Soft-Pulsed Aluminum-27 Quadrupolar Central Transition NMR Studies of Ovotransferrin

We have employed soft (Gaussian) pulses to examine²⁷Al NMR signals arising from Al³⁺bound to ovotransferrin. In addition to enhancing the general detectability of²⁷Al signals from a practical standpoint, this technique makes it possible to invert the central component of the protein-bound²⁷Al signals, providing a route for, to our knowledge, the first inversion-recovery measurements on such systems. The suitability of this approach for gaining insights into the nature of metal ion binding sites in large metalloproteins is critically assessed.     

TOTAL ASSIGNMENT OF 1H AND 13C NMR SPECTRA OF A BRIDGED TRIRUTHENIUM CLUSTER-POLYPYRIDINE DIMER BASED ON 2D (COSY,HMQC, AND HMBC) TECHNIQUES

The bridged ruthenium cluster-polypyridine dimer [Ru₃O(CH₃COO)₆(py)₂(tmbpy)Ru(bpy)₂(Cl)](PF₆)₂ (py = pyridine, = 2, 2′-bipyridine and tmbpy = 4, 4′-trimethylenedipyridine) has been synthesized and structurally characterized based on ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. This species exhibits a complex pattern of NMR signals due to the presence of a paramagnetic [Ru₃O] core and seven non-equivalent aromatic rings. 2D NMR (COSY, HMQC and HMBC) correlation techniques have been required for the total assignment of the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra.     

Sensitivity enhancement, assignment, and distance measurement in 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy for paramagnetic systems under fast magic angle spinning

Despite success of previous studies, high-resolution solid-state NMR (SSNMR) of paramagnetic systems has been still largely unexplored because of limited sensitivity/resolution and difficulty in assignment due to large paramagnetic shifts. Recently, we demonstrated that an approach using very-fast magic angle spinning (VFMAS; spinning speed 20kHz) enhances resolution/sensitivity in (13)C SSNMR for paramagnetic complexes [Y. Ishii, S. Chimon, N.P. Wickramasinghe, A new approach in 1D and 2D (13)C high resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of paramagnetic organometallic complexes by very fast magic-angle spinning, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 3438-3439]. In this study, we present a new strategy for sensitivity enhancement, signal assignment, and distance measurement in (13)C SSNMR under VFMAS for unlabeled paramagnetic complexes using recoupling-based polarization transfer. As a robust alternative of cross-polarization (CP), rapid application of recoupling-based polarization transfer under VFMAS is proposed. In the present approach, a dipolar-based analog of INEPT (dipolar INEPT) methods is used for polarization transfer and a (13)C signal is observed under VFMAS without (1)H decoupling. The resulting low duty factor permits rapid signal accumulation without probe arcing at recycle times ( approximately 3 ms/scan) matched to short (1)H T(1) values of small paramagnetic systems ( approximately 1 ms). Experiments on Cu(dl-Ala)(2) showed that the fast repetition approach under VFMAS provided sensitivity enhancement by a factor of 8-66 for a given sample, compared with the (13)C MAS spectrum under moderate MAS at 5kHz. The applicability of this approach was also demonstrated for a more challenging system, Mn(acac)(3), for which (13)C and (1)H paramagnetic shift dispersions reach 1500 and 700 ppm, respectively. It was shown that effective-evolution-time dependence of transferred signals in dipolar INEPT permitted one to distinguish (13)CH, (13)CH(2), (13)CH(3), (13)CO2- groups in 1D experiments for Cu(DL-Ala)(2) and Cu(Gly)(2). Applications of this technique to 2D (13)C/(1)H correlation NMR under VFMAS yielded reliable assignments of (1)H resonances as well as (13)C resonances for Cu(DL-Ala)(2) and Mn(acac)(3). Quantitative analysis of cross-peak intensities in 2D (13)C/(1)H correlation NMR spectra of Cu(DL-Ala)(2) provided distance information between non-bonded (13)C-(1)H pairs in the paramagnetic system.     

Aromatic spectral editing techniques for magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy of uniformly 13C-labeled proteins

The four aromatic amino acids in proteins, namely histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, have strongly overlapping ¹³C chemical shift ranges between 100 and 160 ppm, and have so far been largely neglected in solid-state NMR determination of protein structures. Yet aromatic residues play important roles in biology through π–π and cation–π interactions. To better resolve and assign aromatic residues' ¹³C signals in magic-angle-spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR spectra, we introduce two spectral editing techniques. The first method uses gated ¹H decoupling in a proton-driven spin-diffusion (PDSD) experiment to remove all protonated ¹³C signals and retain only non-protonated carbon signals in the aromatic region of the ¹³C spectra. The second technique uses chemical shift filters and ¹H–¹³C dipolar dephasing to selectively detect the Cα, Cβ and CO cross peaks of aromatic residues while suppressing the signals of all aliphatic residues. We demonstrate these two techniques on amino acids, a model peptide, and the microcrystalline protein GB1, and show that they significantly simplify the 2D NMR spectra and both reveal and permit the ready assignment of the aromatic residues' signals.     

Three-dimensional correlated accordion NMR spectroscopy of proteins

A major step toward the protein structure determination by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the assignment of multidimensional NMR signals that provide through-bond and through-space inter-atomic correlations. Ambiguities often occur during the assignment process due to resonance degeneracy, which challenges high resolution and larger size protein structure determination. Here, we present a method that will significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of the NMR signal assignment. The method is based on a correlated accordion principle that, when incorporated into conventional three-dimensional (3D) heteronuclear NMR experiments, allows the retrieval of additional frequency correlation information at high resolution. We show that 3D spectra derived from this method are as effective as the impractical high resolution four-dimensional (4D) spectra with substantially reduced signal ambiguity as compared to their conventional counterparts. The approach promises increased accuracy and size of protein structures determined by NMR.     

Novel 13C direct detection experiments, including extension to the third dimension, to perform the complete assignment of proteins

Carbon-13 direct detection NMR methods are feasible thanks to the improvements in probehead technology and to the development of new NMR experiments. We present here a complete set of experiments, based on C' direct detection, developed to perform protein complete assignment of backbone and side-chains (except for aromatic rings). This strategy offers alternative solutions for demanding situations (paramagnetic and/or large molecules) and can be useful in general in conjunction with conventional experiments.     

用核磁共振方法研究金属离子与蛋白质的相互作用

许多蛋白质含有金属离子,金属离子对蛋白质发挥生物学功能起着很大的作用. 金属离子与蛋白质的相互作用以及参与蛋白质功能调节的方式各种各样：有些金属离子高度专一性地与蛋白质紧密结合,对蛋白质发挥生物学功能起着关键性的作用;有些金属离子只是作为蛋白质发挥功能的辅助因子而瞬态地与蛋白质松散结合. 本文简要介绍目前国际上用NMR方法研究抗磁金属离子和顺磁金属离子与蛋白质相互作用的进展,并具体介绍了NMR方法在钙调蛋白、锌指蛋白、朊病毒蛋白等金属离子蛋白研究上的应用.     

NMR Analysis of a Complex Spin System from a Siruo-Chamigrene

The compound 2,10-dibromo-3-chloro-8-hydroxy-β-chamigrene was analysed in detail by NMR Spectroscopy. the complete assignment of the signals in the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra and the determination of the relative configurations were achieved by 2D NMR techniques, AM1 data and ¹H spectrum simulation. Comparisons of the results with related spiro chamigrene systems are also presented.     

Investigating lanthanide dopant distributions in Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) using solid state paramagnetic NMR

This paper demonstrates the approach of using paramagnetic effects observed in NMR spectra to investigate the distribution of lanthanide dopant cations in YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet, Y₃Al₅O₁₂) optical materials, as a complimentary technique to optical spectroscopy and other standard methods of characterization. We investigate the effects of Ce³⁺, Nd³⁺, Yb³⁺, Tm³⁺, and Tm³⁺-Cr³⁺ on ²⁷Al and ⁸⁹Y NMR spectra. We note shifted resonances for both AlO₄ and AlO₆ sites. In some cases, multiple shifted peaks are observable, and some of these can be empirically assigned to dopant cations in known configurations to the observed nuclides. In many cases, AlO₆ peaks shifted by more than one magnetic neighbor can be detected. In general, we observe that the measured intensities of shifted resonances, when spinning sidebands are included, are consistent with predictions from models with dopant cations that are randomly distributed throughout the lattice. In at least one set of ²⁷Al spectra, we identify two sub-peaks possibly resulting from two paramagnetic cations with magnetically coupled spin states neighboring the observed nucleus. We identify systematic changes in the spectra related to known parameters describing the magnetic effects of lanthanide cations, such as larger shift distances when the expectation value of electron spins is greater. We lastly comment on the promise of this technique in future analyses of laser and other crystalline oxide materials.     

Determination of Multiple φ-Torsion Angles in Proteins by Selective and Extensive C Labeling and Two-Dimensional Solid-State NMR

We describe an approach to efficiently determine the backbone conformation of solid proteins that utilizes selective and extensive ¹³C labeling in conjunction with two-dimensional magic-angle-spinning NMR. The selective ¹³C labeling approach aims to reduce line broadening and other multispin complications encountered in solid-state NMR of uniformly labeled proteins while still enhancing the sensitivity of NMR spectra. It is achieved by using specifically labeled glucose or glycerol as the sole carbon source in the protein expression medium. For amino acids synthesized in the linear part of the biosynthetic pathways, [1-¹³C]glucose preferentially labels the ends of the side chains, while [2-¹³C]glycerol labels the C^α of these residues. Amino acids produced from the citric-acid cycle are labeled in a more complex manner. Information on the secondary structure of such a labeled protein was obtained by measuring multiple backbone torsion angles φ simultaneously, using an isotropic–anisotropic 2D correlation technique, the HNCH experiment. Initial experiments for resonance assignment of a selectively ¹³C labeled protein were performed using ¹⁵N–¹³C 2D correlation spectroscopy. From the time dependence of the ¹⁵N–¹³C dipolar coherence transfer, both intraresidue and interresidue connectivities can be observed, thus yielding partial sequential assignment. We demonstrate the selective ¹³C labeling and these 2D NMR experiments on a 8.5-kDa model protein, ubiquitin. This isotope-edited NMR approach is expected to facilitate the structure determination of proteins in the solid state.     

吴茱萸内酯的NMR研究

从吴茱萸Evodia Rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth.中分离得到并鉴定了化合物吴茱萸内酯, 我们应用二维核磁技术首次对化合物吴茱萸内酯的核磁信号进行了准确归属, 并纠正了文献中部分氢信号归属的错误。     

应用2D NMR技术研究羌活苷的结构

从传统中药羌活中分离得到1个香豆素类化合物,应用1D和脉冲梯度场反相2D NMR检测技术 (gCOSY, gNOESY, gHMQC, gHMBC) 研究了其结构,鉴定为6′-O-(反式阿魏酰基)-紫花前胡苷,命名为羌活苷（Forbesoside）. 本文对其碳氢NMR信号进行了全归属. 对从伞形花内酯衍生化为7-去甲基软木花椒素、紫花前胡苷元和6′-O-(反式阿魏酰基)-紫花前胡苷的NMR信号变化规律以及糖残基NMR信号归属方法进行了讨论和总结.     

1H NMR studies on reduced high potential iron protein (HIPIP) from Chromatium Vinosum

¹H NMR studies were performed on reduced high potential iron protein from Chromatium Vinosum, focusing on the assignment of the resonances of the aromatic residues. Despite the residual paramagnetism of the iron sulfur cluster, the complete ring proton spin system and sequence specific assignment of all tryptophan residues (Trp⁸⁰, Trp⁷⁶, Trp⁶⁰) was achieved. Tentative assignments are proposed for Tyr¹⁹ and one Phe residue. Implications of the above assignments are discussed. 2D EXSY experiments permitted correlation of the resonances in the reduced and the oxidized form. Similar NOESY pattern for the indole NH’s were observed, suggesting substantial retention of the gross structural features upon oxidation.     

2D NMR Study on 4-O-Tetrahydropyranylepiisopicropodophyllin

A complete assignment of the two dimensional ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra of the title compound, which is a key intermediate for preparation of podophyllotoxin derivatives, is presented The proton signals have been assigned from DQF-COSY, TOCSY, ¹H-¹H coupling patterns, and by the comparisons of chemical shifs with those of similar podophyllum lignans. Complete ¹³C NMR assignments have been made from HMQC.HMBC and DEPT spectra. Further information on the stereochemistry of the molecule was obtained from 2D NOESY and NOE-difference techniques.

     

Two-Dimensional NMR Studies of Triterpenoid Glycosides. II)- 1 H NMR Assignment of Arvensoside A and B,Calenduloside C and D

During the investigation of the glycosidic constitutents of Calendula arvensis L. we isolated the previously reported Arvensoside A, Arvensoside B, Calenduloside C and Calenduloside D. The complete assignment ¹H NMR spectra of these compounds was achieved through the concerted application of 2D-homonuclear chemical shift correlations. Calenduloside C and Calenduloside D were isolated for the first time from the fresh aerial parts of Calendula arvensis L.     

Probing Membrane Surfaces and the Location of Membrane-Embedded Peptides by C MAS NMR Using Lanthanide Ions

A simple but efficient ¹³C MAS NMR method is presented for the determination of the location of embedded molecules such as peptides relative to biological membrane surfaces by exploiting the interaction with paramagnetic lanthanide ions. Using various aqueous Dy³⁺ concentrations a distance-dependent differential paramagnetic quenching of NMR lipid resonance intensities for specific carbon sites was observed, with residues at the bilayer surface quenched effectively and hydrophobic sites unaffected by Dy³⁺. Tested on the membrane-embedded 50 residue long M13 coat protein, ¹³C labeled at its Val-29 and Val-31 residues, no paramagnetic quenching was observed for the peptide resonances by Dy³⁺, suggesting that Val-29 and Val-31 are not in close proximity to the bilayer interface, but buried deeply inside the hydrophobic region of the lipid bilayer.     

北五味子中2种木脂素的NMR数据解析

从北五味子(Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.))的果实中分离并鉴定了3个木脂素类化合物二氢愈疮木脂素(Ⅰ),Gomisin J (Ⅱ)和Gomisin D (Ⅲ), 利用高分辨NMR技术及二维谱(¹H-¹H COSY、HSQC、HMBC和NOESY) ,对Gomisin J（Ⅱ）和Gomisin D (Ⅲ)的¹H和¹³C NMR数据进行了全归属和较详细的解析. 同时,采用计算机分子模拟实验对结构较为复杂的Gomisin D的立体构型进行了研究.      

Sample Optimization and Identification of Signal Patterns of Amino Acid Side Chains in 2D RFDR Spectra of the α-Spectrin SH3 Domain

Future structural investigations of proteins by solid-state CPMAS NMR will rely on uniformly labeled protein samples showing spectra with an excellent resolution. NMR samples of the solid α-spectrin SH3 domain were generated in four different ways, and their ¹³C CPMAS spectra were compared. The spectrum of a [u-¹³C, ¹⁵N]-labeled sample generated by precipitation shows very narrow ¹³C signals and resolved scalar carbon–carbon couplings. Linewidths of 16–19 Hz were found for the three alanine C^β signals of a selectively labeled [70% 3-¹³C]alanine-enriched SH3 sample. The signal pattern of the isoleucine, of all prolines, valines, alanines, and serines, and of three of the four threonines were identified in 2D ¹³C–¹³C RFDR spectra of the [u-¹³C,¹⁵N]-labeled SH3 sample. A comparison of the ¹³C chemical shifts of the found signal patterns with the ¹³C assignment obtained in solution shows an intriguing match.     

木果楝中Xyloccensin K的NMR研究

从红树植物木果楝的果实中分离并鉴定了2个limonoid 类化合物Xyloccensin K和 6-acetoxycedrodrorin，应用高分辨NMR 技术对Xyloccensin K 的¹H 和¹³C NMR 数据进行了准确的归属，并纠正了文献中部分碳氢信号归属的错误.     

ESR and NMR studies of CuInSe2 crystals having controlled component activities

CIS (CuInSe₂) crystals from several sources were investigated by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The crystals were annealed with various Se or Cu thermodynamic activities so as to give well defined ternaries from the chemical point of view. Several paramagnetic centers were found and studied. They could be attributed either to residual impurities, surface or bulk intrinsic defects. The ESR spectra obtained for different temperatures and microwave power levels yielded the fundamental characteristics of the paramagnetic centers. The study of the dipolar broadening of the ESR lines associated with intrinsic defects showed that the defect distribution is inhomogeneous and that intrinsic defects tend to form aggregates. ¹¹⁵In and ⁶³Cu NMR signals are also discussed. The origin and behavior of intrinsic defects in CIS are discussed in light of these new ESR and NMR data. The results are also compared to those previously reported on coevaporated CIGS (Cu(In, Ga)Se₂) thin film powders.