Functional monomers and polymers. XCIII. Photochemical reactions on the acrylic and methacrylic copolymers containing thymine bases

Photodimerization of Polyacrylic and polymethacrylic derivatives with different pendant thymine unit content was studied in dimethylformamide solution. The quantum efficiency of thymine base for the photodimerization increased with increasing thymine content in the copolymers. The quenching study, which used isoprene as the quencher, revealed that the photodimerization resulted from excited singlet state increases with increasing thymine content. The photochemical results were discussed in terms of self-association of thymine bases in the polymer chain.     

Functional monomers and polymers. XCVI. Photochemical reactions on oligo- and polyethyleneimines which contain pendant thymine bases

The photodimerization reaction of oligo- and polyethyleneimine derivatives which contain pendant thymine bases in various amounts was studied in aqueous solution in a wide pH range and in N, N-dimethylformamide solution. The photodimerization reaction of these derivatives in poly(methyl methacrylate) was also studied. It was found that its quantum efficiency tended to increase as thymine units were added to the oligomers and copolymers. This result is discussed in terms of the effect of the nearest neighboring thymine units and singlet energy migration, particularly in the polymers.     

Functional monomers and polymers. CXIII. Photoinduced conformational change of thymine containing poly-lysine derivatives

The photodimerization reaction between thymine bases in thymine-grafted poly-D - and poly-L -lysine derivatives was studied in an alkaline, aqueous, buffered solution. It was found that the helix content of the polymers changes by photodimerization. The result was discussed in terms of conversion, the rate of photodimerization, and the helix content of the polymers.     

Functional monomers and polymers. CXVII. Photochemical reactions on oligo- and polyethyleneimines containing pendant thymine bases: Effect of the spacer

The photodimerization reaction of thymine bases incorporated in the modified oligo- and polyethyleneimines, in which α-alanine or ß-alanine unit was inserted between the main chain and the pendant thymine bases, was studied both in aqueous and in dimethyl sulfoxide solutions. It was found that the quantum yields for the photodimerization for the oligomers were closely related to the intramolecular interaction in the ground state, while those of the copolymers were not related to the ground state interaction. It was suggested that the singlet energy migration was present in the case of the polyethyleneimine derivatives. This result is discussed in terms of the effects of the nearest-neighboring thymine units, the structure of the side chain, and the singlet energy migration, particularly for the copolymers.     

Functional monomers and polymers. XCV. Photochemical reactions on synthetic polymers having pendant thymine bases in polymethyl methacrylate film

The photodimerization reaction of synthetic polymers which contain thymine bases was studied in polymethyl methacrylate film. The quantum efficiency for the photodimerization of the thymine bases of polyacrylate and polymethacrylate, fixed in the polymethyl methacrylate film was measured. The value of the film was higher than those measured in solution.     

Functional monomers and polymers. XCIV. Photochemical reactions on the synthetic polymers containing thymine bases in the presence of adenine derivatives

Photodimerization reactions of polyacrylate and polymethacrylate derivatives and the dimer model compound containing thymine bases were studied in the presence of adenine derivatives in dimethyl sulfoxide; N,N-dimethylformamide; and dimethyl sulfoxide–ethylene glycol solutions. The photodimerization of thymine bases both in the polymers and in the dimer model compound was found to be quenched by the addition of adenine derivatives. Base-base interaction in the ground state was also studied by ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy in the three solvents. The quenching of the photodimerizationof thymine bases in the presence of adenine derivatives was discussed in terms of the specific interaction between adenine and thymine bases both in ground and excited states.     

Functional monomers and polymers. LXXXVI. Photochemical reactions on synthetic polymers with pendant thymine bases: Effect of solvents

Photodimerization of thymine bases present on the side chain of acryloyl and methacryloyl-type polymers was studied in dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide—ethylene glycol mixture. Quantum efficiencies for photodimerization and quenching with isoprene were influenced by the solvents. The self-association of thymine bases estimated from their ultraviolet (UV) spectra and intrinsic viscosity were related to the effect of solvent on the photodimerization.     

Functional monomers and polymers. XCVII. Synthesis of oligomer models of polyethyleneimine derivatives containing pendant thymine bases

A series of oligomer models of polyethyleneimine derivatives having pendant thymine bases were prepared by the reaction of carboxyethyl derivatives of thymine with oligomer amines using an activated-ester method. It was found that the hypochromicity values obtained from UV spectra and pKa values obtained from spectrophotometric titrations depend on the chain length of the oligomers and the thymine content of the polymers.     

Functional monomers and polymers. LXI. Photochemical reactions on the synthetic polymers containing thymine bases

Photodimerization of N-2-isobutyloxyethyl thymine (T-M), bis[2-(5-methyl-1-primidinyl)-ethyl] glutarate (T-T), poly(N-2-methacryloyloxyethyl thymine) (polyMAOT), and poly(N-2-acryloyloxyethyl thymine) (poly AOT) was studied in dimethylformamide solution. The rate of intramolecular photodimerization of polyMAOT and polyAOT was 5.7 and 7.2 times faster, respectively, than that of T-T. In T-M, however, intermolecular photodimerization did not occur under the reaction condition used. Quenching studies with isoprene suggest that the photodimerization of T-T occurs predominantly in an excited triplet state, whereas that of polyMAOT and polyAOT occur in singlet and triplet states. It was concluded that the photodimers of T-T, polyMAOT, and polyAOT are two syn-fused cyclobutane-type dimers (cis-syn and trans-syn). Quantum efficiencies of thymine base disappearance were determined by ultraviolet (UV) analysis to be 0.0012 for T-T, 0.0084 for polyMAOT, and 0.010 for polyAOT.     

Photochemical assembly of gold nanoparticles utilizing the photodimerization of thymine

Irradiation of UV light to the solution of gold nanoparticles modified with thymine units resulted in the formation of aggregates comprising chemical cross-linking gold nanoparticles through the photodimerization of the thymine units. Transmission electron microscopy and UV-visible absorption measurement showed the aggregates consisting of the gold nanoparticles. The effect of thymine unit density on the nanoparticle surface and the concentration of the gold nanoparticles in solution to the aggregation process were studied by UV-visible absorption measurement.     

Functional monomers and polymers. CLIV. Application of nucleic acid base containing polymers to high performance liquid chromatography

Poly-L -lysine (PLL) derivatives containing pendant nucleic acid base, such as thymine or adenine, were bonded successfully to 3-aminopropylsilanized silica (APS-silica) and silica gel. These resins were found to be useful as the column of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the selective separation of oligoethyleneimine derivatives having pendant thymine or adenine bases.     

Light-induced aggregation of colloidal gold nanoparticles capped by thymine derivatives

The colloid stability of thymine-coated gold nanoparticles under light irradiation as a function of particle size, surface charge, and exposure time was investigated in alkaline, aqueous solutions as well as in a 0.5 vol % of DMF in H(2)O mixture. With increasing exposure to light irradiation at 280 nm, more and more particles coagulated. Light-induced aggregation of colloidal gold nanoparticles was attributed to reorientation of thymine terminal groups tethered on gold particle surfaces. A smaller particle size and negatively charged surface reduced the rate of photodimerization or even inhibited the photoreaction. UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the photodimerization of terminal thymine molecules under 280 nm light irradiation. The reaction kinetics of thymine photodimerization appears to be a combination of first-order reactions, each having different rates, reflecting the inhomogeneity and high curvature of the gold nanoparticle surfaces.     

Functional monomers and polymers. CIV. Synthesis and properties of oligomer models of polyethyleneimine derivatives with spacer-separated nucleic acid bases

A series of polyethyleneimine derivatives and their oligomer models with pendant thymine or adenine bases separated by β-alanyl groups as spacers were prepared by an activated ester method. To elucidate the nature of intramolecular interaction of thymine and adenine bases ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric studies were undertaken for the series of compounds and the results were compared with those obtained for the corresponding oligomers without spacers. In the thymine derivatives, the nature of the intramolecular interaction resembled that of the corresponding compounds without β-alanyl units, although larger hypochromicities were found in the series with β-alanyl units. In the adenine derivatives, contrary to the corresponding thymine systems, UV hypochromicities of the compounds decreased by incorporation of the spacer group into side chains. It became evident that the intramolecular interaction of adenine bases was due to stacking neutral species, hydrogen bonding, and residual hypochromicity for the protonated species.     

Functional monomers and polymers 159 synthesis and photochemical reactions of polymers containing thymine photodimer units in the main chain

Polyamides containing thymine photodimer units in the main chain were synthesized, and their photolysis by ultraviolet irradiation below 260 nm were studied in film state. Photodimers of thymine derivatives were obtained by photochemical reaction of the carboxylic acid derivatives of thymine in aqueous solution irradiated above 270 nm. An attempt was made to resolve the isomers of the photodimers, and the two kinds of cis isomers [cis–syn(head to head), and cis–anti(head to tail)] were isolated successfully. The polyamides were prepared by condensation of the photodimers with diamine using an activated ester method. The photodissociation of the thymine photodimer in the polymer main chain caused the breakage of the polymer chains, leading to the production of oligomers and dimer compounds containing thymine bases at the ends of the molecule. The dissociation rate of the polymer did not depend on the kind of the thymine photodimer which was in the main chain of the polymer.     

Picosecond two-quantum UV photochemistry of thymine in aqueous solution

Two-quantum photochemical processes, taking place under high-intensity UV laser irradiation of biomolecules in aqueous solution, have been studied with thymine, one of the DNA bases, as an example. It has been found that two-step high-energy excitation of thymine results not only in its ionization and relaxation but also in electronic energy transfer to the solvent, water. The probabilities of primary photoprocesses from the high-lying electronic vibrational states of thymine have been measured. It has been shown that the radicals of the solvent, water, formed by its sensitized photodecomposition and also by direct two-photon ionization and dissociation make the basic contribution to the formation of the final chemically stable products in the picosecond UV photolysis of thymine in aqueous solution.     

Polymerization of cyclic derivatives of uracil and thymine

Cyclic derivatives of uracil and thymine were synthesized from their corresponding 1-(2′-chloroethyl) derivatives by dehydrochlorination. These compounds were found to undergo a variety of reactions, giving many valuable derivatives of uracil and thymine. The cyclic derivatives, as monomers, were polymerized with a cationic initiator by a unique ring-opening process. The polymerization proceeded by ring opening with isomerization of the pyrimidine ring to give a polymer in which pyrimidine rings were connected with ethylene between N-1 and N-3 or O-4 in the pyrimidine ring. The structure of these polymers was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), and mass spectra. The structure was affected by polymerization temperature.     

Photodimerization of Thymine-Containing Polymers: Applicability to Reversible Photoresists

The intramolecular photodimerization of thymine bases present on the side chain of a variety of synthetic oligomers and polymers was studied in detail in various organic solvents, and particularly in the case of thymine-containing polylysines, over a wide range of pH. Effects of solvents, presence of the complementary base, and spacers on the photoreaction were examined, and the conformational changes of the polymers were discussed in relation to their functionalities. Intermolecular photodimerization was further studied, and its applicability to photoresists was shown.     

Interaction of adenine and thymine with aqueous sugar solutions

The solubility of the nucleic acid bases, adenine and thymine, in aqueous erythritol, xylose, glucose, and sucrose solutions has been studied. The solubility of adenine increases linearly with glucose and sucrose concentration, whereas with the other reagents a nonlinear increase is observed. Below 1.5M reagent concentration, the solubility of adenine increases in the order erythritol < robose, xylose < glucose < sucrose. The solubility of thymine in these solutions, on the other hand, decreases, increases, or does not change depending upon the reagent. The effect of temperature on the solubility of adenine and thymine in sugar solution indicates that the transfer of these molecules from water to sugar solution is exothermic.Presented in part at the VIIth All-India Symposium in Biophysics held at Visva Bharati University during October 1976.     

Recognition of thymine and related nucleosides by a Zn(II)-cyclen complex bearing a ferrocenyl pendant

A cyclen derivative bearing a ferrocenyl arm (L) and a series of its ZnII complexes [ZnL(OH2)][ClO4]2 (C1), [ZnL(OH)][ClO4] (C2), and [ZnL(Cl)][ClO4].CH3CN (C3) (cyclen = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, L = 1-(ferrocenemethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) have been prepared and characterized spectroscopically. An X-ray structure determination confirmed the formation of complex C1 and revealed that the coordinated water participates in hydrogen bonding with the perchlorate counter ions. The pKa value for deprotonation of the water molecule determined by potentiometric titration was found to be 7.36 +/- 0.09 at 25 degrees C and I = 0.1 (KNO3). The possibility of using complex C1 as a potential sensor for thymine derivatives in aqueous solution has been examined. Shifts in the 1H and 13C NMR resonances showed the binding occurred with thymine (T) and two thymine derivatives, thymidine (dT) and thymidine 5'-monophosphate (TMP2-). Significant shifts of the nuC=O and nuC=C vibrations of the thymine derivatives were also observed via IR spectroscopy upon complexation with the receptor. The thymine adduct, [ZnL(thymine anion)][ClO4].2H2O (C4), has been crystallized and characterized. The X-ray structure of C4 confirmed the thymine binding to the receptor, and the short Zn-N(thymine) distance of 1.975(5) A indicated clearly that the ferrocenyl arm does not affect the complexation of the DNA base. In contrast to the large spectral changes, electrochemical studies showed a small shift of the reversible potential of the redox couple Fc+/Fc (Fc = ferrocene) and subtle changes in voltammetry upon the addition of an excess of dT, TMP2-, and guanine (dG) at physiological pH, indicating the level of interaction is similar in both Fc and Fc+ forms.     

A new [2 + 2] photodimerization of 5-chloro- and 5-methyl-2-pyridone in their inclusion complexes with 1,1'-biphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid as a model for DNA damage by photodimerization of its thymine component

As a model for DNA damage by photodimerization of its thymine component, a new [2 + 2] photodimerization of 5-chloro and 5-methyl-2-pyridone to the corresponding cis-anti-dimers as their inclusion complexes with 1,1'-biphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid was found, and the mechanism of this stereoselective solid state reaction was studied by X-ray analysis.