Untersuchungen an Metallkatalysatoren. XVII. Phasenaufbau,Dispersität und Dehydrieraktivität Molybdän- und wolframmodifizierter Palladiumkatalysatoren

Investigations on Metal Catalysts. XVII. Phase Structure, Dispersity, and Dehydrogenation Activity of Palladium Catalysts Modifided by Molybdenum and Tungsten Molybdenum and tungsten containing palladium catalysts were prepared by reduction of mixtures from Pd(NO₃)₂ with MoO₃ and WO₃, respectively, with hydrogen at 600°C and 800°C. The powders were characterized by means of several methods: Determination of the oxidation state for molybdenum and tungsten, X-ray measurements, N₂ adsorption, CO chemisorption, H₂ sorption, dehydrogenation of cyclohexane. The properties of the samples (heated at 600°C) are determined to a high degree by the co-existence of the palladium phase as well as the molybdenum and tungsten oxide, respectively, in the mean oxidation state +4. The after-reduction at 800°C leads to a great portion of metallic molybdenum and tungsten in the concerned catalysts. There are references that the treatment at 800°C in the presence of hydrogen causes for the Pd? Mo catalysts an increase of the palladium content in the surface of the crystallites.     

Untersuchungen an Metallkatalysatoren. XXXIII. Zur Charakterisierung von Nickel-Rhenium-Katalysatoren mittels der ferromagnetischen Resonanz

Investigations on Metal Catalysts. XXXIII. Characterization of Nickel-Rhenium Catalysts by Means of Ferromagnetic Resonance Unsupported nickel-rhenium catalysts (prepared by reduction of NiO? NH₄ReO₄ mixtures at 400°C with hydrogen) were characterized by the method of ferromagnetic resonance. With increasing rhenium content the values of signal intensity, g-factor, and half-width of the resonance line decrease. These facts are indications for the beginning in formation of solid solutions (alloys), which increases by further treatment of the samples at higher temperatures (650°C). The advanced alloying is also indicated by the sign reversal of the anisotropy constant.     

A thermogravimetric and infrared emission spectroscopic study of alunite

Thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric analysis has been used to characterize alunite of formula [K₂(Al³⁺)₆(SO₄)₄(OH)₁₂]. Thermal decomposition occurs in a series of steps (a) dehydration up to 225°C, (b) well defined dehydroxylation at 520°C and desulphation which takes place as a series of steps at 649, 685 and 744°C.The alunite minerals were further characterized by infrared emission spectroscopy (IES). Well defined hydroxyl stretching bands at around 3463 and 3449 cm^?1 are observed. At 550°C all intensity in these bands is lost in harmony with the thermal analysis results. OH stretching bands give calculated hydrogen bond distances of 2.90 and 2.84–7 Å. These hydrogen bond distances increase with increasing temperature. Characteristic (SO₄)^2? stretching modes are observed at 1029.5, 1086 and 1170 cm^?1. These bands shift to lower wavenumbers on thermal treatment. The intensity in these bands is lost by 550°C.     

Festkörperreaktionen in Katalysatoren und Katalysatorkomponenten. XV. Zum Reduktionsverhalten von Sulfat-lonen in γ-Al2O3

Solid State Reactions in Catalysts and Components of Catalysts. XV. On the Reduction Behaviour of Sulfate Ions in γ-Al₂O₃ Different sulphuric acid modified alumina samples were used as model systems for sulfided and regenerated Al₂O₃ carrier catalysts. From investigations of temperature programmed reduction can be concluded that sulphur is reduced by hydrogen to sulfide state at temperatures between 500 and 750°C. The greater part will desorbed as H₂S but a smaller one remains adsorbed on the alumina surface.     

Kristallstrukturen von Säurehydraten und Oxoniumsalzen. XX. Die Oxoniumtetrafluoroborate H3OBF4, [H5O2]BF4 und [H(CH3OH)2]BF4

Crystal Structures of Acid Hydrates and Oxonium Salts. XX. Oxonium Tetrafluoroborates H₃OBF₄, [H₅O₂]BF₄, and [H(CH₃OH)₂]BF₄ The crystal structures of three oxonium tetrafluoroborates were determined. H₃OBF₄, oxonium tetrafluoroborate proper, is triclinic with space group P1 , Z = 2 and the unit cell dimensions a = 4.758, b = 6.047, c = 6.352 Å and α = 80.40, β = 79.48, γ = 88.25° at ?26°C. Cations H₃O⁺ and anions BF₄^? are linked by hydrogen bonds O? H…?F into ribbons of condensed rings. In [H₅O₂]BF₄ (diaquohydrogen tetrafluoroborate, monoclinic, P2₁/c, Z = 4, a = 6.584, b = 9.725, c = 7.084 Å, β = 95.15° at ?100°C) the hydrogen bond in the cation H₅O₂⁺ is 2.412 Å short, asymmetric and approximately centered and the linking of cations and anions three-dimensional. In [H(CH₃OH)₂]BF₄ (Bis(methanol)hydrogen tetrafluoroborate, monoclinic, P2₁/c, Z = 4, a = 5.197, b = 14.458, c = 9.318 Å, β = 94.61° at ?50°C) the cation [H(CH₃OH)₂]⁺ is characterized for the first time in a crystal structure with an again very short (2.394 Å), asymmetric and effectively centered hydrogen bond. By further hydrogen bonds cations and anions form only dimers of the formula unit of centrosymmetric cyclic structure.     

Metals in Biochemistry : P.M. Harrision and R.J. Hoare. Publ. Chapman & Hall,London and New York 1980, 78 pp + index. Price £2.45

The complex H₂Os₃(μ₃-NCH₃)(CO)₁₂ in decalin at 198°C in 35% yield. Crystal data for the former obtained at ?158°C are: orthorhombic, space group Pmcn, a 14.113(2), b 6.605(1), c 17.683(4) », Z = 4, D_c 3.44 g cm^?3. The hydrogen atoms are related by symmetry. The position of the unique hydrogen atom has been refined. It is observed asymmetrically bridging (closer to the unique Os atom) the longer edge of the isosceles triosmium triangle. The hydrogen atoms are out of the trimetal plane away from the triply-bridging nitrogen atom.Crystal data for the tetraosmium complex at 25°C are: monoclinic, space group C2/c a 30.818(9), b 8.463(2), c 16.621(2), », β 108.90(2)°, Z = 8, D_c 3.75 g cm^?3. The four osmium atoms form a distorted tetrahedral framework capped by the nitrogen atom of the methylnitrene group on the face containing the three longer OsOs separations.     

Poly(hydrogen Fluorides) with the Tetramethylammonium Cation: Preparation,Stability Ranges,Crystal Structures, [HnFn+1]− Anion Homology,Hydrogen Bonding F-H…︁F [2]

The melting diagram of the system (CH₃)₄NF? HF was studied between 50 and 100 mole-% HF and from ?185°C to the respective liquidus temperatures (at most 162°C) by difference thermal analysis aided by temperature-dependent X-ray powder diffraction. The system was found to be quasi-binary with the HF-rich intermediary stable compounds (CH₃)₄NF · 2 HF (melting point 110°C), (CH₃)₄NF · 3 HF (20°C, decomposition), (CH₃)₄NF · 5 HF (?76°C, decomposition), and (CH₃)₄NF · 7 HF (?110°C, decomposition), most of which undergo solid-solid phase transitions. Crystal structures were determined of the low-temperature form of (CH₃)₄NF · 2 HF (stable below 83°C, orthorhombic, space group Pbca, Z = 8 formula units per unit cell), the high-temperature form of (CH₃)₄NF · 3 HF (stable above ?87°C, monoclinic, P2/c, Z = 4), and of (CH₃)₄NF · 5 HF (tetragonal, I4 , Z = 2). The structures are those of poly(hydrogen fluorides) (CH₃)₄N[H_nF_n+1] with homologous anions [H₂F₃]^?, [H₃F₄]^?, and [H₅F₆]^?, respectively, formed by strong hydrogen bonding F? H…?F. The anion [H₅F₆]^? is the first one of this composition established by crystal structure analysis. Its structure can be written as [(FH)₂FHF(HF)₂]^? with four equivalent terminal hydrogen bonds of 248.4 pm and a very short central one of 226.6 pm (F…?F distances) through a 4 point of the space group.     

Struktur und katalytische Eigenschaften von Molybdänoxid-Trägerkatalysatoren bei einigen Oxydationsreaktionen

Structure and Catalytic Properties of Molybdenum Oxide Supported Catalysts in Some Oxidation Reactions Molybdenum supported catalysts were prepared by using different precursor compounds such as Mo(π-C₃H₅)₄, [Mo(OC₂H₅)₅]₂, MoCl₅, (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄, and their catalytic behaviour in some oxidation reactions was studied. During the preparation process, as a result of interaction between the molybdenum compound used and the support, different surface compounds with strongly differing catalytic properties have been formed. MoO₃ and supported catalysts with MoO₃ crystallites on the surface, catalyse the H₂ oxidation at temperatures above 400°C and the CO oxidation at temperatures of about 500°C. The reaction proceeds according to a redox mechanism. On surface compounds of molybdenum which exist on the surface if organic complexes are used as precursors, the catalytic H₂ oxidation occurs even at 100°C with a high reaction rate. The catalytic CO oxidation on these catalysts occurs at temperatures of about 300°C. An associative mechanism on coordinative unsaturated Mo^VI sites is discussed.     

Untersuchungen an oxidischen Katalysatoren. XXIII. Magnetische und Redoxeigenschaften von CrNaY-Zeolithen

Studies on Oxide Catalysts. XXIII. Magnetic and Redox Properties of Zeolites CrNaY After pretreatment in vacuo (110–460°C) and in air (45O°C) CrNaY zeolites with different exchange degrees are characterized by EPR and magnetic measurements. The chromium hyperfinc structure in the EPR spectra shows that stable octahedral [Cr(H₂0)]³⁺ complexes exist up to temperatures of 350–390°C. The decrease of EPR signal intensity with increasing temperature of vacuum pretreatment can be explained by migration of Cr³⁺ ions into the sodalite cage (S_I″, S_II″) and hexagonal prism (S_I), resp. The high values of μ_eff. correspond with the tetrahedra1 environment of Cr³⁺ ions. In the evacuated samples Cr²⁺ ions are present. The oxidizing pretreatment of samples with high Cr³⁺ exchange degrees leads to lattice break down. After pretreatment in air all CrNaY zeolites contain chromium with oxidation number +5 and +6.     

Surface Hydroxyls and Chemisorbed Hydrogen on Titania and Titania Supported Cobalt

The dehydroxylation and rehydroxylation properties of titania (Degussa P-25) were investigated. FTIR and TPD-MS data indicate that hydroxyl groups are not completely removed at 500 °C in vacuo, and rehydration/rehydroxylation occur under helium (water content < 1 ppm) flow at room temperature. In addition, repeating dehydroxylation/rehydroxylation treatments for ten times does not significantly modify the dehydroxylation/rehydroxylation property of titania surface. Desorption of hydrogen from titania was observed at 535 °C after titania was reduced above 400 °C. The maximum surface density of hydrogen was determined to be 0.75 H atom/nm². TPD data show four types of hydrogen on 3% titania supported cobalt catalysts: hydrogen adsorbed on cobalt metal (desorption temperature around 100 °C), reverse spillover hydro gen (150-250 °C), hydrogen from H-TiO_2-x- Co interacting species (-330 °C), and recombined hydrogen from Ti³⁺-H on titania (-535 °C). The absence of hydrogen desorption peak at 535 °C for titania supported cobalt reduced above 400 °C can be explained in terms of the migration of H-TiO_2-x moieties onto cobalt metal surface during reduction. Removal of hydroxyl groups by thermal treatment before reduction enhanced the amount of hydrogen desorption from normal cobalt surface. This indicates that the hydroxyl groups play a role in the surface migration of H-Ti_2-x.     

Rhodium amino complexes [Rh(COD)(Amine)2]PF6 immobilized on poly(4-vinylpyridine) as catalysts in the water gas shift reaction

Catalysts for the water gas shift reaction prepared from Rh(COD)(amine)₂ PF₆ (COD=1,5-cyclooctadiene, amine=4-picoline, 3-picoline, 2-picoline, pyridine, 3,5-lutidine or 2,6-lutidine) immobilized on poly(4-vinylpyridine) in contact with 80% aqueoux 2-ethoxyethanol for 1×10⁻⁴ mol Rh/0.5 g of polymer, P(CO)=0.9 atm at 100 °C, are described. The role of the coordinated amine effect on the catalytic activity was investigated.     

The effect of impregnation conditions on the surface structure of silica-supported CuO catalysts

CuO/SiO₂ catalysts with varying amounts of copper were prepard using meso- and microporous silica supports at pH > 10 and pH = 4.5. Structural and textural changes were followed using X-ray diffraction, TG and DTA techniques. Impregnation for periods > 10 days at high pH produces crystalline catalysts with two distinct peaks at d-spacings of 2.33 and 2.03 Å resulting from a surface silicate which is structurally stable up to 800°C. At copper concentrations > 5% CuO also forms. Catalysts prepared at pH = 4.5 are amorphous to X-rays in spite of the presence of CuO which may either be < 50 Å or from a surface solid solution. The copper ammine complex, if adsorbed on mesoporous silica, attains its maximum coordination number as [Cu(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]²⁺, whereas on microporous silica it loses the two water molecules as a result of pore restrictions. The surface complex releases its coordinated ammonia exothermally in the temperature range 200–400°C, whereas chemisorbed ammonia is evolved endothermally at ～280°C. Ligand water is evolved at <200°C. An exotherm at ～545°C is observed for all catalysts, resulting form the shrinkage of the solid/void matrix which disappears upon aging. Increase of copper content to 22.7% at high pH lowered the temperature of constant weight attainment from 1000°C for the pure silica to 750°C.     

4,4′‐Tri­methyl­enedipyridinium bis­[carboxy­methyl­phos­pho­nate(1–)]: a three‐dimensional framework structure built from O—H⃛O,N—H⃛O and C—H⃛O hydrogen bonds

In the title compound, C₁₃H₁₆N₂²⁺·2C₂H₄O₅P⁻, the cation lies across a twofold rotation axis in space group Fdd2. The anions are linked into molecular ladders by two O—H⃛O hydrogen bonds [H⃛O = 1.73 and 1.77 Å, O⃛O = 2.538 (2) and 2.598 (3) Å, and O—H⃛O = 160 and 170°], these ladders are linked into sheets by a single type of N—H⃛O hydrogen bond [H⃛O = 1.75 Å, N⃛O = 2.624 (3) Å and N—H⃛O = 171°] and the sheets are linked into a three‐dimensional framework by a single type of C—H⃛O hydrogen bond [H⃛O = 2.48 Å, C⃛O = 3.419 (4) Å and C—H⃛O = 167°].     

Synthese sowie Kristall- und Molekülstruktur von Tetrafluoro[2-(pyrrolidinio)ethyl]silicat

Synthesis and Crystal and Molecular Structure of Tetrafluoro[2-(pyrrolidinio)ethyl]silicate The zwitterionic tetrafluoro[2-(pyrrolidinio)ethyl]silicate ( 4 ) was synthesized by reaction of trimethoxy(2-pyrrolidinoethyl)silane ( 5 ) with hydrogen fluoride in ethanol/hydrofluoric acid at 0°C. The crystal and molecular structure of 4 was studied at ?100°C by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In addition, 4 was characterized by solution-state NMR studies (CD₃CN: ¹H, ¹³C).     

Über Chalkogenolate. 163. Umsetzungen von Hydrazin mit Kohlenstoffdisulfid. 2. Kristallstruktur von Dikalium-1,2-hydrazin-bis(dithioformiat)

On Chalcogenolates. 163. Reactions of Hydrazine with Carbon Disulfide. 2. Crystal Structure of Dipotassium 1,2-Hydrazine-bis (dithioformate) The title compound K₂[S₂C? NH? NH? CS₂] ( 1 ) crystallizes with Z = 4 in the orthorhombic space group Pbna with cell dimensions a = 6.635(1), b = 10.825(2), c = 12.866(2) Å. The crystal structure has been determined from single crystal X-ray data measured at ?85 °C and refined to a conventional R of 0.034 for 969 independent reflections (R_w = 0.042). The [S₂C? NH? NH? CS₂]^2? ions are linked together by hydrogen bridges N? H…?S. The K⁺ ions are surrounded by seven sulfur atoms in irregular coordination.     

Anhydrous Silicophosphoric Acid Glass: Thermal Properties and Proton Conductivity

Anhydrous silicophosphoric acid glass with an approximate composition of H₅Si₂P₉O₂₉ was synthesized and its thermal and proton-conducting properties were characterized. Despite exhibiting a glass transition at 192 °C, the supercooled liquid could be handled as a solid up to 280 °C owing to its high viscosity. The glass and its melt exhibited proton conduction with a proton transport number of ∼1. Although covalent O−H bonds were weakened by relatively strong hydrogen bonding, the proton conductivity (4×10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at 276 °C) was considerably lower than that of phosphoric acid. The high viscosity of the melt was due to the tight cross-linking of phosphate ion chains by six-fold-coordinated Si atoms. The low proton conductivity was attributed to the trapping of positively charged proton carriers around anionic SiO₆ units (expressed as (SiO_6/2)²⁻) to compensate for the negative charges.     

Thermodynamic Studies of Bi-Univalent Electrolytes. VI. Thermodynamics of Cadmium Acetate from E. M. F. and Calorimetric Measurements

E. M. F. of the Cell, Cd-Hg (2-phase)/CdAc₂(m), Hg₂Ac₂(s)/Hg was measured at 20°, 25°, 30° and 40°C. The standard e. m. f. of the cell, Cd/CdAc₃(m), Hg₂Ac₂(c)/Hg was evaluated as E°=1.1500?11.09×10^?4T+1.06×10^?8T² The thermodynamic data of the reaction, Cd(c) + Hg₂Ac₂(c)=2Hg(l)+Cd⁺⁺(aq)+2Ac^?(aq) at 25°C were estimated as ΔF°=?42,139, ΔH°=?48,698 cal mole^?1 and ΔS°=?22.0 cal deg^?1 mole^?1 at 25°C. The thermodynamic data for the formation of Hg₂Ac₂(s) were evaluated as ΔF_f°=?202.3, ΔH_f°=?154.5 Kcal mole^?1 and S°=72.9 cal deg^?1 mole^?1. From measurements of the heats of solution of CdAc₂·2H₂O in aqueous solution, the relative partial molal enthalpies of cadmium acetate in aqueous solution were estimated.     

In situ X-ray Powder Diffraction Study of the Reactions of CrO2 and TlPd3O4 with Hydrogen

Hydrogen is an important reducing agent for transition metal oxides, however, details on reaction pathways are often unknown. Therefore, the reduction of CrO₂ and TlPd₃O₄ was investigated by in situ X-ray powder diffraction and subsequent Rietveld analysis. CrO₂ is reduced by hydrogen gas (0.3 MPa) starting at 180 °C according to 2 CrO₂ + H₂ → 2 CrOOH. The reaction is complete at 250 °C and there are no signs for intermediates or non-stoichiometry. In nitrogen atmosphere the reaction TlPd₃O₄ → TlPd₃ + 2 O₂ occurs without intermediates in one step starting at about 670 °C. Thermal volume expansion is determined to be V(TlPd₃O₄) = 880.7(1) 10⁶ pm³ + 1.64(7) 10⁴ T pm³/K + 10.7(9) T² pm³/K² and V(TlPd₃) = 258.6(1) 10⁶ pm³ + 8.5(7) 10³ T pm³/K + 2.6(7) T² pm³/K² for 25 °C ≤ T ≤ 730 °C. The formation of β-TlPd₃H from TlPd₃O₄ in 0.3 MPa hydrogen gas at 75 °C occurs very fast. Unit cell parameters indicate the occurrence of a metastable α-TlPd₃H_≈0.2 with a hydrogen-filled ZrAl₃ type. Cubic anti-perovskite type β-TlPd₃H reacts in air to TlPd₃ with a possible hydrogen deficient intermediate β-TlPd₃H_1–x and hints for remaining hydrogen in the tetragonal ZrAl₃ type intermetallic compound. In situ methods thus give a deeper insight in the TlPd₃-O₂-H₂ system with the identification of possible candidates for interesting intermediate phases and more detailed information on thermal stabilities.     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a New Sulfur-Palladium-Nitrogen Complex

The reaction of 4-amino-6-methyl-1,2,4-triazine-3(2H)-thione-5-one (AMTTO, 1 ) with palladium(II) chloride in acetonitrile/methanol leads to the N,S-coordinated complex [Pd(η²-AMTTO-N,S)Cl₂] · CH₃OH ( 2 ). 2 has been characterized by IR and MS techniques. The ligand 1 and the complex 2 were also investigated by X-ray structure determinations. 1 crystallizes in the space group P1¯ with the lattice dimensions at –70 °C: a = 419.6(1), b = 598.2(1), c = 1351.3(1) pm, α = 92.23(1), β = 91.20(1), γ = 100.51(1)°, Z = 2, R₁ = 0.0441. 2 crystallizes in the space group P2₁/c with the lattice dimensions at 20 °C: a = 683.3(1), b = 1323.0(1), c = 1254.2(1) pm, β = 92.61(1)°, Z = 4, R₁ = 0.0361. According to the structure analysis 1 consists of planar C,N-heterocycles connected by hydrogen bridges forming an infinite chain along [110]. The basic heterocyclic skeleton of 2 is essentially planar and linked three-dimensionally through hydrogen bridges.     

Novel Copolymers of Styrene. 6. Some Oxy Ring-Disubstituted Butyl 2-Cyano-3-Phenyl-2-Propenoates

Novel trisubstituted ethylenes, oxy ring-disubstituted butyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoates, RPhCH=C(CN)CO₂C₄H₉ (where R is 4-methoxy-2-methyl, 4-methoxy-3-methyl, 3-ethoxy-4-methoxy, 4-ethoxy-3-methoxy, 3,4-dibenzyloxy, 2-benzyloxy-3-methoxy, and 3-benzyloxy-4-methoxy) were prepared and copolymerized with styrene. The monomers were synthesized by the piperidine catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of ring-substituted benzaldehydes and butyl cyanoacetate, and characterized by CHN analysis, IR, ¹H and ¹³C-NMR. All the ethylenes were copolymerized with styrene (M₁) in solution with radical initiation (ABCN) at 70°C. The compositions of the copolymers were calculated from nitrogen analysis and the structures were analyzed by IR, ¹H and ¹³C-NMR.

Decomposition of the copolymers in nitrogen occurred in two steps, first in the 200-500°C range with residue (2-17 % wt.), which then decomposed in the 500-800°C range.