石墨烯-硅基混合光子集成电路

近年来硅基光子学已经慢慢走向成熟,它被认为是未来取代电子集成电路,实现下一代更高性能的光子集成电路的关键技术.这得益于硅基光子器件与现代的互补金属氧化物半导体工艺相兼容,能够实现廉价的大规模集成.然而,由于受硅材料本身的光电特性所限,在硅基平台上实现高性能的有源器件仍然存在着巨大挑战.石墨烯-硅基混合光子集成电路的发展为解决这一问题提供了可行的方案.这得益于石墨烯作为一种兼具高载流子迁移率、高电光系数和宽带吸收等优点的二维光电材料,能够方便地与现有硅基器件相集成,并充分发挥自身的光电性能优势.本文结合我们课题组在该领域研究的一些最新成果,介绍了国际上在石墨烯-硅基混合光子集成电路上的一些重要研究进展,涵盖了光源、光波导、光调制器和光探测器四个重要组成部分.     

Chalcogenide glass photonic crystals

All-optical switching devices are based on a material possessing a nonlinear optical response, enabling light to control light, and are enjoying renewed interest. Photonic crystals are a promising platform for realizing compact all-optical switches operating at very low power and integrated on an optical integrated circuit. In this review, we show that by making photonic crystals from a highly nonlinear chalcogenide glass, we have the potential to integrate a variety of active devices into a photonic chip. We describe the fabrication and testing of two-dimensional Ge₃₃As₁₂ Se₅₅ chalcogenide glass photonic crystal membrane devices (waveguides and microcavities). We then demonstrate the ability to post-tune the devices using the material photosensitivity. In one proposal we hope to introduce a double-heterostructure microcavity using the photosensitivity alone.     

Demonstration of Automated Adjustment and Coupling of Fiber Array to PICs Based on the Detection of Edges

ABSTRACT

Progress in integrated photonics enables development of photonics integrated circuits (PIC) with new unique properties and overcomes current limits in information and communication technologies. The effective coupling of optical radiation between telecom optical fiber and photonic integrated circuits is necessary. To address these challenges, we present our concept of photonics integrated circuit (PIC) fully customized packaging with microwave, direct current, and fiber array ports with automated active alignment system. Automated adjustment and coupling of single-mode fiber (SMF) arrays with 8 fibers to PIC based on the detection of edges and markers on PIC and SMF arrays were successfully realized.     

Proposal for loadable and erasable optical memory unit based on dual active microring optical integrators

A novel approach for loadable and erasable optical memory unit based on dual microring optical integrators is proposed and studied. The optical integrator, which can generate an optical step function for data storing, is synthesized using active media for loss compensation and a tunable phase shifter for data reading at any time. The input data into the memory is return-to-zero (RZ) signal, and the output data read from the memory is also RZ format with a narrower pulse width. An optical digital register based on the proposed optical memory unit is also investigated and simulated, which shows the potential for large scale data storage and serial-to-parallel data conversion. A great number of such memory units can be densely integrated on a photonic circuit for future large scale data storage and buffer.     

All-optical active components for dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides

Dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguides (DLSPPWs) provide a very efficient means to localize and guide optical signal, which makes them a promising candidate for the construction of highly-integrated photonic circuits. Here, we present full 3D numerical modelling of highly efficient and compact all-optical active DLSPPW components to achieve a fully functioning active photonic circuit.     

光子晶体光纤的原理、结构、制作及潜在应用

传统光纤中的光能损耗和色散是阻碍其进一步向大容量和远距离通信方向发展的主要原因，因此制造具有低色散和低损耗的光子晶体光纤成为光纤技术努力的方向。在介绍光子晶体光纤的制作、导光原理和特点的基础上，研究了普通光纤不具备，而光子晶体光纤所具有的无休止的单模特性、奇异的色散特性、可控的非线性和易于实现的多芯传输等特点。研究结果表明，光子晶体光纤在光纤传感器、光子晶体天线、超宽色散补偿、光学集成电路等多方面具有广泛的应用前景。     

All-optical switching in silicon photonic crystal waveguides by use of the plasma dispersion effect

Silicon photonic crystals offer new ways of controlling the propagation of light as well as new tools for the realization of high-density optical integration on monolithic substrates. However, silicon does not possess the strong nonlinearities that are commonly used in the dynamic control of optical devices. Such dynamic control is nevertheless essential if silicon is to provide the higher levels of functionality that are required for optical integration. We demonstrate that the combination of the refractive index change caused by the presence of photoexcited carriers, or so-called plasma dispersion, and photonic crystal properties such as photonic bandgaps, constitutes a powerful tool for active control of light in silicon integrated devices. We show close to 100% modulation depth near the photonic crystal band edge.     

High efficiency grating coupler between silicon-on-insulator waveguides and perfectly vertical optical fibers

A high-efficiency waveguide-to-fiber grating coupler for silicon-on-insulator waveguides was designed. Perfectly vertical fiber coupling is achieved by using an asymmetric grating structure to suppress the second-order Bragg reflection from the grating. The ability to use a perfectly vertical positioned optical fiber simplifies the packaging of the photonic integrated circuit. A coupling efficiency of 80% at a wavelength of 1.55 microm is obtained.     

基于硅纳米线波导的两级光子晶体缩束器

鉴于在微观领域光波的缩束对实现光电集成的重要意义,提出了基于硅纳米线波导的两级光子晶体缩束器。其中一级压缩基于W5型和W1型光子晶体波导间的高效耦合。二级压缩则由宽为0.1μm,长为3.06μm的纳米线波导和W1型光子晶体波导构成,通过二者的高效耦合实现光束压缩。当W1型光子晶体波导和纳米线波导间介质柱的半径为0.04μm时,对于1550nm波长的电磁波,缩束器的通光效率可达93.4%,压缩比为16.08,出射光束半峰全宽仅为0.148μm。     

Digital synthesis of programmable photonic integrated circuits

Programmable photonic waveguide meshes can be programmed into many different circuit topologies and thereby provide a variety of functions.Due to the complexity of the signal routing in a general mesh,a particular synthesis algorithm often only accounts for a specific function with a specific cell configuration.In this paper,we try to synthesize the programmable waveguide mesh to support multiple configurations with a more general digital signal processing platform.To show the feasibility of this technique,photonic waveguide meshes in different configurations(square,triangular and hexagonal meshes)are designed to realize optical signal interleaving with arbitrary duty cycles.The digital signal processing(DSP)approach offers an effective pathway for the establishment of a general design platform for the software-defined programmable photonic integrated circuits.The use of well-developed DSP techniques and algorithms establishes a link between optical and electrical signals and makes it convenient to realize the computer-aided design of optics–electronics hybrid systems.     

Near-field probing of active photonic-crystal structures

We report a study of the optical near field of an active integrated component operating near the 1.55-mum telecommunications wavelength. The device is based on a two-dimensional photonic crystal etched in a suspended InP membrane. Topographic as well as optical information is collected by use of a scanning near-field optical microscope in collection mode, providing information about the local distribution of the losses.     

Photonic bus with loop signal routing and multichannel wavelength selection on a single silicon-on-insulator platform

We have demonstrated a silicon-on-insulator-based photonic bus with integrated splitters, a demultiplexer, attenuators, and a multiplexer for loop signal routing and multichannel optical wavelength selection. The integrated photonic bus has demonstrated a 33+ dB optical cross talk, a 32+ dB extinction ratio, and a rise time of 7.6 micros with two-stage Mach-Zehnder attenuators.     

Babinet-Inverted Optical Nanoantenna Analogue of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency

A Babinet-inverted optical nanoantenna analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency based on the coupling between two magnetic dipole antennas and a magnetic octupole antenna in a Au film waveguide is demonstrated. Simulation results indicate that a pronounced elimination occurs in the radiating spectrum due to the coupling-induced radiation suppression. A two-oscillator electromagnetically induced transparency model is used to describe the antenna. The coupling coefficient between the magnetic dipole antennas and the magnetic octupole antenna is calculated using the model and is found to decline exponentially with the increase of the distance between them. Such an antenna can be directly integrated with optical waveguides or transmission lines,thus is of fundamental significance for the applications in nano-optics, such as the optical device miniaturizations and photonic circuit integrations.     

Nanowire-based devices combining light guiding and photodetection

We demonstrate bridged nanowires on a non-single-crystal substrate as a versatile fabrication approach to combine active and passive photonic functionalities on silicon platforms. Silicon nanowires are grown on vertical non-single-crystal surfaces by a vapor-liquid-solid process and bridge a microtrench obtained by etching an amorphous optical rib waveguide. A pair of phosphorous-doped polysilicon electrodes is deposited on the walls of the waveguide microtrench for seeding the nanowire synthesis and for electrical interfacing. The bridged nanowires act as photoconductors and their photoresponse to edge-illumination from waveguided light is characterized. Taking advantage of crystalline nanowire growth on non-single-crystal substrates may ultimately lead to substrate-independent integration of best-of-breed semiconductor nanodevices for applications such as photonic integrated circuits.     

Nonlinear photonic crystal microdevices for optical integration

A four-port nonlinear photonic crystal system is discussed that exhibits optical bistability with negligible backscattering to the inputs, making it particularly suitable for integration with other active devices on the same chip. Devices based on this system can be made to be small [O(lambda3)] in volume, have a nearly instantaneous response, and consume only a few milliwatts of power. Among many possible applications, we focus on an all-optical transistor and integrated optical isolation.     

Gain-assisted optical switching in plasmonic nanocavities

A plasmonic cavity filled with active material is proposed to explain optical switching. Optical properties, including transmission, response time, and field distribution of on/off state, are numerically investigated. We demonstrate that such a gain-assisted plasmonic structure can achieve optical switching in the nan- odomain and shorten the switching time to the subpicosecond level. Our results indicate the potential application of the proposed structure in optical communication and photonic integrated circuits.     

Ultrafast photonic crystal optical switching

Photonic crystal, a novel and artificial photonic material with periodic dielectric distribution, possesses photonic bandgap and can control the propagation states of photons. Photonic crystal has been considered to be a promising candidate for the future integrated photonic devices. The properties and the fabrication method of photonic crystal are expounded. The progresses of the study of ultrafast photonic crystal optical switching are discussed in detail.     

Photonic crystal-based all-optical arithmetic circuits without SOA-based switches

Various proposed optical computing devices involve nonlinear optical operation and use semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-based switches as fundamental elements for logic operations. Due to the nonlinear operation, these devices suffer from high power that causes problems in very large-scale optical integration. In this paper, a method is proposed to implement arithmetic operations using a photonic crystal (PhC) cell and eliminate the SOA-based switches altogether. The proposed method is employed on designing an all-optical full adder/subtractor circuit that requires only beam combiners and photonic crystal NOT gates.     

Photo-induced trimming of coupled ring-resonator filters and delay lines in As2S3 chalcogenide glass

Selective exposure to visible light is used to permanently trim the resonant wavelengths of coupled ring-resonator filters and delay-lines realized on a chalcogenide As2S3 platform. Post-fabrication manipulation of the circuit parameters has proved an effective tool to compensate for technological tolerances, targeting demanding specifications in photonic integrated circuits with no need for always-on power-hungry actuators. The same approach opens a way to realize photonic integrated circuits that can be reconfigured after fabrication to fulfill specific applications.     

基于光子集成芯片的可穿戴光纤光栅解调研究

为了实现光纤光栅传感器在可穿戴系统中的应用,提出了一种基于硅基光子集成芯片的可穿戴光纤光栅传感解调系统。基于比利时iSiPP50G工艺的光子集成芯片由4×1长波长VCSEL阵列、1×8阵列波导光栅、2×2 MMI耦合器、4×1光纤光栅耦合器阵列、Ge-on-Si波导光电探测器、直波导和弯曲波导等组成。在完成对VCSEL光源金线键合和光子集成芯片光纤耦合封装的基础上,设计了手环式解调电路,对人体温度和心音信号进行了实时测量。实验结果表明:解调系统的动态波长检测范围为1 540 nm～1 560 nm,波长分辨率为0.08 pm,解调精度为5 pm,温度监测范围为35℃～42℃,误差为±0.1℃;可检测50 Hz～100 Hz频率范围内的心音信号,可识别出第一心音和第二心音,并计算出心动周期、心率、第一心音时限、第二心音时限和心力等特征参数。