EPR Spectroscopy of Mercury-Organic Compounds with Nitroxide Radicals

Intramolecular electron spin exchange as a function of temperature, solvent viscosity and polarity has been studied by X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for two nitroxide biradicals containing mercury-organic groups in the bridge connecting two 1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-3,4-ene-nitroxide rings, R. The temperature dependence of the isotropic hyperfine splitting (hfs) constant a ^N and the exchange integral value |J/a| of the biradicals were measured from EPR spectra and subsequently analyzed comparing to a ^N and a ^Hg hfs constants of ClHgR radical dissolved in the same solvents. In all cases, the interaction of solvent molecules (SM) with >N–O fragments of nitroxide rings led to a slight decrease in a values with increasing temperature. The |J/a| value varied slightly with temperature T changes. The changes of |J/a| are much less comparing to those with variation of the solvent polarity. The interaction between SM and Hg atoms inside the bridge is observed and discussed.     

利用发射光谱研究脉冲电晕放电中的自由基

利用发射光谱技术在大气压下测量了以氮气为载气的不饱和水蒸气体系针-板式正脉冲电晕放电产生的OH(A^2∑→X^2Ⅱ0—O)自由基和O(3p^5P→3s^5S^02777．4nm),Ha(3P→2S 656．3nm)活性原子的发射光谱,并由N2(C^3Ⅱu→B^3Ⅱg)的△v=-3和△v=-4振动带序发射光谱强度计算得出N2(C,v)的相对振动布居及其振动温度,进而采用高斯分布拟合准确地求出了N2(C^3Ⅱu→B^3Ⅱg)的△v= 1振动带序发射光谱强度,从而可以由N2(C^3Ⅱu→B^3Ⅱg)的△v= 1振动带序与OH(A^2∑→X^2Ⅱ0—0)的重叠发射光谱中准确求出OH(A^2∑→X^2Ⅱ0—0)自由基的发射光谱强度。由发射光谱强度得到了激发态OH(A^3∑)自由基和O(3p^5P),Ha(3P)活性原子的布居。还研究了激发态OH(A^2∑)自由基和O(3p^5P),Ha(3P)活性原子的布居随放电电压和放电频率的变化以及氧气对激发态OH(A^2∑)自由基和O(3p^5P),Ha(3P)活性原子布居的影响。     

A Calibration Reaction for Rapid Freeze-Quench W-Band EPR

A simple setup for rapid freeze-quench electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) at W-band is described. It is based on a BioLogic commercial apparatus and a modified sample collection appropriate for W-band capillaries. The standard reaction of myoglobin with azide, which converts high-spin Fe(III) to low-spin Fe(III), used for calibration of rapid freeze-quench X-band EPR is very inconvenient for high-field measurements. Here we propose a different simple calibration reaction for W-band: the reduction of a nitroxide free radical with sodium dithionite using Mn²⁺ as an internal standard. Using this calibration reaction we determined the dead time of our system to be less than 10 ms.     

An EPR Study of Superoxide Radicals from Potassium Superoxide Solutions

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and the spin trapping technique were employed in order to monitor the superoxide radical liberated from potassium superoxide in aqueous alkaline solutions; DEPMPO (5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) was used as a trapping agent. Three reaction systems were prepared, varying the ratios between KO₂, superoxide and DEPMPO. The data indicate distinct mechanisms leading to DEPMPO/spin adducts with different kinetic rates.     

Relaxation Time Measurements by Longitudinally Modulated ENDOR Spectroscopy on Irradiated L-Alanine Single Crystal

Longitudinally modulated electron-nuclear double-resonance (LOMENDOR) investigations of CH₃(COOH)CH· radicals in an irradiated single crystal of L-alanine have been performed over a temperature range from 203 to 313 K. First- and second-harmonic LOMENDOR, LOMESR, and variable-frequency LOMENDOR spectra have confirmed that cross relaxation due to random isotropic hyperfine coupling modulation via methyl group rotation is the dominant nuclear relaxation mechanism. The electron and nuclear relaxation times have been measured and the corresponding relaxation probabilities obtained. A comparison of the experimental and theoretical magnitudes of the cross-relaxation probability leads to the determination of the activation energy and correlation time for the rotation of the methyl group, which are in good agreement with values previously obtained by other methods.     

Heavy-Ion-Induced Sucrose and L-α-Alanine Radicals Investigated by EPR

We investigated the details of sucrose and L-α-alanine radicals produced by heavy-ion irradiation with various linear energy transfer (LET) values. The impact of the heavy ions on samples produced stable free radicals, which were analyzed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The spectral patterns obtained were similar among those for the irradiation of carbon (C), neon (Ne), silicon (Si), and argon (Ar) ions. The radical production of irradiated sucrose and alanine samples showed a linear relation with the absorbed dose. The total spin concentration obtained by heavy-ion irradiation decreases as logarithmic function of the LET. Quantitative EPR analysis showed that the production of sucrose and alanine radicals depended on both the ion species and the LET values under the same dose. Moreover, the radical-production cross sections for sucrose and alanine irradiated with C ions (290 MeV/u) were about 1.3 · 10⁻⁸ and about 3.0 · 10⁻⁹ μm², respectively. The results of the cross section suggest that each molecule becomes a stable radical with the interaction of several particles. Authors' address: Kouichi Nakagawa, Radioisotope Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikari-gaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan     

EPR Study of the Orientation Distribution Function of HO2 • Radicals Ordered by Light Irradiation

Partial orientational alignment of HO₂ ^• radicals in the matrix of glassy hydrogen peroxide was created by light irradiation. The orientation distribution function of the radicals was found by analyzing the angular dependence of electron paramagnetic resonance spectra. The direction of the dipole transition moment of HO₂ ^• in the molecular frame of reference was determined. Authors' address: Natalia A. Chumakova, Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1/3, Moscow 119899, Russian Federation     

脉冲电晕放电中OH自由基的发射光谱研究

采用发射光谱法测量了在加湿的空气、氮气、氩气3种气体背景下脉冲电晕放电产生的OH自由基,通过对发射谱线的分析,研究了在3种背景条件下,脉冲峰值电压、脉冲频率等因素对OH自由基产生过程的影响,着重研究了气体湿度对OH自由基产生过程的影响以及OH自由基在放电电场中的分布特性。实验表明OH自由基的生成量随脉冲峰值电压和脉冲频率的增大而增大,而湿度变化对其影响则与放电背景环境有关,不同背景气体下其变化规律也不相同。空气中放电时产生的OH自由基数量随湿度的增大而增大,氮气中OH自由基的生成量随湿度增大呈先增大后减小趋势,而氩气中OH自由基数量随湿度的增大呈先减少后增大趋势。OH自由基在放电电场中的分布呈从针电极中心向四周逐渐减少趋势。     

几种氮氧自由基与β-环糊精及其衍生物作用的EPR研究

测定了三种氮氧自由基与环糊精相互作用的EPR波谱，计算了波谱参数. 结果表明：与环糊精作用后，自由基的超精细分裂常数(a_n) 值及旋转相关时间(τ_c)都有规律变化，由此探讨了氮氧自由基与环糊精相互作用位点及作用力大小.     

Determination of Radicals Energy Levels in the Bandgap of Nanocrystalline Oxides of Titanium,Molybdenum, and Vanadium Using EPR Spectroscopy

Doklady Physics - A new method for constructing energy band diagrams based on EPR spectroscopy data is proposed and applied to study nitrogen-doped nanocrystalline oxides of titanium, molybdenum,...     

Insights About CHAPS Aggregation Obtained by Spin Label EPR Spectroscopy

CHAPS is a zwitterionic surfactant derivative of bile salts, widely used in membrane protein isolation. While some studies regarding CHAPS self-aggregation suggest continuous increase in micelle size at increasing CHAPS concentration, other works point to the existence of two definite micelle types. In this work, stearic acid spin labels (5, 12, or 16-SASL) were added to CHAPS solutions to obtain information about the micellar structure using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The spectra of 12-SASL were processed using Principal Factor Analysis, and at all concentrations they could be reproduced as linear combinations of only three fundamental spectra, the first one corresponding to free 12-SASL in aqueous solution. This fact suggests only two hydrophobic environments that host 12-SASL, assigned to primary and secondary CHAPS micelles. The relative populations of the label in each environment were obtained as a function of CHAPS concentration. Our results suggest barrel-shaped primary micelles with a minimum mean radius of 1.46 nm, and a critical micelle concentration cmc_I = 4 mM. Secondary micelles are formed by aggregation of primary ones, with cmc_II = 10 mM. They have several elongated hydrophobic pockets, with similar dimensions for all aggregate sizes. Our results contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of interaction of chain amphiphiles with CHAPS micelles.     

EPR Spectroscopy Using Magnetic Field Gradient Modulated by a Triangular Wave

Magnetic field gradient modulation is one of the techniques to obtain an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum in a selected region of the sample. In this study, the magnetic field gradient modulation using a triangular wave was performed to overcome a problem during the sine wave modulation. Plastic materials were used for the bobbins and cases of the electromagnet to reduce the eddy current loss and drive the gradient coils in three-dimensional directions at a frequency of over 160 Hz. While the EPR signal splitting in a nonselected region, which is a problem in spectral analysis, was observed during the simulation and the actual measurement with the sine wave gradient modulation, the EPR signal broadening without splitting was observed in those with the triangular wave modulation. Thus, it is postulated that the triangular wave is more suitable than the sine one for the field gradient modulation. The spatial resolution was determined to be about 4 or 2 mm at the field gradient of 1 or 2 mT/cm, respectively. The separation of the EPR spectra of two types of radicals was also made by the triangular wave gradient modulation. Authors' address: Hidekatsu Yokoyama, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1, Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara 324-8501, Japan     

光腔衰荡光谱技术测定大气水汽稳定同位素校正方法研究

几乎所有小的气相分子（如H₂O,CO₂等）均具有独特的近红外吸收光谱,在负压条件下,每种微小的气相分子都拥有一对一的特征光谱线,基于这一原理人们开始使用激光光谱（IRIS）技术来准确分析气体样品中的同位素组成。该方法克服了传统同位素比质谱（isotope ratio mass spectrometry, IRMS）方法的局限性,已经成为公认的高精度、高灵敏度和高准确度的痕量气体检测方法。以大气水汽稳定同位素研究为例,大气水汽稳定同位素组成对水汽源区及其通道上的输送过程等水循环研究有着重要的指示意义。激光光谱技术使得大气水汽氢氧稳定同位素（δ18O和δD）野外原位连续高分辨率观测成为可能。但是,其观测精度和准确度受仪器运作特点、不同浓度大气水汽对特定光谱吸收性的敏感性差异等因素的影响,通常观测结果具有明显的非线性响应问题。因此,有必要对仪器观测过程中出现的各种偏差进行校正,但现阶段许多用户对新观测技术的国际校正方法尚不清楚。因此,基于波长扫描-光腔衰荡光谱（WS-CRDS）技术的大气水汽同位素观测系统（Picarro L2120-i）,通过可调谐二极管激光器（Tunable Diode Laser, TDL）发射可被待测气体分子所吸收的不同波长的激光,测量不同波长下的衰荡时间（即有样品吸收的衰荡时间）;TDL发射不能被待测气体吸收的不同波长的激光,测量每个波长下的衰荡时间（相当于无样品吸收的衰荡时间）。通过分析有无样品吸收的衰荡时间差,高精度计算待测气体的分子浓度,进而计算水汽稳定同位素组成。从记忆效应、漂移效应、浓度效应等方面,系统建立了一套准确可靠的大气水汽稳定同位素观测流程与校正方法,为正在使用或将要使用此类设备的研究人员提供参考,以获得高精度和高可靠性的大气水汽稳定同位素观测数据。     

石英矿物表面反应性的EPR谱学研究

采用顺磁共振谱（ＥＰＲ）方法对不同ｐＨ值条件下石英表面与Ｃｕ＾２＋离子反应的机理进行研究。当溶液的ｐＨ值在２至１１之间地,石英表面Ｃｕ＾２＋离子的吸附覆盖率相应地由０至１０．３２％变化;同时,其ＥＰＲ谱的线形、线宽及ｇ因子值也发生了特征的变化。研究表明,随着石英表面Ｃｕ＾２＋离子的吸附覆盖率的不断升高,表面反应产物的结合形态相应地出现单核化合物、多核化合物直至表面沉淀。     

Multifrequency Probe for Pulsed EPR and ENDOR Spectroscopy

The design, construction, and performance of a multifrequency pulsed EPR and ENDOR probe for use at cryogenic temperatures are described. Interchangeable resonators based on a folded strip line design allow variation of the resonance frequency over a range of 5-11 GHz. Variable coupling to the resonator is achieved capacitively via a simple mechanical adjustment which is thermally and mechanically stable. The entire assembly is robust and easily fabricated. Common methods of analyzing the resonator parameters such as the Q-factor and coupling coefficient are discussed quantitatively. Probe performance data and multifrequency pulsed ENDOR spectra are presented.     

Room Temperature Solution ENDOR of some Super Stable Fluorocarbon Radicals

Room temperature fluorine electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) has been successfully observed for several superstable fluorocarbon radicals ·C(C₂F₄R)(i-C₃F₇)₂ in solution. Three radicals were employed in which CF₃, F, and O-c-C₆F₁₀SO₃C₂F₅ were introduced as R, and all the hyperfine couplings (hfcs) obtained by ENDOR were assigned with the help of ESR simulation and ab initio MO calculation. In case of ·C(i-C₃F₇)₃ large ¹³C and considerable β-fluorine couplings suggest the nonplaner arrangement for the central and three carbons at the β-position, in spite of the fact that all the methyl fluorine show the same hfc. Therefore, a rapid puckering motion along the C₃ axis together with the methyl rotation should average the hfc’s of the 18 fluorine nuclei to give the same value. When one of the CF₃ groups is substituted with an F nucleus, the five CF₃ groups give two hfc values, suggesting some dynamics still exists for the molecular frame. When a large group, O-c-C₆F₁₀SO₃C₂F₅, is substituted for CF₃, all the five CF₃ groups become nonequivalent and the ENDOR signal becomes intensive and sharp even at 290 K, indicating that the molecular frame becomes rigid. The relation between the ENDOR spectra of these systems and the intramolecular dynamics is discussed.     

丙氨酸对映体单晶的变温偏振激光拉曼光谱研究

本文测量了在不同偏振状态下 ,D 和L 丙氨酸的变温拉曼光谱。我们发现 :1 丙氨酸对映体的非偏振拉曼光谱图极其相似。 2 着重研究了D 丙氨酸偏振拉曼光谱随温度变化的特点。 3 通过拉曼光谱的手段 ,我们未发现A Salam所预言的在 2 5 0K左右从D 丙氨酸→丙氨酸的二级相变。     

Hyperfine Interaction Constants of the HCCS and DCCS Radicals Studied by Fourier Transform Millimeter-Wave Spectroscopy

The rotational spectral lines of HCCS and DCCS have been observed with a Fourier transform millimeter-wave spectrometer in combination with a pulsed discharge nozzle. The HCCS radical is produced by discharging a mixture of C₂H₂ and CS₂ diluted in Ar. The DCCS radical is produced by using C₂D₂ instead of C₂H₂. The spectral lines of HCCS and DCCS in both the ²Π_3/2 and ²Π_1/2 states are measured in the frequency range from 16 to 48 GHz, and the molecular constants are determined accurately from a joint least-squares analysis with the reported millimeter- and submillimeter-wave data. The hyperfine interaction constants of the hydrogen and deuterium nuclei are determined for the first time, and are discussed in relation to the Renner-Teller effect on this molecule.