2001—2005中国各省(市)燃煤大气铅排放量估算

首次估算了中国各省(市)燃煤大气铅排放量和铅排放强度。结果表明,在2001—2005年,山西、湖北、山东、河北、河南的燃煤铅排量均超过3 000 t,各省(市)共向大气排铅5.9万t,年平均增长速度达14.5%。燃煤大气铅排放强度与儿童铅中毒率之间存在复杂的相关关系,在人口铅排强度低于0.5 t/万人的省(市),两者呈显著负相关关系;而在人口铅排强度超过0.6 t/万人的省(市),两者呈极显著正相关关系。     

中国铅污染的调查研究

阐述了中国铅污染的调查结果,包括:历史回顾、群体铅中毒事件、燃油铅污染、燃煤铅污染、铅中毒率统计和防治研究等6个部分。历史回顾从人类对铅污染危害认识的3次飞跃,反映了铅污染由公共卫生问题上升为人类社会问题;中毒事件调查,告诉人们企业的违规排铅,是铅中毒事件的罪魁祸首;燃油污染调查结果表明,汽油无铅化后,燃油大气铅年排放量比从前平均降低了98%左右;燃煤污染的调查结果表明,中国燃煤铅排放量年均增长9.55%,到2010年,中国燃煤铅排放量突破14 000 t,是汽车尾气铅排放量的35倍,且燃烧大气铅排放量与儿童铅中毒率之间存在显著的正相关关系;中毒率的调查结果表明,2003—2007年中国儿童铅中毒率平均为23.61%,比1994—2003年的35.27%有显著降低,但2007年为23.5%,比2006年的17.2%有所反弹;防治研究指出,中国对铅的研究主要是涉及铅毒理和铅污染防治等方面的研究,2006年发表铅文献量接近1 600篇。防治对策是污染源控制和人群监测,发铅与血铅监测同样可靠。     

汽油无铅化后中国儿童铅中毒现状、污染源及防治对策

汽油无铅化后,我国儿童铅中毒问题仍相当严重,群体铅中毒事件频频发生,铅中毒流行率相对较高且有回升趋势,膳食铅摄入量过高。在各类铅污染源中,燃煤铅排放已成为大气铅污染的重要贡献者,初步估算表明,2001—2005年燃煤大气铅排放总量达4.5万t,铅排放量与铅中毒率之间呈显著相关关系。预防铅中毒应切实加强环境污染的有效控制和敏感人群的定期监测,铅中毒监测亦应采取血铅测定和发铅测定双管齐下的方针。     

中国燃油大气铅排放量估算

依据不同时期车用汽油铅含量国家标准及汽油消费量数据,估算了我国1980—2006年的全国燃油大气铅排放量及2001—2005年分地区燃油大气铅排放量。结果表明,27年间我国因汽油燃烧共计向大气排放了约20万t铅。汽油无铅化后,燃油大气铅年排放量比从前降低了98%。     

燃煤电厂砷、硒、铅的排放与控制技术研究进展

煤炭是中国重要的能源资源，而中国煤中重金属砷、硒、铅含量较高，燃煤电厂已经成为重要的砷、硒、铅排放源之一。针对电厂燃煤带来严峻的砷、硒、铅污染问题， 本文首先介绍了燃煤释放的砷、硒、铅排放量大且危害性强，概述了世界各国关于重金属排放控制的相关政策法规，指出中国对燃煤重金属砷、硒、铅的排放控制势在必行；其次从煤中赋存形态、燃烧过程中的形态转化和质量分布三个方面阐释了燃煤过程中砷、硒、铅的迁移转化规律，重点描述了砷、硒、铅在颗粒物上的形态特征和尺度分布；最后综述了燃烧前、燃烧中和燃烧后对砷、硒、铅的排放控制技术，详述了吸附剂捕集和烟气净化装置协同脱除的研究进展，并论述了低低温除尘器和团聚技术对砷、硒、铅的强化脱除潜力。以期为燃煤电厂重金属砷、硒、铅超低排放的实现提供参考和指导。     

铅同位素在示踪城市环境污染源研究中的应用

在分析铅同位素示踪环境铅污染源理论的基础上,以成都市为例,对成都市城市环境（土壤、大气降尘、主要水系沉积物）铅污染的主要来源进行了研究.结果表明,成都市城市环境污染主要来自于燃煤扬尘和汽车尾气排放.铅同位素示踪理论应用于城市环境污染源的研究,能够取得比较理想的结果.     

序言

中国的资源特点决定了以煤为主的能源结构必将长期存在。燃煤电站常规污染物（SO₂、NO_x、粉尘）排放已达到超低排放标准，处于世界领先水平，汞、砷、硒、铅等重金属的排放正逐渐成为本领域新的研究热点。目前，中国重金属污染防治形势依然严峻，燃煤排放的重金属总量大、毒性强，欧美等国已有排放控制标准，中国仅针对汞排放设置限值，缺乏砷、硒、铅等重金属的控制标准。特别是关于汞的水俣公约在全球生效后的新形势下，无论是国家排放标准的制订和修订、重金属防治技术的研发等方面都存在巨大的挑战。 早在上个世纪90年代，华中科技大学联合清华大学主持了燃煤污染防治领域的首个973项目（1999年），在中国率先开展“痕量重金属的排放和抑制”的研究，煤燃烧国家重点实验室最早承担基金委创新群体“燃煤排放物生成、控制与资源化利用的基础研究”且获得滚动支持，此后陆续主持了多个重金属相关的国家重点研发计划项目和课题。2018年依托华中科技大学获批组建国家环境保护燃煤低碳利用与重金属污染控制工程技术中心。在中国煤中重金属的分布特性、燃煤电厂重金属的迁移转化和排放规律，混配煤、炉内矿物调控、尾部湍流强化及化学团聚等重金属排放控制技术开发方面取得系列成果。 2020年7月，在武汉结束新冠疫情战役的初期，在世界各国同行专家的大力支持下，煤燃烧国家重点实验室与国家环境保护燃煤低碳利用与重金属污染控制工程技术中心联合主办了“2020燃煤重金属污染控制技术研讨会”，线上线下近400位学者参加了此次会议。为进一步促进燃煤重金属污染控制领域的学术交流，在《燃料化学学报》编辑部的大力支持下，共同组织了“燃煤重金属污染控制”专刊，希望梳理重金属污染防治的前沿进展，汇聚凝练关键科学难题，推动中国重金属污染防治技术的快速发展。 本专刊分为上下两卷，上卷主要收录国家重点研发计划项目“燃煤过程中砷、硒、铅等重金属的控制技术”（项目负责人：姚洪教授）项目团队的最新进展和研究成果；下卷主要收录汞等其他重金属相关的理论和技术研究成果。本专刊征稿、审稿历时近半年的时间，恰逢武汉在新冠疫情结束后复苏的初始阶段，得到了国家重点研发计划项目团队、清华大学、南京大学、中国矿业大学（北京）、中南大学、东南大学、华北电力大学、中国科学院大学、江南大学、昆士兰大学、德累斯顿工业大学等国内外专家同仁的大力支持，值此正式刊出之际，我代表编辑部感谢各位专家踊跃投稿！特别感谢各位同行专家快速认真客观细致的审稿！希望通过本专刊的出版，进一步促进燃煤重金属污染与控制领域的学术交流，推动中国煤电等行业重金属排放标准的制订和控制技术的应用，巩固中国煤炭清洁利用的国际领先地位。     

北京地区有机物种人为源排放量及O3生成潜势估算

在华北地区总VOCs排放清单的基础上,通过调研国、内外VOCs主要人为污染源排放源谱,计算了北京市各行业、各区县88个VOCs物种的排放量,发展了北京市2003年和2006年VOCs物种排放清单,并估算了北京地区VOCs排放的O3生成潜势.结果显示:北京市2003年和2006年人为源向大气排放VOCs总量分别为34.6×104t和55.0×104t,VOCs排放总OFP值分别为131.9×104t和209.5×104t;对北京地区O3生成潜势贡献最大的前10个VOCs物种依次为乙烯、间/对-二甲苯、甲苯、1-丁烯、异戊烷、反-2-丁烯、丙烯、顺-2-丁烯、邻-二甲苯和乙炔,这10个物种的累计排放量占VOCs排放总量的60%左右,但对总OFP值的贡献率接近80%;北京城区是VOCs排放的高值区,同时也是O3生成潜势最大的区域;降低交通排放、溶剂挥发及油品挥发排放是降低北京地区VOCs排放、控制O3生成的有效途径.     

燃煤电厂对大气中天然辐射水平的影响

燃煤电厂对环境及人群的辐射影响近年已引起人们的普遍关注。目前我国的能源构成仍以煤为主,约占能耗的70%,每年用于发电的耗煤量在1亿吨以上。但我国的除尘设备较为落后,烟囱的除尘效率较低;仅四川生产单位电量(1Gw)向大气排放的飞灰就达10多万吨,比美国所规定生产1GW电能释放0.14万吨灰的净化空气标准高80多倍。因此,分析燃煤电厂对周围大气中辐射水平的影响,评价其对人体可能产生的危害,对保护环境及人群身体健康有着重要的社会意义。     

成都经济生态区大气降尘中镉赋存形态的研究

采用Tessier连续提取法对成都经济生态区不同区域的24个大气降尘样中镉的赋存形态进行了研究。研究结果表明,大气降尘中的镉主要以残留态形态存在;各形态镉在总镉中所占百分比含量由大到小排列顺序依次是:残留态,碳酸盐结合态,交换态,铁锰结合态,有机结合态;交换态镉、碳酸盐结合态镉这两种具有较高生物有效性的形态镉在总镉中所占的平均百分比含量分别是6.420%和8.917%;铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态、残留态镉这三种形态镉生物有效性很低,分别在总镉中所占的平均百分比含量分别是3.419%、2.365%和78.907%。通过分析可得出,汽油和煤的燃烧以及工厂排放镉能加大城市大气降尘的镉污染。     

Anticipation on the Development of Polycarbonate Production Technology by Using Ester-interchange Method in China

Polycarbonate (hereinafter referred to as "PC ") is the sole product having good transparency among the 5 major engineering plastics. In 2000, the worldwide PC production capacity was reached up to 2,800,000 tons of several hundreds of brands of various grades. It is estimated that the global PC production capacity will exceed 3,500,000 tons in 2005. The global demand for PC was 1,900,000 tons in 2000, which will reach to 2,600,000 tons and more than 3,000,000 tons in 2003 and 2005 respectively according to relevant estimations. The total production capacity of PC of the whole country reached to 3000-4000 tons in 2003. PC imported to China in 2003 was up to 534,000 tons and the apparent amount of consumption of that year was 447,000 tons.The scientific and technical personnel of Chenguang Chemical Research Institute engaged in the research and development of PC production technologies have been advancing wave upon wave with a combatant spirit and the spirit of "Storming the gate" for more than 40 years, having made important breakthroughs in a continuous PC manufacturing process by using ester-interchange method and in project amplification techniques. We consider that favorable conditions are now already available in China for building up PC production plants (each has an annual production capacity of 10,000 tons or above) by using ester- interchange method.In the recent 2 years, the growth rate of domestic annual PC consumption was up to more than 30 %, almost all of which relied on imports from foreign countries. Consequently, the development of domestically made PC has become a task, which brooks no delay. At present, conditions for building up domestic large-scale PC production plants are already available. It should be noted that PC production technologies are matured, PC products have a huge market potential and the returns on investment are optimistic. Therefore, building PC production plants, each with an annual production capacity of 10,000 tons ( approx. ) making use of domestic scientific research achievements and engineering technologies are fully in conformity with the industry policies issued by the State, which will have very important practical significance and far-reaching strategic significance for alleviating a sharp contradiction between PC supply and demand existed in China nowadays, breaking down the blockage against PC production technologies in China and the monopolization over the supply of PC products and product prices of foreign companies and developing our national industries having our own autonomous intellectual properties by means of our own intellectual properties.     

Source Apportionment Research of Fine Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere by PAHs

Haze weather frequently occurs in many cities in China. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in fine particulate matter(PM_2.5) can adversely affect the environment and human health. In this paper, PM_2.5 samples were collected at nine sites in a city in northeastern China from September 2013 to October 2014. Sixteen USEPA(US Evironment Protection Agency) priority PAHs in PM_2.5 were analyzed to determine their spatial and temporal distribution characteristics. The source apportionment of PAHs was conducted with the Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF) model. The results indicate that the concentrations of total PAHs(T-PAHs) in PM_2.5 are within the range of 0.26 to 72.48 ng/m³. The seasonal variation of T-PAHs is winter >spring >autumn >summer, and the space distribution of PAHs is JZP >DP >BFH >LP >EESA >IPT >CP >HZMC >JYP. In all types of PAHs, three-ring and five-ring PAHs are significantly prominent(62%) in the heating period due to petrogenic sources and traffic emissions. Middle- and high-ring PAHs in the non-heating period are caused by coal combustion and vehicle exhaust, which accounts for 77% of the total emissions. The source apportionment results obtained by the diagnostic ratio of PAHs reflect that coal burning, traffic and other sources have a distinct influence on PAH emissions in this city. Six factors are defined by PMF v5.0, namely, coke oven emissions(7.7%), biomass burning(44.3%), petrogenic sources(10.7%), coal combustion(10.4%), gasoline engine emissions(16.7%), and diesel engine emissions(10.3%). The results indicate that the PAHs in PM_2.5 in the city are primarily caused by combustion processes and vehicle exhaust.     

F-T柴油在直喷式柴油机中燃烧与排放特性的研究

煤通过Fischer-Tropsch (F-T)合成可得到十六烷值高、硫和芳香烃质量分数极低的F-T柴油。研究分析了未作改动的单缸直喷式柴油机燃用F-T柴油时的燃烧和排放特性。结果表明,与燃用0号柴油相比,燃用F-T柴油时的滞燃期平均缩短18.7%,预混燃烧放热峰值降低26.8%,扩散燃烧放热峰值较高,燃烧持续期相当。燃用F-T柴油时的最高燃烧压力略低,最大压力升高率显著下降,机械损失和燃烧噪音较小,燃油消耗率和热效率都得到显著改善。燃用F-T柴油可同时降低CO、HC、NOx和炭烟排放,其中NOx和炭烟分别平均降低16.7%和40.3%。研究表明,F-T柴油是柴油机良好的清洁代用燃料。     

N2O and NO emissions during wastewater denitrification step: Influence of temperature on the biological process

The denitrification process occurring in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is responsible for nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions. These compounds indirectly lead to the global warming. In this study, we investigated the impact of the temperature on N₂O and NO emissions. Experiments were achieved at PH 7 in a batch reactor with acetate as the carbon source. The nitrogen source was nitrates (NO₃⁻) and the COD/N ratio was set to three. Results showed that NO and N₂O emissions increased when the temperature decreased. NO emissions appeared only at 10 °C and 5 °C, with respectively 8% and 18% of the total denitrified nitrogen. N₂O emissions increased from 13 to 40 then 82% of the total denitrified nitrogen, respectively at 20, 10 and 5 °C. Several hypotheses were suggested to explain these results: a general enzymatic slow down, enzymatic inhibitions, electron donor competition between the different enzymes and metabolic pathway alterations.     

Sources and availability of raw materials for fluorine chemistry

The two most important sources of fluorine are the minerals fluorite, commercially known as fluorspar, and fluorapatite, commercially known as phosphate rock.The major consumers of fluorspar are the aluminum, chemical, and steel industries. Acid-grade fluorspar, one of three commercial grades, is used primarily to make hydrogen fluoride, which is then used to produce synthetic cryolite, aluminum fluoride, fluorocarbons, and other fluorochemicals. Elemental fluorine is prepared from anhydrous hydrogen fluoride by electrolysis. Fluosilicic acid is used primarily for water fluoridation but also to make aluminum fluoride and cryolite. Reported U.S. consumption of fluorspar was 753,000 tons in 1984. U.S. demand for fluorspar was projected to increase at an average annual rate of 2.7% between 1983 and 2000.U.S. production of finished fluorspar in 1984 was 72,000 tons. Fluosilicic acid production was 61,000 tons or 107,000 tons as equivalent fluorspar. More than 85% of domestic demand was imported, primarily from Mexico and the Republic of South Africa.A U.S. Bureau of Mines investigation of major fluorspar reserves and resources in market economy countries and China found approximately 900,000 tons of demonstrated and 1,200,000 tons of identified reserves in the United States. Total world demonstrated and identified reserves were 135 million tons and 262 million tons, respectively. The potential resources of fluosilicic acid were estimated at 12 million tons of equivalent fluorspar in the United States and 360 million tons for the total world. Fluorine reserves appear adequate through the year 2000 given current projections.     

Efficient recovery of rare earth elements from coal based resources: a bioleaching approach

Rare earth element (REE) resources in coal-related materials are vast. Assuming a coal production rate of 600 million short tons per year with an average REE content of 200 ppm, the potential REE resource is 120,000 tons per year, which is similar to the annual global production of REEs. Most of those resources that are associated with coal-related materials are found in association with the gangue or ash-based content from the coal ore. Under normal coal plant operation, the REEs often end up in refuse piles or tailings impoundments. In many cases, these REEs can be recovered at low cost using appropriate coal preparation, heap leaching, solvent extraction and/or selective precipitation, followed by subsequent separation and purification of individual REEs. In the present research, the processing approach uses a natural pyrite stream, which was removed during coal cleaning and used to enhance leaching. Bio-oxidation has been used commercially to accelerate leaching, and this approach has been applied to coal-based materials. The ferric ions generated from bio-oxidation oxidize sulfide minerals such as pyrite, which generates acid. Both acid and ferric ions are helpful for leaching REEs, as well as for removing residual sulfides, thereby preventing future acid mine drainage and related liabilities. It can be seen that, recovery of REEs from coal waste materials can enable coal producers to use untapped REEs resources to produce revenue and extend resource life while simultaneously reducing future environmental issues and costs.     

The volatilization of trace elements during oxidative pyrolysis of a coal from an endemic arsenosis area in southwest Guizhou,China

Household coal combustion has caused endemic poisoning in southwest Guizhou Province of China. The mineralogy, geochemistry and mode of occurrence of trace elements (TEs) of coal from this area were examined, and oxidative pyrolysis experiments of the coal were conducted in a box resistance reactor at 300–1200 °C to evaluate the volatilization of trace elements. In coal, As, Sb, Pb, Zn, W, Mo, and Cr are highly enriched when compared to both the world coal and Chinese coal. Cadmium, Sr, and Ba are all slightly higher than the average value for Chinese coal. The volatility of trace elements exhibits a close correlation with the mode of element occurrence. The considerable volatilization of As, Sb, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr below 450 °C is thought to be related to the organic form of these elements. In the temperature range of 450–1200 °C, the volatility of all trace elements except As increases slowly with temperature because these elements are highly associated with silicates. Among the hazardous trace elements, As is the most volatile, and Sb, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr are moderately volatile. Arsenic exhibits a uniquely high release at 900–1000 °C, which could be attributed to the high proportion of As association with sulfide. Because TEs are primarily inorganically-associated, the volatilization of TEs is not comparable to the loss of coal weight during pyrolysis. At high temperatures, a significantly low coal weight loss can result in a significant volatility of TEs.