层剥离MWW结构分子筛的直接可控合成

分子筛是一类重要的催化材料,在石油和煤制化学品工业中应用广泛.目前,国际分子筛协会结构委员会确认的248种分子筛骨架结构中的19种已经商业化应用,如FAU,MFI,*BEA,MOR和MWW.具有多层结构的MCM-22是MWW结构分子筛的典型代表,已应用于苯与乙烯液相烷基化制乙苯.然而,烷基化反应主要发生在位于MCM-22分子筛晶体外表面的半超笼内,位于10元环孔道和12元环超笼内的酸性位对乙烯转化率几乎没有贡献.因此,有必要制备能够容纳更多半超笼的具有超大外比表面积的新型MWW结构分子筛.厚度仅2.5 nm的单层MWW结构分子筛ITQ-2具备以上特征,但是其较弱的酸性质及复杂的制备过程使其无法工业应用.受到采用具有长碳链的双子季铵阳离子两亲性有机结构导向剂直接合成层状MFI分子筛的启发,其有机结构导向剂同时起到导向MFI结构和抑制晶体沿b轴方向生长的作用.类似地,层剥离MWW结构分子筛也被直接合成出来,但所得材料的催化性能不理想,且有机结构导向剂不易得.通过对MCM-22分子筛的结构分析发现,其合成态是由多个MWW结构层有序组装而成,可以通过溶胀处理增大层间距,削弱层间相互作用,经超声处理即可实现层剥离.鉴于此,本文采用向合成MCM-22分子筛的常规体系中加入二环己基胺充当有机添加剂构筑'双功能'合成体系的策略,开展层剥离MWW结构分子筛新材料的直接合成.X射线衍射(XRD)结果表明,与MCM-22分子筛相比,在二环己基胺参与下合成的分子筛SCM-1(DCHA/SiO2=0.4)和SCM-6(DCHA/SiO2=0.6)的XRD谱中与MWW结构c轴方向有关的(101)和(102)晶面的衍射峰出现偏移和重叠的现象,表明其沿c轴方向有序性降低.扫描电子显微镜显示,所有样品均为片状形貌,其中SCM-6含有少量无定形物种.氩气及氮气物理吸附结果表明,SCM-1和SCM-6具有超大外比表面积,而微孔体积小于MCM-22分子筛.透射电子显微镜表征结果表明,MCM-22为多层结构,厚度约为20 nm,而SCM-1和SCM-6的厚度分别约为5.0和2.5 nm,对应双层和单层结构,表明在有机添加剂参与下直接合成了层剥离的新型MWW结构分子筛.值得注意的是,通过调节添加剂用量,可以调节剥离程度,即实现可控层剥离,得到完全(单层)或部分(双层)剥离的MWW结构分子筛.该方法所采用的添加剂的尺寸是关键因素,选用尺寸大于有机结构导向剂的添加剂才能有效抑制晶体沿c轴方向的有序生长,实现层剥离MWW结构分子筛的直接合成.采用该方法合成的新型MWW结构分子筛具有超大外比表面积和更多的表面半超笼,在苯与乙烯液相烷基化反应中,SCM-1催化的乙烯转化率明显高于MCM-22分子筛.SCM-6因结晶度低而未能表现出优势.进一步比较SCM-1和MCM-22的催化稳定性发现,SCM-1的稳定性更好,经过64 h连续反应,其吸附的有机物及积碳更少.在1,3,5-三异丙苯裂解反应中,SCM-1的催化性能也明显优于MCM-22.     

Top-down fabrication of crystalline metal-organic framework nanosheets

Crystalline metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets have been fabricated via top-down delamination from bulk crystals of a layered MOF, {Zn(TPA)(H(2)O)·DMF}(n) (MOF-2), and characterized by Tyndall scattering, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements. The delaminated MOF-2 nanosheets exhibit remarkable amine intercalation property and reversible amine exchangeability.     

Y沸石的高温合成

采用甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTS)为添加剂, 在高温(140 °C)条件下水热合成出具有六方片状形貌的Y型沸石. 相比于100 °C左右合成的Y型沸石, 高温合成的Y沸石具有更高的硅铝比值、更大的晶体宽厚比值以及对有机挥发物具有优异的吸附性能. 通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、²⁹Si固体核磁共振(NMR)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、碳氢氮元素分析(CHN)、水接触角等表征, 证明了所合成的新型Y沸石具有甲基基团, 它们的存在增强了疏水性能, 提高了对有机挥发物的吸附能力.     

Photochromogenic nanosheet crystallites of tungstate with a 2D bronze structure

Layered rubidium tungstate, Rb(4)W(11)O(35), with a two-dimensional (2D) bronze-type tunnel structure was successfully delaminated into colloidal nanosheets via a soft-chemical process involving acid exchange and subsequent intercalation of tetrabutylammonium ions. Characterizations by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy confirmed the formation of unilamellar 2D nanosheet crystallites with a unique thickness of ～3 nm and an average lateral size of 400 nm. The obtained nanosheets exhibited reversible color change upon UV-light excitation via an optical band gap of 3.5 eV. The ultimate 2D aspect ratio favorable for an adsorption of charge-compensating cations to trapped electrons working as a color center is presumably responsible for highly efficient photochromic behavior. Its coloration mainly consists of a broad band at a wavelength of 1800 nm and longer, which is much different from that of the common tungstate nanomaterials. Thus, the chromogenic nanosheet obtained in this study features the intense UV absorption and optically switchable visible-to-IR absorption, which may be useful for window applications such as cutoff filters and heat-absorbing films.     

WC/天然沸石纳米复合材料的制备与电催化活性

以天然沸石为载体,偏钨酸铵为钨源,将机械化学法与原位还原碳化技术结合,制备了碳化钨与天然沸石的纳米复合材料.制备过程中,首先对天然沸石进行预处理,然后按硅钨摩尔比为2:1配置偏钨酸铵与沸石混合物,经机械球磨得到三氧化钨与沸石复合前驱体,再将前驱体在管式炉内1173K温度下,在CH4与H2混合气氛中还原碳化即得碳化钨与沸石的纳米复合材料.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能量散射谱(EDS)分别对样品的晶相、形貌、微结构和化学组成进行了表征.结果表明,样品主要由一碳化钨、碳化二钨、石英、丝光沸石、斜发沸石等物相组成.其中,一碳化钨晶粒约为30nm,碳化二钨的晶粒约为20nm.应用粉末微电极测试了样品在中性溶液中对对硝基苯酚的电催化活性.结果表明,在中性溶液中样品对对硝基苯酚电催化活性优于介孔空心球状碳化钨,样品的电还原催化活性与其WC的质量分数和WC与W2C的质量比相关.碳化钨与沸石构成复合材料后,两者具有明显的协同效应.     

Deposition of Silicon Carbide Thin Films from 1,1-Dimethyl-1-Silacyclobutane

1,1-Dimethyl-1-silacyclobutane was used as a single-source precursor to deposit SiC thin films on Si(100) and Si(111) by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). Polycrystalline β-SiC thin films were grown at temperatures 1100 and 1200°C. At temperatures between 950 and 1100°C, amorphous thin films of silicon carbide were obtained. The films were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and electron diffraction (ED).     

Effect of zeolite precursor on the formation of MCM-41 molecular sieve containing zeolite Y building units

The effect of zeolite Y precursor on the formation of MCM-41 containing zeolite Y building units has been investigated by means of UV Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Study of the precursor formation shows that 4-membered ring species are formed at the early stages of crystallization. Zeolite Y begins to appear after crystallization for 4 h, and its crystallinity increases with increasing crystallization time. However, lowering the pH value to ～9.3 in the second step not only facilitates the polymerization of silicate species, but also leads to the structural change of the precursors. Pure MCM-41 mesoporous phase containing zeolite Y building units and the mixture of zeolite Y and MCM-41 can be formed combining the effects of the precursor structure and the pH adjustment.     

室温离子液体中合成方钠石的研究

本文以离子液体为溶剂, 在常压下采用离子液体热合成方法合成了方钠石分子筛.     

层板剥离水滑石的制备及影响因素

采用阴离子表面活性剂N-月桂酰基谷氨酸(LG)为插层分子，研究了烷烃-LG-水(O/W)微乳液中烷烃量的变化对插层水滑石层间距的影响，同时研究了烷烃分子大小和水滑石层板阳离子不同对水滑石剥离难易程度的影响。实验表明，随着微乳液中烷烃含量的增加，制备得到了由插层到层板剥离的水滑石，并且烷烃的链长越长，水滑石的剥离越容易实现。层板化学组成对剥离难易程度也有影响，难易程度依次是Mg/Al-LDH，Zn/Al-LDH和Ni/Al-LDH。     

Direct Dual‐Template Synthesis of MWW Zeolite Monolayers

A two‐dimensional zeolite with the topology of MWW sheets has been obtained by direct synthesis with a combination of two organic structure‐directing agents. The resultant material consists of approximately 70 % single and double layers and displays a well‐structured external surface area of about 300 m² g^?1. The delaminated zeolite prepared by means of this single‐step synthetic route has a high delamination degree, and the structural integrity of the MWW layers is well preserved. The new zeolite material displayed excellent activity, selectivity, and stability when used as a catalyst for the alkylation of benzene with propylene and found to be superior to the catalysts that are currently used for producing cumene.     

HCl处理后局部有序Y沸石的二次晶化

将商品 Y 型沸石用 HCl 处理后, 运用 X 射线粉末衍射, 透射电镜和扫描电镜、红外光谱及 27Al 和 29Si 魔角旋转核磁共振对其进行了表征. 结果表明, 酸处理后 Y 沸石接近无定形, 其长程有序性遭到破坏, 但还保留部分局部结构. 以不同浓度酸处理后的 Y 沸石为前驱体, 在 150 oC, 0.3 mol/L NaOH 条件下采用蒸汽辅助干胶转化法进行二次晶化, 可以获得丝光沸石, 其相纯度与前驱体的 Si/Al 密切相关. 随 Si/Al 比不同, 所得丝光沸石形貌由纳米针状堆积逐渐向微米单块状变化, 且其比表面积可达 400 m2/g 以上, 微孔孔容在 0.19 cm3/g.     

Zeolite Beta Formation from Clear Sols: Silicate Speciation,Particle Formation and Crystallization Monitored by Complementary Analysis Methods

The formation of silicate nanoaggregates (NAs) at the very early stages of precursor sols and zeolite beta crystallization from silicate nanoparticles (NPs) are investigated in detail using a combination of different analysis methods, including liquid‐state ²⁹Si, ²⁷Al, ¹⁴N, and ¹H NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy at cryogenic temperatures (cryo‐TEM). Prior to hydrothermal treatment, silicate NAs are observed if the Si/OH ratio in the reaction mixture is greater than 1. Condensation of oligomers within the NAs then generates NPs. Aluminum doped into the synthesis mixtures is located exclusively in the NPs, and is found exclusively in a state that is fourfold connected to silicate, favoring their condensation and aggregation. These results are in agreement with general trends observed for other systems. Silicate NAs are essential intermediates for zeolite formation and are generated by the aggregation of hydrated oligomers, aluminate, and templating cations. Subsequent further intra‐nanoaggregate silicate condensation results in the formation of NPs. ¹H and ¹⁴N liquid NMR as well as diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) experiments provide evidence for weakly restricted rotational and translational mobility of the organic template within NAs as a consequence of specific silicate–template interactions. NAs thus appear as key species in clear sols, and their presence in the precursor sol favors silicate condensation and further crystallization, promoted either by increasing the Si/OH ratio or by heating.     

Fabrication of oriented zeolite L monolayers employing luminescent perylenediimide-bridged silsesquioxane precursor as the covalent linker

Oriented zeolite L (LTL, (M)(9)[Al(9)Si(27)O(72)].nH(2)O (M = K(+) and Na(+))) monolayers with dense packing and high coverage degree has been obtained by using a luminescent perylenediimide-bridged silsesquioxane precursor as the novel molecular binder.     

A novel method for synthesis of mesoporous ZSM-5 from iron ore tailings

Mesoporous ZSM-5 was prepared from iron ore tailings (IOT) using a two-step process. Mesoporous MCM-41 was first synthesized using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as mesoporous template and IOT as silica source. The CTAB in the as-synthesized MCM-41 was used as the mesoporogen to produce the mesoporous ZSM-5, by recrystallizing the amorphous walls of MCM-41 with tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr) as the structure-directing agent via solid-phase conversion. To evaluate the textural properties of mesoporous ZSM-5, the as-synthesized samples were characterized using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, ²⁹Si, ²⁷Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption. The results show that phase separation between the surfactant and zeolite crystals was avoided in the solid-phase conversion process, which transforms the as-synthesized MCM-41 to mesoporous zeolite. Therefore, the synthetic route presented herein provides a novel method for the synthesis of mesoporous ZSM-5 from IOT.

     

纳米晶簇多级孔道L沸石的合成及其脱硫性能

采用晶化培育法制备了L沸石纳米晶簇,以其作为前驱体,并以3-三甲基甲硅烷基丙基十六烷基二甲基氯化铵(TPHAC)为模板剂,合成了微孔-介孔多级孔道L沸石(MeLTL沸石).通过X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、27Al固体魔角核磁(27AlMASNMR)和吡啶傅立叶变换红外(Py-FTIR)等方法对MeLTL沸石进行了表征.研究结果表明,MeLTL沸石是由L沸石纳米晶簇自组装形成的,并具有介孔孔道和L沸石的微孔结构以及适宜的酸量与酸强度,其比表面积和孔体积分别高达611m2.g-1和0.696cm.3g-1.将MeLTL沸石作为添加剂引入柴油加氢脱硫催化剂载体中,并与添加L沸石、Al-MCM-41和仅以γ-Al2O3为载体的催化剂进行比较,其脱硫性能为最佳,经加氢后的柴油硫含量仅为9.3μg.g-1,脱硫率达99.3%.     

Influence of graphene oxide on electrochemical performance of Si anode material for lithium-ion batteries

We have developed a Si/graphene oxide electrode synthesized via ultrasonication-stirring method under alkaline condition. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscope(TEM), EDS dot-mapping and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM) results show that Si particles are evenly dispersed on the graphene oxide sheets. The electrochemical performance was investigated by galvanostatic charge/discharge tests at room temperature. The results revealed that Si/graphene oxide electrode exhibited a high reversible capacity of 2825 mAh/g with a coulombic efficiency of 94.6%at 100 mA/g after 15 cycles and a capacity retention of 70.8% after 105 cycles at 4000 mA/g. These performance parameters show a great potential in the high-performance batteries application for portable electronics, electric vehicles and renewable energy storage.     

Biocatalytic synthesis of a nanostructured and crystalline bimetallic perovskite-like barium oxofluorotitanate at low temperature

Silicatein, an enzymatic biocatalyst from the marine sponge Tethya aurantia, is demonstrated to catalyze and template the hydrolysis/condensation of the molecular precursor BaTiF6 at low temperature to form nanocrystalline BaTiOF4, an orthorhombic oxofluorotitanate. The kinetics of hydrolysis and growth were studied in-situ via pH profiling and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) techniques. The composition and structure of the resulting BaTiOF4 microstructures on the silicatein surface were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and selected area electron diffraction. The silicatein-mediated hydrolysis/condensation of BaTiF6 generates nanocrystalline BaTiOF4 (a high-temperature intermediate to BaTiO3) at 16 degrees C without any added acid or base, and the growth is templated along the protein filaments into floret microstructures. The unique combination of silicatein and the single-source molecular precursor has allowed a multimetallic perovskite-like material to be biocatalytically synthesized, in vitro, for the first time.     

One-pot synthesis of MWW zeolite nanosheets using a rationally designed organic structure-directing agent

A new material MIT-1 comprised of delaminated MWW zeolite nanosheets is made in a one-pot synthesis using a rationally designed organic structure-directing agent (OSDA). The OSDA consists of a hydrophilic head segment that resembles the OSDA used to synthesize the zeolite precursor MCM-22(P), a hydrophobic tail segment that resembles the swelling agent used to swell MCM-22(P), and a di-quaternary ammonium linker that connects both segments. MIT-1 features high crystallinity and surface areas exceeding 500 m² g^–1, and can be synthesized over a wide synthesis window that includes Si/Al ratios ranging from 13 to 67. Characterization data reveal high mesoporosity and acid strength with no detectable amorphous silica phases. Compared to MCM-22 and MCM-56, MIT-1 shows a three-fold increase in catalytic activity for the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of benzene with benzyl alcohol.     

Ordered micro/mesoporous composite prepared as thin films

A new synthesis method for preparation of thin films and powders consisting of zeolite beta nanocrystals embedded in ordered mesoporous silica matrix is described. The final structures possessing bimodal porosity, i.e., high degree of mesophase order and spatially defined microporous zeolite nanocrystals are obtained via simultaneous solvent evaporation of preformed silica/surfactant/ethanol/nanosized zeolite beta assemblies. The films were characterized with grazing-incident diffraction (GID), nitrogen sorption based on gravimetric measurements with quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) devices, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is shown that the incorporation of beta nanocrystals in the mesoporous silica matrix and the mesophase order itself can be controlled through the variation of the fractional amounts of the zeolite nanoparticles and silica/surfactant solutions. The HR-TEM measurements showed that the nanosized Beta microporous crystals are separated and at the same time connected through an ordered mesostructured matrix.     

Molecular dynamics study of hydrated faujasite-type zeolites

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of hydrated zeolite NaX (Si/Al = 1.0) and NaY (Si/Al = 2.0) were done at a temperature of 300 K. The calculation results show that the adsorption of water occurs via a three-step mechanism in zeolite NaX: (1) adsorption around Na, (2) formation of a monolayer on the walls, and (3) pore filling in the supercage during which adsorbed water molecules are localized around the 12-membered rings. Zeolite NaY adsorbs in a similar manner. However, at intermediate hydration states, cluster formation occurs around Na instead of monolayer formation. The calculated energy distribution functions suggest that in zeolite NaX, the water vapor adsorption can be expressed by using the Langmuir model with two adsorption sites, but in zeolite NaY, it is not Langmuir-type adsorption.