Co–Cu–La catalysts for selective CO2 hydrogenation to higher hydrocarbons

Copper and lanthanum promoted cobalt catalysts for CO₂ hydrogenation to higher hydrocarbons are described. The catalysts were prepared by the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis followed by alkaline leaching. They are active in CO₂ hydrogenation at 200 °C under 10 bar pressure (CO₂ : H₂ = 1 : 3) with selectivity to C₂₊ alkanes up to 39%; no alkenes and alcohols are formed under these experimental conditions.     

Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis by Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation on Fe-Based Catalysts

Impregnated and co-precipitated, promoted and unpromoted, bulk and supported iron catalysts were prepared, characterized, and subjected to hydrogenation of CO₂ at various pressures (1–2 MPa) and temperatures (573–673 K). Potassium, as an important promoter, enhanced the CO₂ uptake and selectivity towards olefins and long-chain hydrocarbons. Al₂O₃, when added as a structural promoter during co-precipitation, increased CO₂ conversion as well as selectivity to C₂₊ hydrocarbons. Among V, Cr, Mn and Zn promoters, Zn offered the highest selectivity to C₂–C₄ alkenes. The different episodes involved in the transformation of the catalyst before it reached steady-state were identified, on the co-precipitated catalyst. Using a biomass derived syngas (CO/CO₂/H₂), CO alone took part in hydrogenation. When enriched with H₂, CO₂ was also converted to hydrocarbons. The deactivation of impregnated Fe–K/Al₂O₃ catalyst was found to be due to carbon deposition, whereas that for the precipitated catalyst was due to increase in crystallinity of iron species. The suitability of SiO₂, TiO₂, Al₂O₃, HY and ion exchanged NaY as supports was examined for obtaining high activity and selectivity towards light olefins and C₂₊ hydrocarbons and found Al₂O₃ to be the best support. A comparative study with Co catalysts revealed the advantages of Fe catalysts for hydrocarbon production by F–T synthesis.     

Nickel and potassium co-modified β-Mo2C catalyst for CO conversion

Nickel and potassium co-modified -Mo2C catalysts were prepared and used for CO hydrogenation reaction. The major products over -Mo2C were C1–C4 hydrocarbons, only few alcohols were obtained. Addition of potassium resulted in remarkable selectivity shift from hydrocarbons to alcohols at the expense of CO conversion over -Mo2C. Moreover, it was found that potassium enhanced the ability of chain propagation with a higher C2+OH production. Modified by nickel, -Mo2C showed a relatively high CO conversion, however, the products were similar to those of pure -Mo2C. When co-modified by nickel and potassium, -Mo2C exhibited high activity and selectivity towards mixed alcohols synthesis, and also the whole chain propagation to produce alcohols especially for the stage of C1OH to C2OH was remarkably enhanced. It was concluded that the Ni and K had, to some extent, synergistic effect on CO conversion.     

From Solar Energy to Fuels: Recent Advances in Light‐Driven C1 Chemistry

Catalytic C₁ chemistry based on the activation/conversion of synthesis gas (CO+H₂), methane, carbon dioxide, and methanol offers great potential for the sustainable development of hydrocarbon fuels to replace oil, coal, and natural gas. Traditional thermal catalytic processes used for C₁ transformations require high temperatures and pressures, thereby carrying a significant carbon footprint. In comparison, solar‐driven C₁ catalysis offers a greener and more sustainable pathway for manufacturing fuels and other commodity chemicals, although conversion efficiencies are currently too low to justify industry investment. In this Review, we highlight recent advances and milestones in light‐driven C₁ chemistry, including solar Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, the water‐gas‐shift reaction, CO₂ hydrogenation, as well as methane and methanol conversion reactions. Particular emphasis is placed on the rational design of catalysts, structure–reactivity relationships, as well as reaction mechanisms. Strategies for scaling up solar‐driven C₁ processes are also discussed.     

Methane conversion by various metal, metal oxide and metal carbide catalysts

The progress in the field of methane conversion into higher hydrocarbons including aromatics and oxygenated compounds in the recent five years will be reviewed shortly, together with a new type of the methane conversion reaction with carbon monoxide at lower temperatures (600–700 K) by supported group VIII metal catalysts. Benzene was formed selectively among hydrocarbons in the CH₄–CO reaction over silica-supported Rh, Ru, Pd and Os catalysts under atmospheric pressure. Both CH₄ and CO were required for benzene formation, and only ethane and ethylene were formed besides benzene. The amount of C₃–C₅ hydrocarbons was negligible, which suggests that a completely different mechanism from the CO–H₂ reaction may be operating over these catalysts despite of the similarity in the reaction conditions with the CO–H₂ reaction. The mechanism of benzene formation was studied deeply by means of kinetical investigation as well as infrared spectroscopy and isotopic tracer method in connection with that of CO hydrogenation.     

Hydrocarbon production from synthesis gas over ZnO?Cr2O3+SA physical mixtures and Pd/SA impregnated catalysts

The performances of ZnO–Cr₂O₃+silica-alumina physically mixed and Pd impregnated on silica-alumina catalysts in the transformation of synthesis gas to hydrocarbons are compared in the present work. ZnO–Cr₂O₃ or Pd and silicaalumina are used as methanol synthesis and the hydrocarbon formation catalysts, respectively. The highest CO conversion corresponds to the highest relative amount of methanol synthesis active sites. The highest proximity between both types of active sites in the Pd imprenated on silica-alumina produces higher hydrocarbon selectivity and higher C₁ fraction than when using the physically mixed ZnO–Cr₂O₃+silica-alumina catalysts.     

Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide on Iron Manganese Catalysts

The synthesis of hydrocarbons from hydrogenation of carbon dioxide has been studied on a series of coprecipitated iron-manganese catalysts. Kinetic measurements, X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed reaction of adsorbed species were used for activity tests and catalyst characterizations. The results showed that the yields of low-carbon olefins decrease, whereas the amount of methane increases with increasing manganese content in catalysts. The conversion to hydrocarbons is suppressed by the reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction equilibrium. Mössbauer spectra and XRD patterns of catalysts after reaction indicate that catalysts are severely oxidized; it is speculated that the olefin producing surface structure in CO hydrogenation may be destroyed by this oxidation. A pulse-reactor study of the Boudouard reaction showed that manganese has the effect of suppressing CO dissociation and thus decreasing carbon content on catalysts. For CO₂ hydrogenation, the affinity to carbon on catalysts is important; therefore manganese is not a good promoter. Among all catalysts tested, pure iron has the best selectivity to olefinic and long-chain hydrocarbons.     

Reduction of N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O and NO over H-ZSM-5- and ZrO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-supported iron- and cobalt-containing catalysts

The combined conversion conditions were examined for the reactions of decomposition and reduction of N₂O and NO with C₁,C₃–C₄ hydrocarbons, in particular, in gas mixtures containing oxygen and sulfur dioxide, over Fe- and Co-containing catalysts supported on zeolites and zirconia, as well as on structured honeycomb monoliths.     

Hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons in a mixture with thiophene on sulfided Pd/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> catalysts

The activity and stability of aluminum-palladium catalysts in the hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons mixed with thiophene were studied. The catalysts were obtained by impregnation of γ-A₂O₃ with aqueous solutions of salts of palladium complexes. Preliminary sulfiding followed by oxidative activation of Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts were found to favor the formation of such palladium state on the surface at which the hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of sulfur-containing impurities proceeds without a noticeable change in the activity with time. IR spectroscopy showed that the palladium metal surface fragments forming CO complexes with a characteristic absorption band at 1998 cm^–1 are resistant to poisoning with sulfur-containing compounds in the hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Hybrid Pd-Nanoparticles within Polymeric Network in Selective Hydrogenation of Alkynols: Influence of Support Porosity

This work is addressing the selective hydrogenation of alkynols over hybrid catalysts containing Pd-nanoparticles, within newly synthesized hyper-cross-linked polystyrenes (HPS). Alkynols containing C₅, C₁₀, and C₂₀ with a terminal triple bond, which are structural analogues or direct semi-products of fragrant substances and fat-soluble vitamins, have been studied. Selective hydrogenation was carried out in a batch mode (ambient hydrogen pressure, at 90 °C, in toluene solvent), using hybrid Pd catalysts with low metal content (less than 0.2 wt.%). The microporous and mesoporous HPS were both synthesized and used as supports in order to address the influence of porosity. Synthesized catalysts were shown to be active and selective: in the case of C₅, hydrogenation selectivity to the target product was more than 95%, at close to complete alkynol conversion. Mesoporous catalysts have shown some advantages in hydrogenation of long-chain alkynols.     

Some recent developments in the field of catalysis by metals at the IFP

This paper presents some of IFP's results in the field of catalysis by metals. Selective hydrogenation of unsatured C₄ hydrocarbons and hydrogenation or dehydrogenation of different C₄ oxygenated molecules are presented. New preparations and the help of new characterization technics have allowed the development of new industrial catalysts.     

微量Li助剂对Co/AC催化剂合成高碳醇性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了含微量Li 的15Co_xLi/AC 催化剂,考察了微量Li 助剂对15Co/AC催化剂上CO加氢合成高碳醇性能的影响. 采用X射线衍射、程序升温还原和程序升温表面反应技术对15Co_xLi/AC 催化剂进行了表征,结果表明,微量Li 的添加可以提高催化剂上CO加氢活性、生成C₅₊烃的选择性、合成醇的选择性以及高碳醇的分布. 这主要是由于微量Li 助剂与Co物种形成了弱相互作用,促进了催化剂Co物种的分散,形成较小Co晶粒,促进了Co₂C的形成.     

Selective Transformation of Syngas into Gasoline‐Range Hydrocarbons over Mesoporous H‐ZSM‐5‐Supported Cobalt Nanoparticles

Bifunctional Fischer–Tropsch (FT) catalysts that couple uniform‐sized Co nanoparticles for CO hydrogenation and mesoporous zeolites for hydrocracking/isomerization reactions were found to be promising for the direct production of gasoline‐range (C_5–11) hydrocarbons from syngas. The Brønsted acidity results in hydrocracking/isomerization of the heavier hydrocarbons formed on Co nanoparticles, while the mesoporosity contributes to suppressing the formation of lighter (C_1–4) hydrocarbons. The selectivity for C_5–11 hydrocarbons could reach about 70 % with a ratio of isoparaffins to n‐paraffins of approximately 2.3 over this catalyst, and the former is markedly higher than the maximum value (ca. 45 %) expected from the Anderson–Schulz–Flory distribution. By using n‐hexadecane as a model compound, it was clarified that both the acidity and mesoporosity play key roles in controlling the hydrocracking reactions and thus contribute to the improved product selectivity in FT synthesis.     

Conversion of Phenol and Lignin as Components of Renewable Raw Materials on Pt and Ru-Supported Catalysts

Hydrogenation of phenol in aqueous solutions on Pt-Ni/SiO₂, Pt-Ni-Cr/Al₂O₃, Pt/C, and Ru/C catalysts was studied at temperatures of 150–250 °C and pressures of 40–80 bar. The possibility of hydrogenation of hydrolysis lignin in an aqueous medium in the presence of a Ru/C catalyst is shown. The conversion of hydrolysis lignin and water-soluble sodium lignosulfonate occurs with the formation of a complex mixture of monomeric products: a number of phenols, products of their catalytic hydrogenation (cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone), and hydrogenolysis products (cyclic and aliphatic C₂–C₇ hydrocarbons).     

MOFs衍生炭负载的钴基催化剂的廉价制备及其CO加氢催化性能

以对苯二甲酸（H₂BDC）为配体、乙酸钴为Co源、水作溶剂,通过共沉淀法合成了金属有机框架材料（Co-BDC MOFs）;以其为前驱体分别在乙炔和氩气氛下采用化学气相沉积法制备了核壳结构Co@C催化剂。结合XRD、氮吸附、SEM、TEM、XPS、TGA和Raman光谱等手段对Co@C催化剂的结构和组成进行了表征,考察了该催化剂在费托合成反应中的活性及稳定性。结果表明,炭化气氛对炭层结构的石墨化程度有较大影响,而对金属Co核的物相结构和粒径影响较小;乙炔气氛有助于形成多孔的石墨炭壳,从而促进烃链的生长,Co@C-C₂H₂催化剂上的C₅₊烃产物选择性高达82.66%,反应过程中催化剂物相由单相金属Co转变为金属Co与Co₂C的混合相,且无失活现象发生,表明Co₂C具有较高的费托反应催化活性。     

双配体CuFe@MOFs材料为前驱体的催化剂的组分调控对CO2加氢制C2+醇性能的影响

采用水热法制备了以对苯二甲酸和对氨基苯甲酸为配体的双配体Fe基MOFs材料(MIL-88B(Fe)),在浸渍一定量Cu物种后经氮气气氛焙烧得到活性组分均匀分散的CuFe基催化剂。通过改变2种配体的比例调控催化剂表面Fe活性物种的价态分布,并考察了其用于固定床反应器上CO_2加氢制C_(2+)醇的催化性能,结合X射线衍射(XRD)、H_2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、N_2吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征结果发现,对苯二甲酸与对氨基苯甲酸物质的量之比为5∶2时,催化剂表面低价态铁原子占比为71.27%,催化剂展现最优的催化活性,CO_2转化率为8.80%,总醇选择性为31.52%,其中C_(2+)醇的物质的量分数达到94.70%。     

复合催化剂上CO2加氢合成C2烃类

介绍了由CO₂+H₂合成C2⁺烃的几种复合催化剂体系的研究进展，比较和评价了复合催化剂体系的活性和选择性及对C2⁺烃类生成的影响。着重于复合催化剂体系对C4⁺烃的生成及产物分布的影响并简述反应机理。     

Utilization of associated petroleum gas via small-scale power generation

The utilization of associated petroleum gas via power generation in modern gas piston engines or gas turbines involves some difficulties due to a significant content of heavy C₅₊ hydrocarbons which are prone to detonation and soot and tar formation. Two pretreatment technologies were described for associated petroleum gas utilization via power generation. Selective oxycracking of heavy hydrocarbons in associated petroleum gas allows their conversion to lighter and high octane molecules. The conversion of associated petroleum gas into syngas with the use of volumetric radiant matrix not only enables utilization of associated petroleum via power generation but also opens prospects for its complete utilization with production of synthetic liquid hydrocarbons via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis route.     

Depolymerization and hydrodeoxygenation of lignin to aromatic hydrocarbons with a Ru catalyst on a variety of Nb-based supports

Efficient conversion of lignin to aromatic hydrocarbons via depolymerization and subsequent hydrodeoxygenation is important. Previously, we found that NbO_x species played a key role in the activation and cleavage of C–O bonds in lignin and its model compounds. In this study, commercial niobic acid (HY-340), niobium phosphate (NbPO-CBMM) and lab-made layered niobium oxide (Nb₂O₅-Layer) were chosen as supports to study the effect of Brönsted and Lewis acids on the activation of C–O bonds in lignin conversion. A variety of Ru-loaded, Nb-based catalysts with different Ru particle sizes were prepared and applied to the conversion of p-cresol. The results show that all the Ru/Nb-based catalysts produce high mole yields of C₇–C₉ hydrocarbons (82.3–99.1%). What's more, Ru/Nb₂O₅-Layer affords the best mole yield of C₇–C₉ hydrocarbons and selectivity for C₇–C₉ aromatic hydrocarbons, of up to 99.1% and 88.0%, respectively. Moreover, it was found that Lewis acid sites play important roles in the depolymerization of enzymatic lignin into phenolic monomers and the cleavage of the C–O bond of phenols. Additionally, the electronic state and particle size of Ru are significant factors which influence the selectivity for aromatic hydrocarbons. A partial positive charge on the metallic Ru surface and a smaller Ru particle size are beneficial in improving the selectivity for aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Recent advances in understanding the key catalyst factors for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Catalytic conversion of synthesis gas (CO+H₂) into hydrocarbons, also known as Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis, is a crucial reaction for the transformation of non-petroleum carbon resources such as coal, natural gas, shale gas, coal-bed gas and biogas, as well as biomass into liquid fuels and chemicals. Many factors can influence the catalytic behavior of a FT catalyst. This review highlights recent advances in understanding some key catalyst factors, including the chemical state of active phases, the promoters, the size and the microenvironment of active phase, which determine the CO conversion activity and the product selectivity, particularly the selectivity to C₅₊ hydrocarbons.