搜索策略改进的波束形成定位方法研究

针对传统时差方法定位精度低和波束形成方法定位效率低的问题,提出了一种基于遗传算法和波束形成算法的海洋平台损伤定位方法。通过遗传算法对待搜索区域坐标进行编码、选择、交叉、变异等操作,对波束形成算法的搜索策略进行改进,快速搜索损伤位置坐标。实验证明,与时差定位算法相比,本文方法的定位误差降低了50%;与波束形成算法相比,本文方法的运算时间减少了53%。因此,本文方法在保证定位精度的前提下,提高了算法的执行效率,对海洋平台损伤的实时监测和定位具有一定的实用价值。     

采用分级聚焦波束形成的快速声成像算法

为了减小常规波束形成所需的庞大计算量以实现快速成像,本文提出了一种新的波束形成算法——分级聚焦波束形成。将基阵划分成各级子阵分级进行处理,对较短的子阵进行远场近似处理,逐级合并子阵进行子阵间的近场聚焦波束形成,并逐级进行波束插值。MAT- LAB仿真计算结果表明,分级聚焦法与常规波束形成相比,计算量和数据存储量大幅下降。该方法尤其适用于多焦点近场聚焦的场合。     

三维声发射源定位实验简易实现方法

本文针对声发射技术中的三维定位问题提出一种新的简易实验方案.通过传感器接收的时差信息和空间坐标实现三维立体结构中的声发射源定位,操作和计算简单,降低了实验成本.该实验方法不仅可以直观地实现三维声发射源定位过程,还可以实现声速的测量.本设计加深了学生对物理问题的理解,提高了学生对声发射技术和声源定位技术的兴趣,适合普及.     

声发射衰减特性管道泄漏定位方法

声发射技术具有灵敏度高、实时性强、覆盖范围大等优点.泄漏产生的声发射波沿管壁传播会发生衰减,通过研究衰减系数与金属晶粒散射和热流损失的关系,建立准确的声发射能量衰减模型.在此基础上,针对声发射频带宽的特点对传统衰减定位模型进行改进,提出宽频带声发射源定位模型,该方法先通过实验确定泄漏信号频带,再将滤波后的信号经过小波包...     

基于光纤光栅的冲击激励声发射响应机理与定位方法研究

在对冲击激励声发射应力波在铝合金板上的传播机理进行分析的基础上,利用ABAQUS软件构建了钢球冲击铝合金板几何模型,仿真分析了冲击应力波传播过程.理论分析了冲击应力波与FBG传感器的作用机理,基于边缘滤波原理构建了声发射传感系统,采集冲击激励声发射应力波,建立了声发射区域定位模型,提出了基于扩散映射与支持向量机(SVM)的声发射区域定位方法并进行了实验验证.在300 mm×300 mm×2 mm的铝合金板上对36个测试区域进行了多次声发射区域定位实验,实验结果表明,扩散映射结合SVM的定位结果较优,区域定位精度为30 mm×30 mm,定位正确率为97.5%,耗时0.781 s.研究结果为声发射区域定位检测提供了一种有效方法.     

混凝土中的声发射波速特性及其在源定位中的应用

利用声发射技术监测受载混凝土裂缝发展特征的首要任务是对声发射源的准确定位.为了解混凝土中声发射波速特性,提高声发射源定位精度,该文开展了一系列室内试验,构建了考虑衰减现象的声发射波速修正模型,优化建立了基于修正波速的区域穷举定位法.结果表明:水灰比越小,基准波速越大,波速随距离的衰减越大.骨料粒径越大,基准波速越大,波...     

二维板声发射源定位实验的一种简易实现方法

对声发射技术中的二维平面定位问题提出一种新的简易实验方案.采用新三角时差算法实现二维板的声源定位和GPS模拟,同时利用简易实验方法,仅用两个超声波传感器完成实验,简化实验器材,降低实验成本,适合普及,计算过程简单,同时也利于物理问题深入地理解.     

聚焦波束形成声图测量原理研究

二维反卷积声图测量中点扩散函数(PSF)的二维移变性导致算法计算量较大, 为此提出了一种极坐标系下方位、距离分离降维处理的快速反卷积声图测量方法。该方法将二维移变反卷积运算转换为两次一维反卷积运算, 同时利用方位维反卷积具有近似一维空域移不变特点, 采用移不变模型进行计算, 仅对距离维进行一维移变反卷积运算, 从而减少算法的PSF存储空间和计算量。仿真和实验数据处理结果表明, 所提方法显著降低了计算量, 且与原二维移变模型反卷积声图测量方法的性能相近。

     

三通管路的管壁声传递损失测试方法

针对汽车进气系统三通管路的特点,提出了多通管路的管壁传递损失测试方法.并以某车型的双涡轮增压发动机进气三通管道为例,采用该方法评价其用塑料代替铝后的声学性能,主要以声传递损失来评价涡轮增压器噪声通过三通连接管路管壁的辐射和透射特性.测试过程中,三通管道的两个连接涡轮增压器端口分别用声源两次发声,靠近进气歧管端口采用两种...     

以MCS—8098单片机为核心的声发射实验系统的研制

一、引言声发射是指材料或结构受外力或内力的作用发生变形或断裂，以弹性波的形式释放出应变能的现象”‘．声发射是一种常见的物理现象，大多数金属和非金属材料在一定条件下都有声发射发生，如在温度诱发的马氏体相变中就伴有声发射现象”‘．声发射检测是声学无损检测中的重要方法，它是使构件或材料的内部结构、缺陷或潜在缺陷处于运动变化的过程中进行无损检测，即动态无损检测”‘．所以，声发射检测系统在材料研究中具有重要作用．已有的声发射检测系统体积庞大，造价又高．本系统小巧轻便，造价低廉，为高校中的实验室或其他小单位…     

循环平稳声场的声源定位研究

旋转机械产生的辐射声场具有循环平稳特性,传统的平面近场声全息技术无法准确反映其调制特性,往往在边频带上出现虚假的能量的分布.采用循环谱密度取代功率谱密度作为重建物理量,则可准确提取循环平稳声场的调制和载波信息.考虑到循环谱密度的计算量以及特征提取的准确性,提出了循环谱密度组合切片分析法,并分析了加性白噪声对重建的影响.仿真分析及实验结果表明,此方法有较强的噪声抑制能力,全息重建的结果可准确反映声源的位置.     

大孔径声全息密集阵列的阵元数量去冗余方法

大孔径密集声全息阵列是实现对非平稳噪声成像的有效手段,通过现场快速成像可以掌握声场分布的动态特征。增加声阵列的孔径和阵元密度是提高近场声全息成像性能的主要措施,但随着声阵列阵元数量的增加,声压采集数据量增大,全息运算速度降低,全息成像动态性能下降,不利于现场即时成像分析。研究表明,在一定信噪比条件下,盲目增加阵元数量并不一定能提高近场声全息性能,为此,本文针对密集声全息阵列的阵元数量冗余问题进行研究,提出最优阵元数量估算方法,并采取去冗余处理。本文仿真和实验验证表明:针对一定信噪比条件下的密集阵列去冗余方法实际有效,可以在不降低近场声全息成像性能的前提下,降低运算量,提高全息成像速度,对于非平稳噪声的现场声全息成像测试具有实用意义。     

Near-field beamforming analysis for acoustic emission source localization

This paper attempts to introduce a near-field acoustic emission (AE) beamforming method to estimate the AE source locations by using a small array of sensors closely placed in a local region. The propagation characteristics of AE signals are investigated based on guided wave theory to discuss the feasibility of using beamforming techniques in AE signal processing. To validate the effectiveness of the AE beamforming method, a series of pencil lead break tests at various regions of a thin steel plate are conducted. The potential of this method for engineering applications are explored through rotor-stator rubbing tests. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively determine the region where rubbing occurs. It is expected that the work of this paper may provide a helpful analysis tool for near-field AE source localization.     

针对周期偏移声信标的二阶高精度水声定位模型

针对传统长基线水声定位模型在以飞机黑匣子等周期偏移声信标为目标时定位精度显著下降的问题,提出了一种不依赖于信号周期信息的新型长基线定位模型。该模型将传统时延差定位模型拓展至二阶,通过求取到达时间的二阶导数,消去未知声信标周期。为避免由阶数提高引起的解算非收敛问题,引入了改进牛顿迭代算法,有效提高了新模型的收敛概率。所提出新模型的仿真试验及湖上试验的定位误差分别为3.14m和1.19m,试验结果表明,该模型实现了周期偏移声信标的高精度定位解算。     

Acoustic source localization

In this article different techniques for localizing acoustic sources are described and the advantages/disadvantages of these techniques are discussed. Some source localization techniques are restricted to isotropic structures while other methods can be applied to anisotropic structures as well. Some techniques require precise knowledge of the direction dependent velocity profiles in the anisotropic body while other techniques do not require that knowledge. Some methods require accurate values of the time of arrival of the acoustic waves at the receivers while other techniques can function without that information. Published papers introducing various techniques emphasize the advantages of the introduced techniques while ignoring and often not mentioning the limitations and weaknesses of the new techniques. What is lacking in the literature is a comprehensive review and comparison of the available techniques; this article attempts to do that. After reviewing various techniques the paper concludes which source localization technique should be most effective for what type of structure and what the current research needs are.     

Nonlinear Kalman Filtering for acoustic emission source localization in anisotropic panels

Nonlinear Kalman Filtering is an established field in applied probability and control systems, which plays an important role in many practical applications from target tracking to weather and climate prediction. However, its application for acoustic emission (AE) source localization has been very limited. In this paper, two well-known nonlinear Kalman Filtering algorithms are presented to estimate the location of AE sources in anisotropic panels: the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). These algorithms are applied to two cases: velocity profile known (CASE I) and velocity profile unknown (CASE II). The algorithms are compared with a more traditional nonlinear least squares method. Experimental tests are carried out on a carbon-fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite panel instrumented with a sparse array of piezoelectric transducers to validate the proposed approaches. AE sources are simulated using an instrumented miniature impulse hammer. In order to evaluate the performance of the algorithms, two metrics are used: (1) accuracy of the AE source localization and (2) computational cost. Furthermore, it is shown that both EKF and UKF can provide a confidence interval of the estimated AE source location and can account for uncertainty in time of flight measurements.     

用声学诊断方法测量激光等离子体通道的长度与电子密度

用声学诊断方法对超短脉冲强激光在空气中传输形成的等离子体通道进行了测量,根据通道不同位置的声音信号,得到了通道的长度和通道内电子密度等信息.关键词：声学测量等离子体通道     

Analysis on accuracy improvement of rotor–stator rubbing localization based on acoustic emission beamforming method

This paper attempts to introduce an improved acoustic emission (AE) beamforming method to localize rotor–stator rubbing fault in rotating machinery. To investigate the propagation characteristics of acoustic emission signals in casing shell plate of rotating machinery, the plate wave theory is used in a thin plate. A simulation is conducted and its result shows the localization accuracy of beamforming depends on multi-mode, dispersion, velocity and array dimension. In order to reduce the effect of propagation characteristics on the source localization, an AE signal pre-process method is introduced by combining plate wave theory and wavelet packet transform. And the revised localization velocity to reduce effect of array size is presented. The accuracy of rubbing localization based on beamforming and the improved method of present paper are compared by the rubbing test carried on a test table of rotating machinery. The results indicate that the improved method can localize rub fault effectively.     

Acoustic source localization in anisotropic plates

The conventional triangulation technique cannot locate the acoustic source in an anisotropic plate because this technique requires the wave speed to be independent of the propagation direction which is not the case for an anisotropic plate. All methods proposed so far for source localization in anisotropic plates require either the knowledge of the direction dependent velocity profile or a dense array of sensors. In this paper for the first time a technique is proposed to locate the acoustic source in large anisotropic plates with the help of only six sensors without knowing the direction dependent velocity profile in the plate. Experimental results show that the proposed technique works for both isotropic and anisotropic structures. For isotropic plates the required number of sensors can be reduced from 6 to 4.