[Russian Text Ignored]

A nonlinear theory of the interaction of an external pump field with ion-acoustic and h.f. surface waves in a plasma layer with inhomogeneous boundary regions is presented for the case, when the pump field frequency is less than the electron plasma frequency. The evolution of the parametrically excited turbulence and its stationary state are both analytically treated and numerically demonstrated. Dependent on the pump field strength, two mechanisms are to be distinguished: (i) nonlinear generation of damped ion-acoustic harmonics, (ii) cascade excitation of secondary eigenmodes by growing surface oscillations. At only slight overthreshold values, mechanism (i) is responsible for the occurence of the steady state, whereas, for higher pump field strength, the wave amplitudes as well as their saturated levels are mainly determined by mechanism (ii).     

Geodesic plasma compressibility effects on the magnetic islands in a tokamak

It is shown that the stability of rotating magnetic islands in a tokamak plasma is affected by plasma compressibility related to the geodesic curvature in an inhomogeneous magnetic field. A robust contribution has been found to the Rutherford evolution equation. It is shown that the sign of the geodesic curvature contribution is opposite to the sign of the polarization term. It is suggested that this mechanism plays a crucial role in the stability of small scale magnetic islands.     

Particle-in-cell investigation on the resonant absorption of a plasma surface wave

The resonant absorption of a plasma surface wave is supposed to be an important and efficient mechanism of power deposition for a surface wave plasma source. In this paper, by using the particle-in-cell method and Monte Carlo simulation, the resonance absorption mechanism is investigated. Simulation results demonstrate the existence of surface wave resonance and show the high efficiency of heating electrons. The positions of resonant points, the resonance width and the spatio-temporal evolution of the resonant electric field are presented, which accord well with the theoretical results. The paper also discusses the effect of pressure on the resonance electric field and the plasma density.     

短脉冲强激光在稀薄等离子体中传播时的电磁类孤立子

 采用二维粒子模拟方法，研究了短脉冲强激光在稀薄等离子体中传播时电磁类孤立子的产生和时空演化过程。通过分析电磁场与等离子体波的非线性能量交换和激光场的频率谱结构等，给出了电磁类孤立子形成的基本物理图像，讨论了等离子体参数对电磁类孤立子形成的影响。模拟结果表明：类孤立子的形成是由于局部电磁波振荡频率减小至等离子体频率引起的，初始等离子体密度越高越容易形成空间局域结构。     

磁场约束下激光诱导等离子体光谱强度演化研究

对磁场约束下激光诱导铜等离子体光谱强度演化进行了实验研究,分析了在磁场约束环境下的等离子体光谱强度演化过程以及激光能量对光谱增强的影响.实验结果表明:在磁场约束下铜等离子体内原子光谱和离子光谱均有所增强,在磁场约束下Cu I 510.55 nm谱线强度时间演化过程中在1.2—5.7μs时间范围内附近出现双峰结构,在距离靶材表面0—1.4 mm空间范围内磁场约束Cu I 510.55 nm光谱增强明显.Cu I510.55 nm和Cu I 515.32 nm光谱增强因子随激光能量的增加呈单调递减变化,激光能量20 mJ时增强因子最大分别为11和8.对磁场约束下等离子体发射光谱强度增强的物理原因进行了探讨.     

Dynamics of sheath evolution in magnetized charge-fluctuating dusty plasmas

The evolution of sheath in plasma contaminated with varying dust charges under the effect of an external magnetic field is studied. Study of Sagdeev potential through pseudoptential approach has been attempted with a view to deriving the sheath equation. Numerical analysis has been carried out to study the potential variation with sheath-ward distance for various plasma parameters. A unique finding of the study is that the presence of dust particles as well as the magnetic field drastically modifies the Bohm sheath criterion for plasma sheath formation as obtained earlier in unmagnetised two-component plasma. The results have more realistic interpretation in showing explicitly the interaction of magnetic field and impurity caused by dust charge variation, with the possibility of its impact in various technological applications including plasma-material interaction, material processing and electro-mechanical devices.     

惯性约束聚变黑腔内等离子体界面处的动理学效应及其影响

在惯性约束聚变物理研究中,等离子体界面处的动理学效应及其时空演化特性近年来受到重点关注,因为它会显著影响激光能量沉积、激光等离子体不稳定性、辐照对称性、黑腔和内爆性能等诸多物理。准确描绘等离子体特征界面附近的动理学效应是惯性约束聚变物理设计的基本需求,也是高能量密度物理中的具有挑战且未完全解决的问题。重点回顾近几年来本团队围绕等离子体动理学效应及其影响开展的一些研究工作:（1）聚变黑腔中金等离子体与靶丸冕区等离子体边缘处的电场结构及其加速的高能离子对内爆对称性的影响;（2）激光光路上高Z-低Z等离子体界面处的电场产生机制及其导致的反常离子扩散对激光等离子体不稳定性的影响;（3）等离子体中电磁场结构的质子照相反演。     

Mechanism of diffusion of positively charged dust particles in a photoemission cell under microgravity conditions

The decay of a dusty plasma in a photoemission cell under microgravity conditions is investigated on the basis of the method of nonlocal moments. It is founds that plasma decay in space experiments occurs in accordance with the mechanism of free electron diffusion followed by dust particle drift. An analytic solution is found for the evolution of radial distributions of the dust particle concentration and the electric field under the experimental conditions. The effect of abnormally high temperatures of dust particles is considered. The effect of axial magnetic fields on the decay of dusty plasma is investigated. It is shown that the plasma decay in a magnetic field is governed by the ambipolar diffusion mechanism, the decay being prolonged up to 10³ s in a magnetic field on the order of 10³–10⁴ G in strength.     

Mechanism of laser-induced plasma shock wave evolution in air

A theoretical model is proposed to describe the mechanism of laser-induced plasma shock wave evolution in air. To verify the validity of the theoretical model, an optical beam deflection technique is employed to track the plasma shock wave evolution process. The theoretical model and the experimental signals are found to be in good agreement with each other. It is shown that the laser-induced plasma shock wave undergoes formation, increase and decay processes; the increase and the decay processes of the laser-induced plasma shock wave result from the overlapping of the compression wave and the rarefaction wave, respectively. In addition, the laser-induced plasma shock wave speed and pressure distributions, both a function of distance, are presented.     

Cauchy problem for the hydrodynamic equations of a collisionless cold plasma

A general solution is obtained for the nonstationary hydrodynamic equations of a cold plasma, containing as arbitrary functions the initial distributions or boundary values of particle velocities and densities. The evolution of initial perturbation density in an unbounded medium, and the mechanism of formation and discharge reversal, as well as dynamics of the flow injected into the plasma gap, are investigated.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 10, pp. 53–58, October, 1988.The author is grateful to A. V. Zharinov and A. A. Rukhadze for their continuing interest in this study and for a number of useful comments.     

Nonlinear Evolution of Driven Electron Plasma Oscillations in Inhomogeneous Plasmas

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Dynamical view of pair creation in uniform electric and magnetic fields

Pair creation in a uniform classical electromagnetic field (Schwinger mechanism) is studied focusing on the time evolution of the distribution of created particles. The time evolution of the distribution in time-dependent fields is also presented as well as effects of back reaction. Motivated by the Glasma flux tube, which may be formed at the initial stage of heavy-ion collisions, we investigate effects of a magnetic field parallel to an electric field, and find that the magnetic field makes the evolution of a fermion system faster.     

Nonlinear electrostatic waves in a magnetized plasma

The modulational interaction of finite-amplitude high-frequency electrostatic waves propagating at an arbitrary angle to an external magnetic field with slow plasma motion is considered. A set of nonlinear evolution equations describing the interaction is obtained. New types of solitary waves propagating at near sonic speeds are found.     

Ionization mechanism of the electrical degradation (breakdown) of polymer dielectric films

A physical mechanism is proposed explaining rapid (for a time of ～10^?7 s) increase in the current during an electrical breakdown of polymer dielectrics. Accumulation of positive molecular ions and electrons in a local region of a polymer as a result of field ionization of macromolecules is considered as the formation of quasi-neutral plasma in which the effect of Debye screening of charges occurs, leading to a decrease in the molecule ionization potential, which, in turn, accelerates the formation of unbound charges in the polymer. It is shown that the occurrence of these interrelated processes, the rates of which increase in time, leads, at a certain stage, to an explosive change in the polymer properties. A self-accelerating process has been revealed leading to an increase in the concentration of quasi-free charges, the development time of which is comparable to the time of breakdown evolution.     

Simplified method for describing plasma temperature evolution in a tokamak with a growing magnetic island

A new simplified method is proposed for solving the heat conduction equation in a tokamak plasma with an unsteady magnetic island with allowance for heat transfer along the magnetic field. The method, whose efficiency is illustrated by a simple example, allows one to reduce the three-dimensional problem of plasma temperature evolution in the presence of several magnetic islands to a set of one-dimensional equations.     

空气介质阻挡放电发射光谱测量及放电过程粒子分析

发射光谱是对等离子体进行检测和诊断最常见的应用方法,提供了等离子体的化学和物理过程丰富的信息,放电过程中等离子的动力学行为的分析研究对于气体放电机理及其应用具有重要的作用。设计了一套介质阻挡空气放电光谱测量装置,测量了在实验条件下的发射光谱数据,通过发射光谱分析了介质阻挡放电等离子体的粒子演化。建立了数值计算模型,耦合了密度方程、能量传递方程以及Boltzmann方程,对于介质阻挡空气放电过程中的各种粒子变化规律进行了分析,解释了发射光谱的特征。结果表明,约化场强越大,激发的粒子数的浓度越大。对于40,60与80 Td的约化场强,同一时刻同种粒子数的浓度会有一到两个数量级的差距。电场的激发产生了大量的N₂(A3),N₂(B3)与N₂(C3)的粒子,但是由于其能级较高,而迅速发生了转化,并且在放电的10-6 s后,这些粒子的产生与转化达到了平衡。相比激发态氮分子,O₂(A1) O₂(B1)与O₂(A3Σ+_u)的峰值浓度并不低,这些粒子的能量相对较低,跃迁产生的谱线波长较长,光谱仪并未清晰捕捉到氧分子的发射光谱。O粒子的峰值浓度较小,因此其跃迁产生的发射光谱较弱。放电过程中产生的较为稳定的O₃浓度持续增加,NO₂的浓度达到峰值后也不会下降。建立的模型计算结果可以很好地解释实验中测量得到的发射光谱数据。     

Magnetic field-aligned plasma expansion in critical ionizationvelocity space experiments

The temporal evolution of a plasma cloud released in an ambient plasma is studied. Time-dependent Vlasov equations for both electrons and ions, as well as the self-consistent electric field parallel to the ambient magnetic field, are solved. The initial cloud is considered to consist of cold, warm, and hot electrons with temperatures of approximately 0.2 eV, 2 eV, and 10 eV, respectively. It is found that the minor hot electrons escape the cloud; their velocity distribution function shows the typical time-of-flight dispersion feature, i.e. the average drift velocity of the escaping electrons is proportional to the distance from the cloud. The major warm electrons expand along the magnetic field lines with the corresponding ion-acoustic speed. The combined effect of the escaping hot electrons and the expanding warm ones sets up an electric potential structure that accelerates the ambient electrons into the cloud. Thus, the energy loss due to the electron escape is partly replenished. The electric field distribution in the potential structure depends on the stage of the evolution; before the rarefaction waves propagating from the edges of the cloud reach its center, the electric fields point into the cloud. After this stage the cloud divides into two subclouds, each having its own bipolar electric field. The effects of collisions on the evolution of plasma clouds are also discussed. The relevance of the results seen from the calculations are discussed in the context of space experiments on critical ionization velocity     

Magnetic control of particle injection in plasma based accelerators

The use of an external transverse magnetic field to trigger and to control electron self-injection in laser- and particle-beam driven wakefield accelerators is examined analytically and through full-scale particle-in-cell simulations. A magnetic field can relax the injection threshold and can be used to control main output beam features such as charge, energy, and transverse dynamics in the ion channel associated with the plasma blowout. It is shown that this mechanism could be studied using state-of-the-art magnetic fields in next generation plasma accelerator experiments.     

Ion velocity distribution function investigated inside an unstable magnetized plasma exhibiting a rotating nonlinear structure

The frequent situation where a strongly nonlinear rotating structure develops in a linear magnetized plasma column is investigated experimentally with emphasis on the ion velocity distribution function (IVDF). Most often, a mode m=2 appears exhibiting a large density and potential perturbation with angular frequency slightly above the ion cyclotron frequency. For the first time the spatiotemporal evolution of the IVDF is studied using time-resolved laser induced fluorescence to explore the ion's interaction with the nonlinear wave propagating inside the column and at the origin of plasma transport outside the limiter. The ion fluid exhibits an alternance from azimuthal to radial velocity due to the electric field inside the rotating structure. A fluid model also allows us to locally reconstruct the self-consistent electric field evolution which contradicts all existing theories.