies for several typical materials are obtained. It is verified that the nonlinearity of the electron－phonon coupling effects with the composition is essential and the unit-cell volume effects cannot be neglected for most ternary mixed crystals.     

Modelling of the plasma-substrate interaction and prediction of substrate temperature during the plasma heating

Temperature of the substrate during plasma heating and spraying plays an important role on quality of the substrate and coating. In this study a three dimensional numerical model is developed to simulate the Ar-N₂ plasma jet and conjugate heat transfer between plasma and substrate. The influencing of operating parameters on thermal flux from the plasma to the substrate and substrate temperature are discussed. Transient simulations are carried out to predict the substrate temperature with heating time. The arc current, gas flow rate, stand-off distance, substrate material and environment around the substrate significantly affect the thermal flux to the substrate. Heat flux to the substrate cannot be neglected in the coating built-up models. Present model is validated by comparing the results of present model with previous predictions and measurements.     

Creation of ordered structures in a classical thermal plasma containing macroparticles: Experiment and computer simulation

We have compared experimental measurements of ordered structures in a thermal plasma containing macroparticles of CeO₂ at atmospheric pressure and a temperature around 1700 K with the results of numerical Monte Carlo calculations for the Yukawa model. We describe several distinctive features of the way the experiments were done, including how the ordered macroparticle structures were detected. We discuss a theoretical model of the behavior of an equilibrium system of charged macroparticles in a plasma and the effective interaction potential between them. Good agreement between the experimental and numerical results is noted, and possible reasons for the observed discrepancies are discussed. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 111, 889–902 (March 1997)     

亚皮秒脉冲激光辐照硅薄膜热效应的模拟研究

基于Boltzmann方程,采用了Chen J K等人建立的自相关模型,考虑了Si薄膜的热容、热导率、弛豫时间等热力学参量随温度非线性变化的影响.采用有限差分法,数值求解了脉宽为500 fs的激光脉冲辐照2 μm厚硅膜的自相关模型.分析了膜表面载流子浓度、载流子温度、晶格温度等随入射激光功率和脉宽等的变化规律.结果表明：在脉冲辐照初期（t<0.68 ps）,载流子和晶格之间存在着明显的非热平衡性,之后通过相互之间的弛豫碰撞,逐渐达到热平衡,载流子热容是引起载流子温度在早期迅速上升的原因;载流子温度速率方程中单光子吸收、载流子-晶格能量交换和载流子能流变化率对载流子温升影响较大,而多光子吸收、双极能流和带隙能量变化率对载流子温升的影响较小,可以忽略;较高脉冲激光能量（Ф＞0.02 J·cm－2）辐照Si膜,会引起载流子密度方程中的俄歇复合项增大,从而使载流子密度下降率增大,导致载流子温度出现双峰.     

Cross sections for rotational excitation in He－H2 collisions

Close coupling calculations have been carried out for rotational excitations in He－H₂ collisions with symmetric isotopic substitution (He－H₂, D₂, T₂) and asymmetric isotopic substitution (He－HD, HT, DT). Cross sections have been obtained at the incidence energy of 0.3eV. Based on the calculations, the effect of isotopic substitution on atom－diatom collisions is discussed.     

Lattice-Boltzmann simulation of particle-laden flow over a backward-facing step

This paper deals with the numerical simulation of gas－solid two-phase flows in an Eulerian－Lagrangian scheme. The particle tracks are calculated using a recently developed exponential Lagrangian scheme, and the approach presently used for the computation of fluid phase is based on a modified Lattice-BGK model. Different from earlier publications, the present study employs a two-way coupling mechanism to handle the interactions between carrier phase and dispersed phase in the model. This new model is applicable to simulating gas－solid two-phase flows. For example, based on the scheme, we have recaptured some phenomena of planar laminar particle-laden flow over a backward-facing step in this research, and found a new interesting phenomenon.     

Simulation study of the anomalous Hall effect in high-T c superconductors

Including influence of the thermal fluctuation on flux motion in the Wang-Ting model, we use the numerical simulation method to investigate the anomalous Hall effect in high-T _c superconductors. The negative Hall resistivity has still been found in a certain range of temperature at low magnetic fields, which is qualitatively consistent with the experimental observations. Our results support the view point that the negative Hall effect is caused, most probably, by the flux motion with the pinning.     

Study of 2n-Removal and Total Reaction Cross Section Induced by 11Li in BUU Framework

The σ_R and σ_－2n have been calculated via the BUU model by using soft EOS and 0.8σ_Cug. The density distribution which come from RMF model has been introduced to replace the normal used square-type distributions in BUU calculation. The calculated results can reproduce the experimental data well for various reaction systems. Here σ_－2n is calculated as the difference between σ_R of halo nucleus and core nucleus, by assuming σ_corr=0. It indicates that this assumption works very well in the BUU calculation.