Manufacturing and modelling of sintered micro-porous absorption material for low frequency applications

A novel sintering based method to produce thin ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, UHMWPE, absorption material layer to increase absorption at low frequencies is introduced. The experimental impedance tube measurement results show that a 4 mm thick sintered sample layer increases absorption at a low frequency range below 1000 Hz compared with commercial melamine and polyester absorption foam samples. To cover a wider frequency range, multilayer structures composed of a sintered micro-porous material layer and commercial melamine and polyester foam layers are created and examined. The sintered sample layer also increases absorption in multilayer structures at low frequencies. Absorption coefficient values above 0.5 are reached starting from 200 Hz with multilayer structures. Software exploiting Biot’s theory of porous materials has been adopted to fit the experimental absorption data for sintered samples, commercial foams and multilayers. Software based on Biot’s theory was found to deliver quite good correlation with measured absorption coefficient values, with disagreements below 10% between the measured and estimated values.     

Enhancing the low frequency sound absorption of a perforated panel by parallel-arranged extended tubes

This paper is concerned with the use of a perforated panel with extended tubes (PPET) to improve the sound absorption confined to low frequencies. In comparison with a micro-perforated panel (MPP), the sound absorption can be significantly improved by using the PPET at the expense of the bandwidth of the sound absorption. A particular configuration combining four parallel-arranged PPETs with different cavities is introduced to achieve a wider bandwidth of the sound absorption at low frequencies. The analysis is extended to the combination of three parallel-arranged PPETs and a MPP to further increase the bandwidth of the sound absorption. A theoretical model is described to predict the sound absorption coefficient and the simulated annealing method is introduced to the proposed absorbers, allowing optimization of the overall performance. The theory with experimental validations demonstrates that the proposed configurations offer a potential improvement of more than one octave in the bandwidth of the sound absorption at low frequencies.     

Prediction of the reverberation absorption coefficient of finite-size membrane absorbers

This paper presents a method to predict the reverberation absorption coefficient of a finite-size membrane absorbers composed of a single- or double-leaf membrane structure of various configurations. In order to predict the sound absorptivity of such an absorber, it is needed to consider that sound is incident from both sides of the absorber, which has not been accounted for the previous studies on membrane absorbers. The edge effect also needs to be considered if the absorber is rather small. The present method is established based on the theory for absorbers hanged in a reverberation chamber developed by Fujiwara and Makita [J Acoust Soc Jpn (E) 1980;1:37-45]. The same theory requires the fraction of energy dissipation in the absorber, which can be obtained by the difference of absorption and transmission coefficients, and the difference is calculated by the theories for various membrane structures presented in the authors’ previous work. An experimental study was also conducted to validate the present method: the predicted values showed good agreement with the measured ones. The numerical examples calculated by the present method are also presented to discuss the effect of the various control parameters, and it is suggested how to improve the sound absorption performance of double-leaf membrane absorbers with a permeable and an impermeable leaves.     

双传声器法测量斜入射吸声系数研究

本文从理论和实验两方面研究了双传声器法测量斜入射吸声系数时,双传声器间距,双传声器离材料表面距离,材料面积大小等因素对测量结果的影响。     

Effect of a honeycomb on the sound absorption characteristics of panel-type absorbers

Panel-type sound absorbers are commonly used to absorb low-frequency sounds. Recently, a new type of panel/membrane absorbers has been proposed as a next-generation sound absorber free from environmental problems. On the other hand, it is known that placing a honeycomb structure behind a porous layer can improve sound absorption performance and a similar effect can be obtained for microperforated-panel absorbers. Herein, the sound absorption characteristics of a panel sound absorber with a honeycomb in its back cavity are theoretically analyzed. The numerical results are used to discuss the variations in the sound absorption characteristics due to the honeycomb as well as the mechanism for sound absorption.     

伪随机扩散体的吸声性能及其应用

本文介绍伪随机扩散体吸声性能的应用，提出减少扩散体结构厚度的实用设计，并应用于剧场观众厅以减少混响时间．     

Design optimization of porous fibrous material for maximizing absorption of sounds under set frequency bands

In this paper, a methodology is proposed for designing porous fibrous material with optimal sound absorption under set frequency bands. The material is assumed to have a rigid frame and a hexagonal arrangement of fibers, and the analytical model derived by Johnson, Champoux and Allard (“JCA model”) is used to investigate the influences of the micro-structural parameters (fiber radius r and gap w) on sound absorption performance, and the macro-acoustic parameters used in JCA model is determined via finite element analysis for the hexagonal micro-structure. Moreover, a mathematical model is constructed to obtain the optimized micro-structure design, with fiber radius and gap as design parameters and average absorption performance of the porous fibrous material under set frequency band as target. Utilizing the constructed optimization model, the microstructure parameters are derived with optimal sound absorption under low frequency (20 ⩽ f < 500 Hz), medium frequency (500 ⩽ f < 2000 Hz) and high frequency (2000 ⩽ f < 15,000 Hz), respectively. On top of that, for a given thickness of porous fibrous material layer, the analytical relationship between fiber radius and optimal porosity under set frequency bands is constructed.     

A new image cipher in time and frequency domains

Recently, various encryption techniques based on chaos have been proposed. However, most existing chaotic encryption schemes still suffer from fundamental problems such as small key space, weak security function and slow performance speed. This paper introduces an efficient encryption scheme for still visual data that overcome these disadvantages. The proposed scheme is based on hybrid Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) and chaotic systems in hybrid domains. The core idea is to scramble the pixel positions based on 2D chaotic systems in frequency domain. Then, the diffusion is done on the scrambled image based on cryptographic primitive operations and the incorporation of LFSR and chaotic systems as round keys. The hybrid compound of LFSR, chaotic system and cryptographic primitive operations strengthen the encryption performance and enlarge the key space required to resist the brute force attacks. Results of statistical and differential analysis show that the proposed algorithm has high security for secure digital images. Furthermore, it has key sensitivity together with a large key space and is very fast compared to other competitive algorithms.     

Measurement of the total absorption coefficient of a KTP crystal

The laser calorimetric measurement of the absorption coefficient in a small cubic 12 × 9 × 9 mm KTP crystal has been investigated experimentally. The absorption coefficient in this crystal is 0.0121 cm^-1, and the measurement accuracy is within 10%.     

Classically determined frequency shift in the absorption coefficient

The large absorption coefficient of a dilute medium is frequency-shifted toward the blue relative to the dielectric constant. This shift is 3/4 as large as the red shift calculated by Lorentz for random or cubically symmetric placement.     

Origin of anomalous enhancement of the absorption coefficient in a PN junction

The absorption coefficient is usually considered as a constant for certain materials at the given wavelength. However,recent experiments demonstrated that the absorption coefficient could be enhanced a lot by the PN junction. The absorption coefficient varies with the thickness of the intrinsic layer in a PIN structure. Here, we interpret the anomalous absorption coefficient from the competition between recombination and drift for non-equilibrium carriers. Based on the Fokker–Planck theory, a non-equilibrium statistical model that describes the relationship between absorption coefficient and material thickness has been proposed. It could predict the experimental data well. Our results can give new ideas to design photoelectric devices.     

水下均匀材料复合层吸声特性研究

本文对水下阻尼板和其它介质层复合的多层吸声和结构吸声，反声性能进行了研究，利用各层界面压力，振速的四端网络矩阵及层间边界条件导出吸声结构表面阻抗和反射系统数随频率的变化关系，数值计算分析了不同边界条件，多种层以及改变各层参数情况，反声，吸声系数的变化，发现多层结构中厚的水层引起强烈的共振反射峰，并提出了抑制共射的方法。     

Two-photon absorption coefficient in relation to the typical pulse models of laser

The two-photon absorption (TPA) coefficient (β) relating to pulse models of laser is theoretically studied based on the nonlinear absorption equation. An expression of nonlinear energy transmission is obtained, in which a factor (g) is introduced to describe the β deviation resulting from the pulse profile of laser. The relative deviation can be then expressed as (1/g − 1)% for comparing β obtained based on other pulse models of laser with β₀ based on the rectangular one. The values of g factor and the deviation of some typical ultra-short pulse models used nowadays are also calculated and presented. Our results suggest that the β deviations from the temporal pulse shapes should not be neglected in usual nonlinear transmission measurement. The g factor may become a useful parameter in taking account of this deviation.     

Measurement of sound absorption coefficients of flat surfaces in a workshop

To improve the acoustic treatment of facings and provide appropriate solutions for noise control at workplace, it is necessary to develop methods of acoustic characterization of the walls in industrial halls. Sound absorption coefficient measurement in industrial rooms is however quite a difficult task because of the partially reverberant conditions. This work describes the measurement of the sound absorption coefficient of flat panels subject to small angle sound incidence, in an industrial hall using an experimental device equipped with an acoustic array. The directivity of this array has been optimized so that the major part of the received acoustic energy would come from one portion only of the investigated facing, this, in turn attenuating the reflected beams due to the reverberation. This new device includes an impulse sound source targeting the panels. The present article focuses mainly on the sound source design and implementation. It also describes some sound absorption measurements carried in a semi-anechoic chamber and in an industrial hall in order to examine the performance of the device. Sound absorption coefficients of several standard liners obtained through this device have been compared to those resulted from the two microphone technique.     

Modeling chairs and occupants to closely approximate the sound absorption of occupied full scale theatre chairs

The present work reports on the process of modeling chairs and occupants to closely approximate the sound absorption of occupied full scale theatre chairs and explains how the best form of model listener was determined. Modifying the form of the model listeners to have shorter upper legs and narrower lower legs, led to improved agreement between model and full scale occupied chairs at all frequencies including at 125 Hz. The measured absorption coefficients of single blocks of model chairs with or without model listeners agreed well with the measured values for both full scale types E and G chairs. However, the estimated values for larger sample blocks of model chairs with P/A = 0.5 m⁻¹ showed better agreement with the measured values for full scale type G chairs than type E chairs due to the different slopes of the regression lines versus P/A. The present results demonstrate that the model chair and listener accurately simulate the sound absorption characteristics of a particular type of quite absorptive full scale occupied chairs for all sample sizes of the full scale chairs.     

Sound absorption characteristics of a double-leaf structure with an MPP and a permeable membrane

As for the sound absorbing system using an MPP (microperforated panel), a double-leaf MPP sound absorber has been studied so far. However, this structure uses two MPPs, which are still expensive, and is disadvantageous when its cost is concerned. Therefore, it is considered that it can be advantageous if one of the leaves can be replaced with a less expensive material keeping high sound absorption performance. In this study, the possibility of producing a useful sound absorbing structure with an MPP and a permeable membrane as an alternative less expensive material is examined. The acoustic properties of this MPP and permeable membrane combination absorber are analysed theoretically with a Helmholtz integral formulation. The absorption performance and mechanism are discussed through the numerical examples. Also, the effect of a honeycomb in the air cavity, which is to be used for reinforcing the structure, is also discussed through a theoretical analysis.     

光吸收介质的吸收系数与介电函数虚部的关系

讨论了相对介电函数虚部和消光系数与光吸收的关系,指出吸收系数与消光系数成正比,而吸收系数与相对介电函数虚部成正比是有条件的.     

A comparison of impedance models for the inverse estimation of the non-acoustical parameters of granular absorbers

An impedance model relates acoustic properties of porous materials with non-acoustical parameters. Although such parameters can be measured, specific equipment is required for each of them, so that numerical methods have been proposed for estimating their value from a more manageable measurement of the normal incidence absorption coefficient in an impedance tube. This inverse procedure requires both an impedance model and an inversion technique. This paper compares four impedance models, Miki, Hamet–Berengier, Johnson–Allard–Champoux and Champoux–Stinson, when Simulated Annealing is used for the inverse estimation of the non-acoustical parameters of three granular materials, consisting of packings of small spherical glass beads of different diameters. Some of these parameters have also been measured, so that they can be compared with these estimated by the proposed inverse method.     

水下复合层吸声结构中反向声能与振动能量传输的研究

本文对文献[1，2]所讨论的水下复合层吸声结构中能量的反向传输送行了研究．利用多层结构的传递矩阵求逆．导出声能和振动能的反向传输关系，给出传递损失．数值计算分析了结构的各层参数变化对能量传递损失的影响．     

水下复合层吸声结构中反向声能与振动能量传输的研究

本文对文献「１，２」所讨论了水下复合层吸声结构中能量的反向传输进行了研究。利用多层结构的文献矩阵求逆，导出声能和振动能的反向传输关系，给出传递损失。数值计算分析了结构的各层参数变化对能量传递损失的影响。