沉积物内多氯联苯测定中有机氯农药的排除及质量控制/质量保证研究

报道了沉积物样品中多氯联苯(PCBs)的分析方法及质量控制/质量保证(QA/QC)研究,结果表明多级复合硅胶柱对有机氯农药去除效果良好.采用25种PCBs同族体标样PCB25对分析方法进行了QA/QC研究,PCBs的平均回收率在97%～118%之间.用本方法测定25种多氯联苯同族体的检测限范围在0.5～1.4ng/g之间.     

统计学在理论检验中的应用：第六讲 正态分布及其检验（续）

2　用夏皮罗 -威尔克 (Shapiro-Wilk)法检验数据正态性将数据按由小到大的顺序排列。夏皮罗 -威尔克法检验的统计量是 :W ={∑a K[Xn 1 - K - XK] }2 / ∑nK=1( XK - X) 2　　式中的 K值 ,对于测量次数 n是偶数时则为 1～ n/ 2 ;对于测量次数是奇数时则为 1～ ( n- 1 ) / 2。式中系数 a K 是与 n及 K有关的特定值 ,见表 4。该统计量的判据是 ,当 W>W( n,P)时 ,则接受测定数据为正态分布。W( n,P)是与测量次数 n及置信概率 P有关的数值 ,其值见表 5。对表 3中所列数据 ,按夏皮罗 -威尔克法进行检验 ,见表 6。为了便于计算 ,把值 XK…     

关于反应级数的讨论

用微分法对n级反应的速率方程v=kc^n进行了讨论。在一定浓度下，当1＋nlnc〈0时，dv/dc是n的减函数；当1＋nlnc〉o时，dv/dc是n的增函数；dv/vdc总是n的增函数。在一定反应级数时，当0〈n〈1时，dv/dc是c的减函数；当n〈0或n〉1时，dv/dc是c的增函数；当n〈0时，dv/vdc是c的增函数；当n〉0时，dv/vdc是c的减函数。     

聚苯类共轭聚合物的重复单元连接方式对禁带宽度的影响

采用DFT/B3LYP方法对低聚物(p- P)2n、(m- P)2n、(m- P1)n和(m- P2)n(n=1~4)体系进行了全优化, 并用ZINDO, TD- DFT方法计算其吸收光谱性质. 分析了各系列HOMO- LUMO能隙、最大吸收波长随n递增的变化规律. 根据低聚物的上述结果外推得到聚合物的性质, 并由此计算了聚合物的有效共轭长度(ECL). 由于间位连接方式的影响, 削弱了间位聚苯及其衍生物的有效共轭程度, 与对位聚苯比较, 能带带隙变宽, 吸收光谱蓝移约130 nm.     

1,3-PBO扩链改性端羧基聚乳酸的性能表征

以乳酸为原料、辛酸亚锡为催化剂,采用梯度升温法,在170℃、0.098 MPa条件下直接熔融缩聚合成端羧基共聚物P(LA/SA).将其用2,2-(1,3-亚苯基)-二噁唑啉(1,3-PBO)扩链,按n(—COOH)/n(—oxazoline)=1∶1.4比例加入1,3-PBO,在150℃,0.098 MPa条件下反应15 min制得聚酰胺酯(PEA).采用GPC、FTIR、1H-NMR、DSC、XRD、TGA、SEM等手段对聚合物的结构进行了表征和性能测试.结果表明,与P(LA/SA)相比,扩链产物相对分子质量大幅度提高,重均分子量达36×104;产物Tg比PLA升高,材料的刚性增强;产物热稳定性能提高,为一步分解;产物结晶度较P(LA/SA)降低,其柔韧性较P(LA/SA)增强,但相对于PLA有所降低.     

高岭土/二甲亚砜插层复合物脱嵌反应热动力学

采用TG和XRD研究了高岭土/二甲亚砜插层复合物的脱嵌反应过程, 提出了一种新的动力学计算方法. 首先用迭代的等转化率法求得反应的活化能Ea, 然后用Malek法拟合得到最可能的机理函数G(α)和f(α), 最后用多升温速率-等温法求得了指前因子A. 研究结果表明, 高岭土/二甲亚砜的插层物脱嵌反应的活化能Ea=86.65 kJ/mol, 指前因子A位于1.6050×108~3.6151×108 s-1之间. 其反应机理为n级的化学反应, 机理函数是G(α)=[1-(1-α)1-n]/(1-n), f(α)=(1-α)n. n值和升温速率有一定的关系, 当升温速率较大(30 ℃/min)或较小(5 ℃/min)时, n=1.5, 当升温速率为7~25 ℃/min时, n=1.6.     

可见光下高催化活性不同结构Sr/TiO2催化剂的制备和表征

采用分步沉积法制备不同Sr/Ti 摩尔比例的Sr/TiO₂催化剂, 以X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR) 光谱、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis RDS)等手段对样品进行了表征, 以可见光催化降解亚甲基蓝为模型反应考察样品光催化活性. 结果表明, 催化剂的活性和结构随Sr/Ti 摩尔比(n(Sr)/n(Ti))的变化而变化, 当n(Sr)/n(Ti)≤3/2 时, 催化剂呈由TiO₂和SrTiO₃组成的球状结构; 而当n(Sr)/n(Ti)在3/2 与4/1 之间时, 催化剂呈片状结构, 且随着n(Sr)/n(Ti)增大, 催化剂组成由SrTiO₃ 和Sr₂₄ 变为Sr₂₄和Sr(OH)₂·H₂O; 当n(Sr)/n(Ti)=9/1 时, 催化剂呈以Sr(OH)₂·H₂O为主的针状结构. 其中, n(Sr)/n(Ti)=4/1的样品表现出最高的光催化活性, 一级反应速率为SrTiO₃钙钛矿催化剂的5.0倍, 商用P25的86.7倍.     

高温状态下ZSM-5分子筛的结构

用多晶X-射线衍射法研究丁在500℃高温状态下水蒸汽处理后的ZSM-5结构。发现高温下晶体的对称性由常温状态下的C_(2h)~5—P2_(1/n)变为C_(2v)~9—P2_(1/n),但结构的形貌未变,尤其是三个与择形性能相关的结构参数,即两个通道的开口形状和大小及“Z”字形通道的折角,高温状态下的也与常温时的基本一致。因此,不存在国外一些文献所报导的、孔道的动力学半径随温度升高可增大约1A的现象。就ZSM-5本身的结构而言,不论在高温和常温状态时,对不同形状的分子进入孔道的空间阻碍效应或“势垒”是一样的,即不受制度影响。而择形性能随温度上升而下降,是由于异构烷烃分子随温度升高活化分子增多,以致能克服空间阻碍效应,进入孔道的分子数目增加。当样品从500℃冷至室温时,晶体的对称性又恢复为C_(2h)~5—P2_(1/n)。     

醇-二苯甲酮光化夺氢反应活泼自由基的ESR研究

本文用自由基捕捉剂2,3,4,6-四甲基亚硝基苯(ND)及苯亚甲基叔丁基氮氧化合物(PBN)与ESR相结合的方法研究了CnH_2n+1OH(n=1,2,…8)、(CH₃)₂CH(CH₂)_nOH(n=0,1,2)、CH₂=CHCH₂OH及C₆H₅CH₂OH等十三种醇与二苯甲酮的光化夺氢反应中的活泼自由基,结果表明: 1.用ND时,二苯酮分别夺取CnH_2n+1OH、(CH₃)₂CH(CH₂)_nOH及RCH₂OH(R=CH₂=CH、C₆H₅)中α-C、叔-C及α-C上的氢,而捕捉到C_n-1H_2n-1CHOH、(CH₃)₂CH(CH₂)_nOH及RCHOH自由基。 2.用PBN时,捕捉的自由基与ND捕获的相同。     

物理化学思考题题解

(一) 1.(c);2.(a);3.(b);4.(a);5.(b)。 (二) (1)n mol理想纯气体的C_P—C_V=nR,今又知C_P/C_V常数,因而C_P,C_V都是常数。若用P,V描述该气体的状态,则有     

基于代表性频率的介电谱解析形式

基于电介质复折射率的实验数据,采用晟小二乘法结合选取的代表频率拟合得到了电介质的介电谱解析表达式,可以得到电介质在全频段的光频常数和介电常数．研究了三个典型液态电介质,水、乙醇和甲苯的介电谱．在实验数据可以获取的频率范围内,采用解析表达式得到的光频常数与采用Kramers—Kronig转换得到的折射率实部和实验得到的折射率虚部吻合得很好．基于介电谱解析表达式可以预测目前实验无法测量的区域的介电谱．     

一个新的有机同系物电离能拟合公式

本文提出有机同系物电离能拟合公式: NlogIp=a+bn, 其中N为组成同系物分子的原子总数, n为重复单元的重复度, a, b是和能级有关的常数。以NlogIp对n进行线性回归分析, 结果46个同系列150组光电子能谱数据所得相关系数r全部大于0.997, 其中131组达到1.000,优秀率为100%。     

A fitting formula for the falloff curves of unimolecular reactions,II: Tunneling effects

By taking into account effects of tunneling on the shape of the falloff curves of unimolecular reaction rate constants based on Troe's weak collision integral, a fitting formula for these curves is developed and then examined for several tunneling‐affected reactions. It is demonstrated that, compared to the widely used Troe's formula, the present expression not only substantially enhances the accuracy in fitting for tunneling‐affected reactions, but it is also computationally more efficient in its evaluation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 43: 31–42, 2011     

Semiempirical evaluation of the global hardness of the atoms of 103 elements of the periodic table using the most probable radii as their size descriptors

Relying upon the fact that the density functional computation of the global hardness of the atoms of the elements are still at large and there is some mathematical in congruency between the theory and operational formula of finite difference approximation, we have suggested a radial‐dependent ansatz for evaluating global hardness of atoms as: η=a(7.2/r)+b (in eV), where, “a” and “b” are the constants and r is the absolute radius of atoms in angstrom unit. The ansatz is invoked to evaluate the global hardness of atoms of 103 element of the periodic table. The evaluated new set of global hardness is found to satisfy the sine qua non of a reasonable scale of hardness by exhibiting perfect periodicity of periods and groups and correlating the gross physicochemical properties of elements. The inertness of Hg and extreme reactivity Cs atoms are nicely correlated. The chemical reactivity and its variation in small steps in the series of lanthanide elements are also nicely reproduced. The results of the present semiempirical calculation also have strong correlation with the result of some sophisticated DFT calculation for a set of atoms. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010     

Relationship between force constants and bond lengths for CX (X = C, Si, Ge, N, P, As, O, S, Se, F, Cl and Br) single and multiple bonds: formulation of Badger's rule for universal use

Geometries and harmonic vibrational wave numbers were calculated on a series of simple compounds that contain the atoms of elements in the groups 14-17 by density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2pd) level. The calculated wave numbers agree well with the observed harmonic wave numbers with substantially the same accuracy for the compounds of the different groups. The stretching force constants of the CX (X = C, Si, Ge, N, P, As, O, S, Se, F, Cl and Br) single and multiple bonds were obtained. The CX stretching force constants increase with a decrease of the bond lengths as the element X in the same period goes from left to right in the periodic table. The individual intrinsic properties of the CX bonds are lost gradually with increasing the period of the element X. The unified interpretation of Badger's rule has enabled the formulation of a common equation for universal use f = 2.8 R(-3) to relate the force constants f (10(2) N m(-1)) and the reduced bond lengths R (10(-10) m).     

A fitting formula for the falloff curves of unimolecular reactions

A fitting formula is proposed to approximate the falloff curves of the pressure‐ and temperature‐dependent unimolecular reaction rate constants. Compared with the widely used Troe's formula, the present expression has the potential to substantially reduce the computation time in its evaluation because of the mathematical simplicity. Four testing reactions from the VariFlex program package were used to examine the accuracy of the present formula, showing improved performance as compared with previous expressions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 727–734, 2009     

三聚氰胺-甲醛加成反应的研究

The addition reaction between melamine and formaldehyde involves the conversion of melamine into nine different methylol melamines.The reaction mechanism of the complex system can be summarized in a simple reaction model as below:(这里有图片19890824-878-1.gif)The rate equations of above reactions are evaluated by using Runge-Kutta method, and the rate constants are determined by means of fitting them to reaction species concentrations at various times.The molecular distribution formula of methylol derivatives of polyamine, which we developed previously, is used to form simultaneous equations with reaction rate equations and the contents of various meth-ylol-melamine are calculated.The results are good in agreement with the experiment data.     

一种用于研究金属氢化反应的量热系统

将RD-1型量热计的样品管改装成能测量金属氢化反应热效应的量热系统,量热计常数经电能标定,峰高法和面积法所测结果的相对精度为0.5-1％。     

A multidimensional approach to the analysis of chemical shift titration experiments in the frame of a multiple reaction scheme

We present a method for fitting curves acquired by chemical shift titration experiments, in the frame of a three‐step complexation mechanism. To that end, we have implemented a fitting procedure, based on a nonlinear least squares fitting method, that determines the best fitting curve using a “coarse grid search” approach and provides distributions for the different parameters of the complexation model that are compatible with the experimental precision. The resulting analysis protocol is first described and validated on a theoretical data set. We show its ability to converge to the true parameter values of the simulated reaction scheme and to evaluate complexation constants together with multidimensional uncertainties. Then, we apply this protocol to the study of the supramolecular interactions, in aqueous solution, between a lanthanide complex and three different model molecules, using NMR titration experiments. We show that within the uncertainty that can be evaluated from the parameter distributions generated during our analysis, the affinities between the lanthanide derivative and each model molecule can be discriminated, and we propose values for the corresponding thermodynamic constants. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.