Back-to-back comparison of impedance measurement techniques applied to the characterization of aero-engine nacelle acoustic liners

The aim of this paper is to assess three different measurement techniques applied to the characterization of the acoustic impedance of a Single-Degree-of-Freedom (SDOF) liner installed in nacelle ducts of turbofan engines. The “two-microphones” method, the “in-situ” impedance measurement technique and the “impedance eduction” approach are respectively compared in representative flight environment, characterized by normal and grazing incidence sound, with and without grazing flow. Goal of the study is to collect evidences of the unique and complementary features offered by these techniques, providing deeper insight into their strengths and limitations.     

A direct method for acoustic impedance measurement based on the measurement of electrical impedance of acoustic transmitter

A simple and straight forward method for acoustic impedance measurement is presented and evaluated. In this method a speaker is used as the signal source. The relationship between the electrical impedance of the speaker and its acoustical load is developed and studied. It is shown that the electrical current and voltage of the speaker relate to the acoustical pressure and volume velocity. The mechanical and acoustical impedances are therefore easily derived by measuring the electrical current and voltage of the circuit. The proposed method yield itself to the automatic computer measurement and can be used for the field and in situ measurements.Comparison of the measurement data with those from other methods proves the applicability and accuracy of the proposed method.     

Ultrasonic flow measurement and wall acoustic impedance effects

An examination of the influence of wall acoustic impedance effects on sound propagation in flowing liquids confined by cylindrical walls is presented. Special focus is given to the importance of the wall acoustic impedance value for ultrasonic flow meter performance. The mathematical model presented allows any radially-dependent axial flow profile to be examined in the linear flow acoustics regime where fluid flow speed is much smaller than the fluid sound speed everywhere in the fluid medium.     

Electromagnetic acoustic resonance and materials characterization

This paper reviews the operation principles and several applications of electromagnetic acoustic resonance (EMAR). EMAR is an emerging ultrasonic spectroscopy technique for nondestructive and noncontact materials characterization, relying on the use of electromagnetic-acoustic transducers (EMATs) and the superheterodyne circuitry for processing the received reverberation signals excited by long radio-frequency (RF) bursts. The transduction occurs through the Lorentz force mechanism and, for ferrous metals, the dynamic response of magnetostriction and the magnetic force as well. Weak coupling of the EMATs is now essential to realize the high accuracy of measuring ultrasonic velocities and attenuation in conducting materials. High signal to noise ratio is achieved by receiving the overlapping coherent echoes at resonant frequencies. Small changes in the related material properties are well detectable. The spectral response can be interpreted for simple geometries such as plate, cylinder and sphere. EMAR has been proven to be powerful for industrial purposes because of its robustness, the omission of surface preparations and the capacity for simple measurement in a short time. Stress application varies the propagation velocities of ultrasonics and then shifts the resonant frequencies in longitudinal and shear modes in the parallel-sided geometries. Promising applications include the two-dimensional stress distribution in thin plates, the axial stress in railroad rails and the residual stresses around the weldments. In addition, the attenuation is precisely measurable at resonant frequencies and can evaluate the grain size of polycrystalline metals. Furthermore, the EMAR technique serves for developing the basic research on the effects of the metallurgical changes on ultrasonics, leading to the damage estimation of the fatigued, crept or thermally aged metal parts.     

Evaluation of the acoustic and non-acoustic properties of sound absorbing materials using a three-microphone impedance tube

This paper presents a straightforward application of an indirect method based on a three-microphone impedance tube setup to determine the non-acoustic properties of a sound absorbing porous material. First, a three-microphone impedance tube technique is used to measure some acoustic properties of the material (i.e., sound absorption coefficient, sound transmission loss, effective density and effective bulk modulus) regarded here as an equivalent fluid. Second, an indirect characterization allows one to extract its non-acoustic properties (i.e., static airflow resistivity, tortuosity, viscous and thermal characteristic lengths) from the measured effective properties and the material open porosity. The procedure is applied to four different sound absorbing materials and results of the characterization are compared with existing direct and inverse methods. Predictions of the acoustic behavior using an equivalent fluid model and the found non-acoustic properties are in good agreement with impedance tube measurements.     

水声材料构件声学特性自由场宽带测量装置

介绍一套新建的水声材料构件声学特性自由场宽带测量装置,在开放消声水池中测量水声材料构件大面积样品的复声压反射系数(回声降低)、复声压透射系数(插入损失)和吸声系数,为研究和评定声纳水下声系统、潜艇声隐身等项目所用的水声材料构件设备声学特性提供了标准测试/校准系统.装置应用了宽带压缩脉冲叠加法和宽带指向性声源,最低测量频...     

Method to measure acoustic impedance and reflection coefficient.

A frequency-domain based system for measuring acoustic impedance and reflection coefficient is described. The calibration procedure uses a least-mean-squares approximation to the Thevenin parameters describing the source and receiver characteristics in which the data measured on closed, cylindrical tubes are matched to a viscothermal tube model. The system is intended for use in acoustical measurement in human ear canals, in which the cross-sectional area of the ear canal at the point of insertion is imprecisely known. This area is acoustically estimated from the impedance data, and the reflection coefficient is calculated in terms of this area and the impedance data. Measurements on a variety of closed tubes show the method is accurate over the frequency range investigated (less than 10.7 kHz). The time-domain reflection function is evaluated by transforming the reflection coefficient from the frequency domain, but the finite bandwidth of the measured data limits the accuracy of time-domain response measurements. The method is well suited for frequency-domain measurements in human ear canals.     

声阻抗转换器的研究

描述不均匀传输线中的声反射系数可以归结为求解一种非线性微分方程（Riccati方程），本文探索一条寻找此类方程解析解的新方法，并利用此方法研究了声阻抗转换器，从而大大拓宽了声阻抗转换器阻抗分布的研究范围，作为例子，本文提出了几种阻抗变换形式，并把它们的功率传输效率与已有的均匀及指数型转换器作比较，计算结果表明：当转换器两端与传输介质的阻抗跃变很大时，某些阻抗转换器的传输效率比均匀及指数型转换器高得多．     

New approaches to the linear propagation of acoustic fields

New algorithms are described that provide insight into linear field propagation and offer significant reductions in computational complexity. The developments presented here include the usage of a recently developed discrete Hankel transform to implement two single step, planar propagation algorithms for baffled, radially symmetric, acoustic pressure or velocity fields; an update on the single step approaches that reduce computational complexity through geometrically determined spatial frequency limitations; and algorithms for extending to multistep propagation. Two equivalent means of introducing arbitrary medium attenuation into the above schemes are presented. Finally, a planar boundary crossing algorithm that accounts for refraction and reflection (but not multiple reflections) is added to one of the multistep propagating algorithms. The resulting algorithm is then used to examine the differences between the corresponding fields of a focused piston source operating in water and in a layered fat/liver (biomedical imaging) medium. The results yield computationally efficient algorithms that can be used for linear propagation of focused or unfocused beams in attenuating, multilayer media, and also provide the basis for a novel nonlinear propagation algorithm.     

The scanning acoustic microprobe: II. Application to the measurement and characterization of a piston reflector

In a pulsed ultrasound beam, echoes detected from a flat, circular piston of arbitrary size depend on the time-space characteristics of the entire pulse-echo measurement system, being a function of as many parameters as it takes to accurately define the system. In the limiting case of a target that is small relative to the spatial extent of an interrogating plane wave, an echo pattern is known to be a relatively simple function of the dimensionless product k0b, where k0 is the wave number and b is the radius of the target. In a companion paper preceding this one [F. E. Barber, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 90, 8-17 (1991)], the author has described the scanning acoustic microprobe, a pulse-echo system in which the time-space properties of the interrogating waves are specified completely by k0 and a single additional parameter s0, which is the characteristic radius of a spherically symmetric, Gaussian-distributed scattering volume. In this system, the reflection pattern of a flat, circular piston of any arbitrary size is thus a function of two dimensionless parameters, namely k0b and b/s0. In this paper, this functional relationship is derived, a physical system is described, and analytical and experimental results are reported. It is shown that the diameter, orientation, and impedance mismatch properties of this simple target can be measured unambiguously over a range of target sizes from about a wavelength (2 pi/k0) to a beam diameter (about 3s0). For a typical ultrasound system, this is about a 5-1 range; i.e., a range extending to target sizes about five times smaller than can be detected in a simple B-mode imaging system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Predicting the sound absorption of natural materials: Best-fit inverse laws for the acoustic impedance and the propagation constant

Natural materials are becoming a valid option for sound absorption treatments. In particular, among them, natural fibers have received increasing attention given their good thermal insulation properties, lack of harmful effects on health, and availability in large quantities. This paper discusses an inverse method to predict the acoustical properties of nine natural fibers. Six vegetative fibers: kenaf, wood, hemp, coconut, straw, and cane; one animal fiber, sheep wool; recycled cardboard; and granular cork are investigated. The absorption coefficient and the flow resistance for samples of different thickness have been measured. Moving from the Delany-Bazley model, this study compares the impedance tube results with the theoretically predicted ones. Then, using a least-square fit procedure based on the Nelder-Mead method, the coefficients that best predict both the acoustic impedance and the propagation constant laws are calculated. The inverse approach used in this paper allows to determine different physical parameters and to obtain formulas to include the investigated natural fibers in software modelling for room acoustics applications.     

Experimental approaches to the quantum measurement paradox

I examine the question of how far experiments that look for the effects of superposition of macroscopically distinct states are relevant to the classic measurement paradox of quantum mechanics. Existing experiments on superconducting devices confirm the predictions of the quantum formalism extrapolated to the macroscopic level, and to that extent provide strong circumstantial evidence for its validity at this level, but do not directly test the principle of superposition of macrostates. A more ambitious experiment, not obviously infeasible with current technology, could provide a direct test between quantum mechanics and a whole class of theories embodying the postulate of realism at the macroscopic level.     

充水阻抗管中测量材料声学性能的校准方法研究

提出了一种在充水阻抗管中,应用传递函数测量材料声学性能的三参数校准方法。在双传感器传递函数法的基础上,考虑充水阻抗管中水听器间不一致性和管内结构对声场局部扰动等因素的校准,导出了三个综合的无量纲校准参数。通过改变充水阻抗管中测量面的三个已知反射系数,测量出对应的三个传递函数,可以求出这三个校准参数。在充水阻抗管中分别对水/空气界面和一种水声材料进行了测量试验,应用该方法对测量结果的进行了校准,并对校准前后的结果进行了分析比较。     

水声无源材料插入损失虚拟聚焦测量方法

提出了一种适合在有限尺寸水池中测量水声材料插入损失的方法,称为\