非对称阻抗插入管消声器的Chebyshev-变分法建模与求解

针对非对称阻抗插入管消声器三维理论建模与求解问题,提出了一种半解析变分建模和求解方法,试验及有限元结果验证了理论模型和求解结果的正确性,开展了模态频率、声压响应及传递损失等声场特性的预测分析。首先构建插入管消声器内部子声场拉格朗日泛函,基于声压与质点振速连续性条件,得到插入管消声器三维理论模型。随后,将子声场声压展开为切比雪夫-傅里叶级数组合形式,按里兹法求得消声器三维声场模态信息。搭建了消声器传递损失试验平台,进行了刚性壁面和阻抗壁面消声器传递损失测试试验,对理论模型和计算结果进行了验证。通过算例分析了壁面阻抗的大小、阻抗面积和分布形式以及插入管偏置对消声器消声性能的影响。结果表明,提出的变分建模求解方法是有效的,对消声器壁面阻抗位置和形式的合理设置可有效降低输出声压。     

复杂封闭声场面板声学贡献度识别的等效源法

针对由复杂结构振动形成的封闭空间声场,提出了一种基于等效源法的面板声学贡献度分析方法。该方法首先利用基于等效源法的内部声全息技术,重构出振动结构表面的法向振速并实现对整个内部封闭声场的预测。再将振动结构的每个面板在腔体内部场点产生的声压分别用位于空腔表面附近的等效源在该点产生的辐射声压代替,将复杂的封闭非自由声场问题转化为简单的内部自由场问题,结合重建出的结构表面法向振速进而识别出封闭振动结构各面板对腔体内任意位置的声学贡献度。通过对复杂结构内声场的数值仿真和验证实验,分析了等效源的数量及与重建面距离等参数对重建精度的影响,结果表明所提方法不仅能够达到传统数值分析方法的计算精度,而且具有更简单的求解过程。     

迭代重加权时域平面波叠加法的非稳态声场重建

提出了迭代重加权时域平面波叠加法,并应用于非稳态声场重建。该方法首先通过时域离散卷积得到全息面时域声压与虚源面时域波数谱离散状态公式;然后根据稀疏表示和迭代重加权,得到残差范数与加权解范数最小化问题表达式;最后将每一对波数下虚源面时域波数谱与时域传播核卷积叠加得到重建面上的时域声压。为了验证该方法的有效性,给出了激励板声源的仿真验证,并在半消声室内进行了实验验证。讨论了一些参数对该方法的影响,并通过与基于Tikhonov正则化的时域平面波叠加法比较,突出该方法的重建优势。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法对非稳态声场重建具有很好的效果,并且重建精度高。     

匀加速运动声源的声场建模及其数值算法研究

针对匀加速运动点声源的声场特性与其运动状态密切相关这一问题,提出匀加速直线运动状态下点声源的声场计算方法。利用此方法建立了匀加速直线运动时点声源的声压模型,对模型中的关键参数声矢量R进行数值解析,并对声压进行数值分析仿真,得出匀加速直线运动时固定接收点的声压数值计算方法。用此方法对固定接收点位置的匀加速点声源声压进行声场建模,结果表明:在声源接近接收者一定距离以后,声压明显增大;在此距离之外,距离对声压的影响不大。     

非自由声场中目标声场还原与重建的等效源方法

为消除在非自由声场中重建声场时干扰声源对重建效果的影响,提出一种采用单个测量面上的声压和质点振速作为输入、等效源法作为分离和重建算法的非自由声场中目标声场还原与重建方法。该方法首先利用单面声压-质点振速测量和基于等效源法的声场分离技术将测量的混合声场分离为来自目标声源的向外传播的声场和来自干扰声源的向内传播的声场,然后利用向内传播的声场和目标声源的边界条件计算出干扰声在目标声源表面产生的散射声场,并将其从向外传播的声场中去除,还原出目标声源在自由声场条件下的辐射声场,最后利用还原的声场实现目标声场重建。通过数值仿真和实验检验了该方法的有效性和必要性。仿真和实验的结果表明,该方法可以在非自由声场的测量条件下,有效地去除干扰声的影响,实现目标声场的准确重建。     

非均匀流体介质内部散射声场重建的逐层计算方法*

入射声波激励下非均匀流体介质内部散射声场的重建方法对超声层析成像具有重要意义。以往采用矩量法求解,但该方法全域离散形成的复数满秩矩阵规模随着分辨率与计算精度的提高而急剧增大,对算力具有很高的要求,一定程度上限制了其在实际中的应用。为克服上述缺陷,本文以逐层离散、逐层计算为核心思想,以声散射基本公式与近场声全息理论为基础,推导出逐层计算非均匀流体介质内部散射声场的理论公式并给出对应的几何离散模型。为验证该方法的可行性,以矩量法为参照,对同样的介质模型进行介质内部声场重构仿真。结果表明,逐层算法不仅可以有效地重建非均匀流体介质内部散射声场,且大幅度减小了求解规模。     

双层界面下非近轴近似多元高斯模型的相控阵声场模拟

非近轴近似多元高斯模型克服了近轴近似条件的限制,能保证较大偏转角度下模拟声场的精确度和效率。根据双层介质的瑞利积分模型和单层介质的非近轴近似多元高斯模型,推导出双层介质中基于非近轴近似多元高斯模型的单阵元辐射声场计算模型。并在得到各阵元声束偏转聚焦的延迟时间基础上,累加得到基于非近轴近似高斯模型的超声相控阵横波检测辐射声场计算模型。模拟计算带丙烯酸树脂楔块的超声相控阵探头在钢中横波检测的声束偏转与偏转聚焦辐射声场,并与近轴近似多元高斯模型的横波检测声束的偏转聚焦辐射声场进行比较分析。对比分析结果表明非近轴近似多元高斯模型计算速度更快,用时约为近轴近似多元高斯模型的1/13。此外,非近轴近似高斯模型方法横波检测的聚焦声束覆盖区域更大,能量更集中,更适于远场区域检测。     

开孔对封闭空间共振特性的影响

研究了开孔对封闭空间声场的影响。通过将孔内振动空气等效为点源,用模态展开法建立了开孔封闭空间的声场模型,计算了开孔封闭空间高阶共振频率和在共振频率激励下的声压分布。结果显示:开孔等效于孔处声质量减小,一般使得开孔封闭空间的共振频率增加;但当孔位于某模态节点时,由于该阶模态与任一模态在开孔处未发生耦合,该模态共振频率不变;由于在开孔区域对应于激励频率的模态声压和其余各阶模态声压之和的相位相反,高阶共振频率激励下靠近小孔位置的声压减小。因此,开孔对封闭空间声场有影响,其影响程度与开孔位置和开孔尺寸有关。     

基于光谱空间重构的非监督最邻近规则子空间的高光谱异常检测

针对高光谱遥感影像维数高、数据量巨大且地物分布复杂,导致背景与异常难以区分的问题,提出一种基于光谱空间重构的非监督最邻近规则子空间异常探测算法.首先通过基于结构张量的波段选择算法,去除噪声像元,选择更有效的波段.然后,通过光谱空间重构增加背景与异常的绝对光谱距离.最后,为了充分利用背景字典之间的空间相似性信息,将空间距离权重引入到非监督最邻近规则子空间算法中,提高检测精度.为验证所提算法的有效性,用四组真实的高光谱数据进行实验,研究了不同参数对检测结果的影响.结果表明,与其他异常检测算法对比,所提算法具有更好的检测效果.     

封闭声腔的结构-声耦合的瞬态响应及固有特性分析的时域有限体积法

基于波动理论,采用时域有限体积法(TDFVM)研究封闭声腔结构-声耦合问题的瞬态响应及固有特性。该方法在结构与流体区域分别求解结构动力学方程与非均匀介质中的声波动方程,根据流固分界面上的力平衡与质点振速连续条件实现结构-声耦合。通过数值算例验证方法的正确性和精确性,在此基础上研究封闭声腔结构与空气耦合的瞬态响应及固有特性,分析水深变化对耦合系统声振特性和固有特性的影响。结果表明,随着水深的增加,结构与水的耦合会更加强烈,导致耦合系统的特征频率降低,同时空气腔深度的减小,导致声腔的部分固有频率增加。该法对计算机内存要求低,且可以考虑含有非均匀流体的结构-声耦合。     

Modeling and acoustic analysis of irregular sound enclosure by using Chebyshev-variational method

A modeling method for irregular sound enclosures was proposed based on the Chebyshev-variational theory. A rectangular space was first assumed to bound the irregular sound space and the sound pressure in the rectangular space expressed as a triple-Chebyshev series. Next, a coordinate transformation was performed and the Lagrangian functional of the irregular sound space obtained. Finally, the Lagrangian functional was solved under the Ritz method framework, and the enclosure's acoustic characteristic equation deduced and the eigenpairs obtained. The accuracy of the present method was validated according to agreement between the present results and finite element results for an enclosure with a curved surface.Furthermore, the acoustic characteristics of a trapezoidal enclosure and an enclosure with an inner groove were investigated. The results showed that the mode shapes of the trapezoidal sound space changed with increased inclination angle and the natural frequencies, except the first order, of the sound space with a rectangular inner groove decreased with increased groove depth.     

运用声悬浮现象测量声速的演示实验

介绍一个新颖的运用声悬浮现象测量声速的演示实验,详细分析讨论了声波在垂直谐振腔内使物体悬浮于空中的条件与位置。     

Performance of an independent planar virtual sound barrier at the opening of a rectangular enclosure

Planar virtual sound barrier systems have been used successfully to reduce noise radiation through an opening without affecting natural ventilation and lighting. However, the complexity of a fully coupled control system grows at the rate proportional to the square of the number of channels and this make the system implementation become impractical for enclosures with large openings. To reduce the system complexity, this paper proposes an independent planar virtual sound barrier, which is a multi-channel system consisting of many independent single channel active noise control systems. Each single channel system is “independent” in the sense that the control source output of the system is updated only with the signal from its own error sensor. Based on the analytical model of sound radiation through the opening of a rectangular enclosure, the transfer functions from both primary and control sources are calculated first. Then the noise reduction performance, the stability, and the convergence behavior of both fully coupled and independent planar virtual sound barrier systems are investigated. It is found that the independent system with no control output constraint becomes inherently unstable at some frequencies; however its stability can be improved by applying some control output constraint. Reducing the number of channels and the distance between secondary loudspeakers and error microphones can also increase system stability but at the cost of smaller noise reduction. When the system is inherently stable and there is no constraint on control output, the independent system can provide the same noise reduction as the fully coupled one but with faster convergence speed.     

海洋波导中目标声辐射场的计算方法

针对海洋波导中目标声辐射场的计算问题,提出了一种基于波叠加法并在近、远场采用不同水声传播模型的建模方法,可以将近、远场作为一个统一的系统进行高效地分析。该方法通过给定的已知表面振动速度的结构计算出目标内部虚拟点声源的源强,再配合在相应的水声环境中点声源传播模型的Green函数计算出结构外的声辐射场。以Green函数为纽带,在求源强和计算近场声辐射场时采用镜像虚源法,而在计算远场声辐射场时采用简正波法。通过该方法得到的有限水深波导中声速剖面为正梯度、负梯度、负跃层的3种情况下的脉动球、刚体摆动球的声辐射场计算结果与COMSOL的有限元计算结果进行对比,结果表明了该方法在提高计算效率的同时保证了计算精度。     

共振干涉法声速测定中声强减损的讨论

介绍子在共振干涉声速测定中,随接收探头和发射探头的距离增加,声强（能流密度）减小的规律和机制,指出了发射探头活塞式振动是导致能流密度减少的主要原因。     

Measurement of sound absorption by underwater acoustic material using pulse-separation method

An alternative pulse-separation method is presented for measuring the sound absorption at normal incidence of an underwater acoustic material in a water-filled impedance tube. A damped sine pulse was generated in the water-filled impedance tube with a regular waveform and a short duration time of approximately 1 ms. During the generation of the pulse, the inverse filter principle was used to compensate for the transducer response. In addition, the effects of the characteristics of the tube termination can be eliminated during the generation of the pulse to obtain a single plane pulse wave in the impedance tube, which is a necessary condition for this technique. Measurements of the sound absorption coefficient of the rubber material and the reflection coefficient from a water/air interface were used to verify the pulse-separation method.     

Identification of a dynamical model for an acoustic enclosure using the wavelet transform

This paper presents results of research work in the identification of a dynamical model for an acoustic enclosure, a duct with rectangular cross-section, closed ends, and side-mounted speaker enclosures. An acoustic enclosure is excited randomly and random decrement functions are built to convert the random responses to free acoustic responses. It is shown that the estimation of resonance frequencies is possible using the wavelet transform of the system’s free response. Using a particular form of the son wavelet function, results are improved compared to those obtained with the traditionally Morlet wavelet function. An optimal value of a parameter of the son wavelet function is obtained by minimization of the wavelet entropy. The accuracy of this new technique is confirmed by applying it to a numerical example, and to an acoustic enclosure. The advantage of using the wavelet transform method over the Fourier-based modal analysis that would normally be used for the enclosure modes problem is established.     

单全息面的直接声场分离方法

为了简化分离全息面两侧相干声源的过程,提出仅依据单全息面上的数据直接进行声场分离的方法。该方法通过将等效源配置在球面上,并根据等效源法近场声全息的重构原理,建立全息面上有误差的测量值和计算值之间的数据关系,理论推导出单面声场分离方法。仿真分析干扰声源为脉动球源和受迫振动的简支薄钢板的分离结果,并对双扬声器的声场分离进行了实验验证。结果表明:该方法对两种干扰源都具有较好的分离精度,且有较高的可容忍误差。     

阻抗管法测量水下吸声系数的系统误差分析*

利用阻抗管法测量吸声系数是水下吸声材料研制过程中的重要环节,实验测量结果相比理论计算结果更具说服力。然而在待测样品的制备和安装过程中容易引入的系统误差往往被忽略,从而影响实测结果可信度。为了降低系统误差,本文提出缝隙宽、垂直度和光洁度三种可能引入系统误差的因素,搭建传递函数法水下吸声系数测量的有限元模拟实验环境并验证仿真计算算法的正确性,研究相关参量对橡胶吸声系数的影响规律,并给出一定误差下对相关参量的限制要求。所得结论对降低测量误差、提升实测结果可信度具有一定参考价值。