芳香酮的不对称还原*

本文从化学方法和生物方法两个角度,化学催化法、手性试剂法和酶催化法三个方面综述了近年来芳香酮的不对称还原进展。文章概述了芳香酮取代基的电子效应与空间效应、手性催化剂和手性试剂的结构、反应体系等对产物光学活性的影响,以及全细胞酶、分离酶等不同生物催化体系中芳香酮结构对产物光学活性的影响,并展望了不对称还原的研究及应用前景。     

化学-酶法高选择性合成手性化合物的研究进展

利用生物酶高反应活性、高区域及立体选择性和催化反应条件温和等优点,酶催化拆分技术已应用于多种重要的手性化合物单一对映体的制备中。化学合成与酶催化联合,二者优势互补,使得手性化合物的制备原料易得、工艺简捷高效且环境友好,获得的手性单一对映体的光学纯度高,因此化学-酶联合催化技术越来越受到人们的关注,不断地被开发并应用于传统化学法不易制备的手性化合物的合成体系中。本文总结和评述了近年来国内外化学-酶催化技术合成醇类、胺类和氨基酸类以及其他手性化合物的研究进展,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

酶-金属单原子复合催化剂在一锅法生物-化学反应的应用（英文）

酶催化与金属单原子催化结合,理论上可开发众多新的绿色化学合成反应,是催化科学的一个重要研究前沿方向.酶-金属单原子复合催化剂兼具酶和金属单原子催化剂的高效、高立体选择性等优点.目前已成功构建的单原子分散金属催化剂的载体一般为刚性的无机载体,利用柔性蛋白分子作为载体制备单原子分散金属催化剂的技术瓶颈问题在于蛋白分子具有柔性、构象易变的特点,并且氨基酸残基与金属原子之间的相互作用力较弱,蛋白分子表面的氨基酸残基难以与金属单原子稳定结合.针对这样一个关键技术瓶颈问题,我们建立了酶-金属单原子复合催化剂的光化学合成方法.本文研究酶-金属单原子复合催化剂在生物-化学一锅级联反应合成联苯类手性醇中的催化性能.联苯类手性醇是手性药物的重要中间体,通常通过多步化学法或生物-化学级联法制备.相比于多步化学法,利用生物-化学级联反应制备联苯类手性化合物具有反应条件温和、选择性高、环境友好等优点.采用光化学法合成脂肪酶-钯单原子复合催化剂(Pd₁/CALB-Pluronic),通过球差矫正扫描透射电镜和扩展X射线吸收精细结构表征复合催化剂的形貌.首先研究了Pd₁/...     

Corey化学酶的结构改造对催化性能的影响

综述了Corey化学酶的结构改造与催化性能之间关系,为有目的地选择和设计高效实用的手性催化剂用于有机不对称合成提供依据.     

纤维负载炭黑金属酞菁轴向配合物仿酶高效催化降解水体中有机污染物

天然血红素基过氧化氢酶具有高选择催化性, 但易失活变性. 为提高其活性和稳定性, 以性能稳定的十六氯铁酞菁(FePcCl₁₆)为活性中心, 四氨基吡啶为配体, 炭黑(CB)为载体, 合成了仿酶催化剂炭黑十六氯铁酞菁轴向配合物(FePcCl₁₆-Py-CB); 通过热黏合法将其负载于低熔点皮芯聚酯纤维(LMPET)上, 生成易与水体分离的纤维负载型仿酶催化剂FePcCl₁₆-Py-CB@LMPET, 并以H₂O₂为氧化剂, 地赛米松(DXMS)为底物, 构筑仿酶催化体系. 研究了该催化体系在温和条件下的催化性能及循环使用性能, 探讨了催化体系的催化机理及DXMS的降解历程. 结果表明, 异裂H₂O₂产生的高价铁氧[Fe(Ⅳ)=O]为催化体系中的主要活性物种, 体系呈现出优异的催化性能和稳定性能. 该催化体系在120 min内降解的最终产物均为小分子酸.     

酶催化反应研究进展

简要评述了近年来酶催化反应的进展,以及近年来5种不同反应体系(有机溶剂体系、反胶束体系、低共熔体系、超临界流体体系和气相体系)中酶催化反应的进展,并对不同体系中酶促反应的主要影响因素、酶催化底物的拓宽和模拟酶研究及酶催化的手性合成等作了简要概述。参考文献52篇。     

手性有机小分子催化的最新进展*

手性有机小分子催化是近年来不对称催化领域发展起来的一个研究热点。手性有机小分子催化具有反应条件温和,环境友好,催化剂易于回收利用等优点,符合绿色化学的要求。本文根据手性有机催化剂活化模式的不同,从烯胺催化、亚胺催化、氢键活化、卡宾催化、相转移催化以及光化学等方面对近年来的有机小分子催化的进展,特别是中国学者的工作做一简要评述。重点通过对不同催化体系下催化剂和反应底物之间立体效应和电子效应的考察,发现控制反应立体选择性以及活化惰性底物的规律,进而设计更加高效的手性有机小分子催化剂,完善和拓展有机小分子催化的不对称合成。     

β-氨基酸合成研究进展

综述了合成β-氨基酸的五种主要方法,包括化学拆分、手性色谱柱拆分、Arndt-Eistert反应、不对称合成和酶催化合成的最新研究进展,特别是近年来发展迅速的不对称合成和酶催化合成。参考文献90篇。     

光学活性环氧化物的酶催化合成

光学活性环氧化物的酶催化合成①夏仕文尉迟力沈润南李树本②（中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所羰基合成与选择氧化国家重点实验室，兰州７３００００）关键词光学活性环氧化物酶催化不对称合成动力学拆分１前言光学活性环氧化物含有两个手性碳，通过选择性开环和官能团转换...     

不对称合成的进展:手性催化剂的不对称合成

在许多不对称合成中,手性试剂能催化反应,因此手性试剂可称之为手性催化剂,不过许多手性催化剂往往用其化学计算量。近年来已发现有许多手性试剂可用催化量级,并已有效地用于许多不对称合成之中,产物的对映选择性很高。Corey及其合作者认为催化量的手性试剂可称之为化学酶(Chemical Enzyme,Chemzyme)。化学酶是可溶性有机小     

糖基修饰大环化合物的研究进展

糖类分子作为生命过程中多种特殊受体的底物,在生物信息传递中发挥着重要的作用.近年来,已通过各种方法高效率地制备了一些新型的糖基修饰的杯芳烃、环糊精和冠醚等大环分子,它们在生物凝集素特异性识别、选择性离子识别及手性催化等方面的应用引起了研究者的广泛兴趣.本文从糖基修饰大环分子的合成、功能化及其相关应用方面综述了目前糖基功...     

Biocatalysis: Enzymatic Synthesis for Industrial Applications

Biocatalysis has found numerous applications in various fields as an alternative to chemical catalysis. The use of enzymes in organic synthesis, especially to make chiral compounds for pharmaceuticals as well for the flavors and fragrance industry, are the most prominent examples. In addition, biocatalysts are used on a large scale to make specialty and even bulk chemicals. This review intends to give illustrative examples in this field with a special focus on scalable chemical production using enzymes. It also discusses the opportunities and limitations of enzymatic syntheses using distinct examples and provides an outlook on emerging enzyme classes.     

Supramolecular Coordination Cages for Asymmetric Catalysis

Inspired by the high efficiency and specificity of enzymes in living systems, the development of artificial catalysts intrinsic to the key features of enzyme has emerged as an active field. Recent advances in supramolecular chemistry have shown that supramolecular coordination cages, built from non-covalent coordination bonds, offer a diverse platform for enzyme mimics. Their inherent confined cavity, analogous to the binding pocket of an enzyme, and the facile tunability of building blocks are essential for substrate recognition, transition-state stabilization, and product release. In particular, the combination of chirality with supramolecular coordination cages will undoubtedly create an asymmetric microenvironment for promoting enantioselective transformation, thus providing not only a way to make synthetically useful asymmetric catalysts, but also a model to gain a better understanding for the fundamental principles of enzymatic catalysis in a chiral environment. The focus here is on recent progress of supramolecular coordination cages for asymmetric catalysis, and based on how supramolecular coordination cages function as reaction vessels, three approaches have been demonstrated. The aim of this review is to offer researchers general guidance and insight into the rational design of sophisticated cage containers for asymmetric catalysis.     

酶复合催化剂原位合成新方法及生物催化应用

工业生物催化面临两大重要挑战,一是可工业应用的酶催化反应类型仍然比较有限,远少于化学催化剂,因此需要拓展酶催化的反应类型;二是酶在苛刻的工业催化反应条件下尤其是在高温、有机溶剂、不适宜的pH等环境下稳定性较差,因此需要提高工业酶催化剂的稳定性.研究者已经开发了很多方法,以解决这两方面难题,例如酶的定向进化、定点突变、酶的计算机从头设计和构建人工金属酶等.本文系统介绍了本课题组开发的酶复合催化剂原位合成方法及其生物催化应用,期望为解决工业生物催化的上述挑战提供新思路.原位合成是构建酶-无机晶体复合催化剂的一种简便、高效、普适的方法.酶-无机晶体复合物中,限域包埋使酶具有高于常规固定化酶的催化活性和稳定性.该方法可以简便拓展至其它多种类型的无机晶体材料,显著提高酶的稳定性.无机晶体的限域包埋对酶分子结构和性能有着重要影响,通过理性设计复合催化剂的结构,可实现对酶的活性、稳定性以及多酶反应级联效率的有效调控.本课题组采用分子模拟和实验相结合的方法阐释了多酶-无机晶体复合催化剂所驱动的级联反应效率提高的关键因素.通过调控原位合成中金属离子和有机配体的浓度,实现了酶分子在缺陷型甚至无定形载体中的包埋.在此基础上,深入探讨了缺陷对酶分子结构和催化活性的调控机制,为酶复合催化剂的理性设计提供了依据.同样基于原位合成方法,本课题组构建了酶-金属团簇复合催化剂,实现了温和条件下酶催化和金属催化的高效耦合和协同.以脂肪酶-钯团簇复合催化剂为例,阐明了酶-金属团簇复合催化剂中二者相互作用对酶分子结构和活性以及金属催化活性的影响机制,为酶催化和金属催化相融合的研究提供了重要基础.我们对这一领域存在的挑战和未来重要的研究方向也进行了讨论,希望本文可以从催化剂工程角度为高效酶催化剂的设计以及生物催化应用领域的拓展提供新思路,推动该领域发展.     

Simple cyclodextrin aldehydes as excellent artificial oxidases

Cyclodextrin based oxidases, with a ketone as functional group are well known as good artificial enzyme mimics (Fenger et al. Org Biomol Chem 7:933?C943; Marinescu and Bols Angew Chem Int Ed 45:4590?C4593; Bjerre et al. Eur J Org Chem 704?C710; Marinescu et al. J Am Chem Soc 127:17578?C17579). We here report a series of modified cyclodextrins, having aldehydes as functional groups. The aldehyde based artificial enzymes have, in most cases, better catalysis than the ketones, because of their powerful covalent binding of hydrogen peroxide. Among the modified cyclodextrins studied are mono and di aldehydes on the 6 positions, with or without methylated hydroxyl groups. The aldehyde functionality was also introduced close to the secondary side, by attaching ethoxy-2-al or propoxy-3-al to the 2 position. The modified cyclodextrins showed excellent enzymatic activity towards oxidation of different aminophenols, and 4-methoxy benzyl alcohol with hydrogen peroxide as a stoichiometric oxidant. Rate enhancements up to 4,600 were achieved for oxidation of 4-methoxy benzyl alcohol, where as oxidation of amines gave rate enhancements up to 3,400. The artificial oxidases catalyses oxidations under enzymatic conditions (water, pH 7, 25 °C), following Michaelis?CMenten kinetics. To confirm the enzyme activity, inhibition studies with sodium naphthalene-2-sulfonate were carried out. These studies showed competitive inhibition of the enzymes, verifying the cyclodextrins enzyme like character.     

Enzymatic Chemoselective Aldehyde–Ketone Cross‐Couplings through the Polarity Reversal of Methylacetoin

The thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) dependent enzyme acetoin:dichlorophenolindophenol oxidoreductase (Ao:DCPIP OR) from Bacillus licheniformis was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme shared close similarities with the acetylacetoin synthase (AAS) partially purified from Bacillus licheniformis suggesting that they could be the same enzyme. The product scope of the recombinant Ao:DCPIP OR was expanded to chiral tertiary α‐hydroxy ketones through the rare aldehyde–ketone cross‐carboligation reaction. Unprecedented is the use of methylacetoin as the acetyl anion donor in combination with a range of strongly to weakly activated ketones. In some cases, Ao:DCPIP OR produced the desired tertiary alcohols with stereochemistry opposite to that obtained with other ThDP‐dependent enzymes. The combination of methylacetoin as acyl anion synthon and novel ThDP‐dependent enzymes considerably expands the available range of C? C bond formations in asymmetric synthesis.     

Linking Phospholipase Mobility to Activity by Single‐Molecule Wide‐Field Microscopy

Many of the biological processes taking place in cells are mediated by enzymatic reactions occurring in the cell membrane. Understanding interfacial enzymatic catalysis is therefore crucial to the understanding of cellular function. Unfortunately, a full picture of the overall mechanism of interfacial enzymatic catalysis, and particularly the important diffusion processes therein, remains unresolved. Herein we demonstrate that single‐molecule wide‐field fluorescence microscopy can yield important new information on these processes. We image phospholipase enzymes acting upon bilayers of their natural phospholipid substrate, tracking the diffusion of thousands of individual enzymes while simultaneously visualising local structural changes to the substrate layer. We study several enzyme types with different affinities and catalytic activities towards the substrate. Analysis of the trajectories of each enzyme type allows us successfully to correlate the mobility of phospholipase with its catalytic activity at the substrate. The methods introduced herein represent a promising new approach to the study of interfacial/heterogeneous catalysis systems.     

A study on the potential interaction between cyclodextrin and lipoxygenase

To get a more complete view on the lipoxygenase (LOX) catalysis in presence of cyclodextrin, the investigation into the interaction between cyclodextrins (CDs) and LOX was carried out. Effects of cyclodextrins on the activity and structure of LOX were explored in this work. It is confirmed that inhibition effect induced by complexation of CDs and LOX plays a leading role in inhibition factors of LOX catalysis in presence of CDs. Inhibition of β-cyclodextrin on LOX depended on concentration and tended to be intensified with the increase of β-CD. The enhancement of intrinsic fluorescence of LOX induced by β-CD was detected, which was probably due to the formation of complexes between aromatic amino acid residues of LOX and β-CD. The results of circular dichroism assay indicated that β-CD altered the secondary structure and microenvironment of LOX which was responsible for inhibition of enzyme catalysis.     

环糊精对手性药物伪麻黄碱分子识别的电喷雾飞行时间质谱研究

用电喷雾正交飞行时间质谱仪分别研究了以α－环糊精、β－环糊精和γ－环 糊精作为手性拆分剂对手性药物伪麻黄碱的分子识别效应,同时还分别研究了 Nozzle电的变化对α－环糊精和γ－环糊精的手性识别的影响。在质谱图中能明显 反映出三种手性拆分剂都具备很强的手性识别能力,随Nozzle电压的改变,三种手 性拆分剂双分别具有各自的手性识别特征。     

Towards a Synthetic Biology Toolset for Metallocluster Enzymes in Biosynthetic Pathways: What We Know and What We Need

Microbes are routinely engineered to synthesize high-value chemicals from renewable materials through synthetic biology and metabolic engineering. Microbial biosynthesis often relies on expression of heterologous biosynthetic pathways, i.e., enzymes transplanted from foreign organisms. Metallocluster enzymes are one of the most ubiquitous family of enzymes involved in natural product biosynthesis and are of great biotechnological importance. However, the functional expression of recombinant metallocluster enzymes in live cells is often challenging and represents a major bottleneck. The activity of metallocluster enzymes requires essential supporting pathways, involved in protein maturation, electron supply, and/or enzyme stability. Proper function of these supporting pathways involves specific protein–protein interactions that remain poorly characterized and are often overlooked by traditional synthetic biology approaches. Consequently, engineering approaches that focus on enzymatic expression and carbon flux alone often overlook the particular needs of metallocluster enzymes. This review highlights the biotechnological relevance of metallocluster enzymes and discusses novel synthetic biology strategies to advance their industrial application, with a particular focus on iron-sulfur cluster enzymes. Strategies to enable functional heterologous expression and enhance recombinant metallocluster enzyme activity in industrial hosts include: (1) optimizing specific maturation pathways; (2) improving catalytic stability; and (3) enhancing electron transfer. In addition, we suggest future directions for developing microbial cell factories that rely on metallocluster enzyme catalysis.