用羊八井太阳宇宙线探测装置对太阳耀斑中子的初步探测

羊八井的地理优势特别适合于对太阳耀斑中子的观测.中日双方合作在羊八井建造了太阳中子望远镜和中子监测器,准备在第23太阳活动周的峰年到来之际,对太阳耀斑中子进行观测.设备于1998年10月开始采集数据,并在1998年11月28日观察到伴随一次X3.3级耀斑的计数超出.本文报道初步的探测结果.     

神光Ⅱ升级装置锥壳靶间接驱动快点火集成实验

在神光Ⅱ升级装置上完成了国际上首次间接驱动快点火集成实验。实验采用双台阶脉冲整形激光注入黑腔产生X射线准等熵压缩锥壳靶,实现了高密度压缩,然后采用皮秒超短脉冲激光注入加热燃料。实验中观测到中子产额由皮秒激光注入前的5×103增加到2.2×105,中子产额增益达到44倍,实验证实了皮秒激光具有明显燃料加热效果。该实验为进一步开展快点火热斑形成效率和相关物理研究奠定了基础。     

神光Ⅲ主机装置内爆中子和伽马辐射特性的数值模拟北大核心CSCD

采用三维中子-光子耦合输运蒙特卡罗程序JMCT,对神光Ⅲ主机靶场进行精细几何建模,使用该模型通过计算获得了DD内爆聚变中子及伽马射线在靶场环境的空间分布以及能谱和飞行时间谱。根据计算结果对散射中子和伽马射线的特性进行了讨论,并定量分析了散射中子噪声和伽马噪声分别对下散中子产额测量和高能X射线照相的影响。研究结果表明:必须进行有效的辐射屏蔽设计才能使下散中子产额测量和高能X射线照相的信噪比优于10。     

神光Ⅲ主机装置内爆中子和伽马辐射特性的数值模拟

采用三维中子-光子耦合输运蒙特卡罗程序JMCT,对神光Ⅲ主机靶场进行精细几何建模,使用该模型通过计算获得了DD内爆聚变中子及伽马射线在靶场环境的空间分布以及能谱和飞行时间谱。根据计算结果对散射中子和伽马射线的特性进行了讨论,并定量分析了散射中子噪声和伽马噪声分别对下散中子产额测量和高能X射线照相的影响。研究结果表明:必须进行有效的辐射屏蔽设计才能使下散中子产额测量和高能X射线照相的信噪比优于10。     

X射线影像探测器

1895年,伦琴(Wilhelm Rntgen)使用真空管产生X射线,并将产生的X射线记录在感光照相胶片上.他夫人手掌的X射线影像成为了一个著名的范例.现在,真空管已经被搁置在博物馆中,而感光胶片还被我们经常使用.随着新型同步辐射光源、X射线光学,以及计算方法的快速进步,探测器技术的进展为探测物质的结构与动力学过程开辟了新的途径.     

气体放电装置中的中子能谱测量

通过气体放电法研究常温核聚变现象时，用ＮＥ－２１３有机液体闪烁中子谱仪测量了气体放电装置中的中子能谱。验证了气体放电装置中中子的存在。在不同高压下，中子能谱中的峰能量均为２．３８ＭｅＶ。没有能量大于３ＭｅＶ的中子。并与加速器Ｄ—Ｄ中子源的中子能谱进行了比较。中子能谱的测量误差为±６％。     

无损检测用15MeV电子直线加速器主束内光中子剂量的测量与MC模拟计算

通过实验和模拟计算研究了无损检测用15MeV电子直线加速器X射线主束内的中子剂量. 加速器采用了铜复合靶和钨加含硼聚乙烯的屏蔽结构, 能够有效地减少光中子的产生, 中子产额在1/1000n/γ以下. 但由于主束内光子剂量很大, 中子的绝对强度也不容忽视. 针对加速器周围强X射线脉冲辐射场的特点, 采用了被 动型的中子剂量测量方法, 加速器正常工作情况下, 使用CR-39片和双电离室测量了等中心处中子对X射线的剂量当量比率, 分别为0.19mSv/Gy X-ray和0.060mSv/Gy X-ray. 利用MCNP5模拟计算了实验相应点的中子对X射线的剂量当量比率, 为0.092mSv/Gy X-ray, 与实验测量结果在数量级上一致. 加速器主射束上D_n/D_γ<1/1000,小于辐射防护标准对中子泄漏剂量的规定值, 从而验证了屏蔽结构的安全性.     

羊八井太阳中子望远镜和中子监测器对2005年1月20日GLE事件的探测

西藏羊八井位于东经90.53°, 北纬30.11°, 海拔4310m, 垂直地磁截止刚度14.1GV. 2005年1月20日羊八井太阳中子望远镜和中子监测器探测到与X7.1/2b太阳耀斑相关的GLE事件, 其中太阳中子望远镜能量>40MeV的能道在5min(07:00—07:05UT)和20min(07:00—07:20UT)的时间间隔内计数率增长的统计显著性分别是3.7σ和6.0σ, 同时羊八井中子监测器也探测到计数率的增长,初始时间为06:51—06:52UT. 观测表明在这次GLE事件中太阳质子可被加速到能量大于10GeV.     

ST401塑料闪烁体的脉冲中子相对光产额评估方法

介绍了脉冲中子在ST401塑料闪烁体上的相对光产额评估方法.采用Geant4蒙特卡罗软件模拟X射线和中子在闪烁体中的输运行为,记录产生的全部带电粒子类型和能量,由公式计算得到相对光产额.给出了不同能量的单个中子和单个X射线入射到1 mm,3 mm,5 mm,1 cm,2 cm,3 cm,5 cm厚ST401的平均相对光产额.在0.3 MeV脉冲X射线源和14 MeV脉冲中子源上开展验证实验,采用相同的图像测量系统记录相对光产额,给出了单个中子与X射线的平均相对光产额比值.模拟结果与实验结果相对误差小于10%.结果可以为宽能谱脉冲中子束图像测量系统的量程安排提供依据.     

中子晕核引起核反应中的同位旋效应

利用同位旋相关的量子分子动力学(IQMD)对中子晕核，⁸He和¹⁰He引起核反应中重要的同位旋效应和松散的中子晕结构影响的平均特征进行了研究.因为IQMD中的互作用势和介质中核子-核子碰撞截面灵敏地依赖于碰撞系统的密度分布.而扩展的中子晕密度分布包含了中子晕核的同位旋效应和松散的中子晕结构的平均特征，从而将这些信息通过动力学碰撞带入到反应机理中. 为了清楚地鉴别中子晕核带入反应机理重要的同位旋效应和松散中子晕结构的影响，通过比较中子晕核和相等质量稳定弹核在相同入射道条件下，所得物理观测量之间的差别加以确定.计算结果确实发现具有初始晕核信息的中子扩展密度分布将重要的同位旋效应和松散中子晕结构带入到各种物理观测量中.例如与相等质量稳定相比，中子晕核的晕特征引起了原子核阻止的降低；并明显地增加了核子发射中子-质子比和同位旋分馏比. 关键词： 中子晕核 原子核阻止 核子发射中子-质子比 同位旋分馏比     

A magnetic storage ring for neutrons

Neutrons were stored in a torroidal superconducting magnet ring by means of the magnet moment. First measurements of the lifetime of the confined particles in the ring are shown. Neutrons could be traced up to 20 minutes.     

Synchrotron Radiation and Neutrons in Art and Archaeology (SR2A) Conference 2016

The seventh edition of the international conference on Synchrotron Radiation and Neutrons in Art and Archaeology (SR2A 2016) was held September 6–8, 2016, at the Stock Exchange Room of The Art Institute of Chicago, USA. The conference was jointly organized by seven research laboratories and museums; more precisely, the Center for Scientific Studies in the Arts (NU-ACCESS) of Northwestern University, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Field Museum Chicago, the Advanced Photon Source (APS), the Oriental Institute Chicago, the Detroit Institute of Arts, and the Indianapolis Museum of Art, in close interaction with the SR2A International Committee. Nine years after the organization of the first SR2A conference in Grenoble, the Art Institute hosted the second biennial interdisciplinary meeting in the US.     

Atome auf der Waagschale

Seit 1889 diente ein Zylinder aus einer Platin-Iridium-Legierung in Sèvres bei Paris als Normal der Masseneinheit 1 Kilogramm. Präzisionsmessungen der Atomagewichte neun verschiedener Elemente und des Neutrons, die Frank Difilippo und seine Kollegen am Massachusetts Institute of Technology (USA) durchführten, könnten nun dem ?Urkilogramm”? seinen verdienten Weg ins Museum er möglichen und einen neuen atomistisch definierten Standard zur Masseneichung liefern [1].     

Transmutation of 129I, 237Np, 238Pu, 239Pu, and 241Am using neutrons produced in target-blanket system ‘Energy plus Transmutation’ by relativistic protons

Target-blanket facility ‘Energy + Transmutation’ was irradiated by proton beam extracted from the Nuclotron Accelerator in Laboratory of High Energies of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia. Neutrons generated by the spallation reactions of 0.7, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 GeV protons and lead target interact with subcritical uranium blanket. In the neutron field outside the blanket, radioactive iodine, neptunium, plutonium and americium samples were irradiated and transmutation reaction yields (residual nuclei production yields) have been determined using γ-spectroscopy. Neutron field's energy distribution has also been studied using a set of threshold detectors. Results of transmutation studies of ¹²⁹I, ²³⁷Np, ²³⁸Pu, ²³⁹Pu and ²⁴¹Am are presented.      

Neutron emission from KSTAR Ohmically heated plasmas

An un-calibrated sensitive ³He detector was used to monitor the KSTAR neutron rate during Ohmically heated discharges. Neutrons were detected for every shot. If the neutrons were from D-D reactions then there should be a dependence on the ion temperature. We obtained ion temperature, electron density, Ohmic heating input power measurements, etc. from standard diagnostics. The study shows no observable dependence on the Ohmic power, ion temperature, or calculated source strength. It appears that the neutrons are from sources other than D-D reactions. The most probable source is high-energy runaway electrons.     

Ground tests of nuclear planetology instruments at the JINR experimental facility

In this work the results of ground tests with active neutron spectrometer DAN (Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons) are presented, which have performed at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research to simulate space experiments on martian or lunar surfaces and to test ability of active neutron methods to detect layers of subsurface water ice or water at depths in range 0–40 cm. For this experiment we assembled thick models of soil (20–30 metric tons) from a dry material similar in the elemental composition with martian and lunar regolith. Polyethylene buried inside the target at different depths was used as a simulant of thin water/water ice layer.     

Inelastic neutron scattering by network polymer ion exchangers SG-1M, SGK-7, and KMD with different hydration levels

The spectra of inelastic neutron scattering by cation exchangers SG-1M, SGK-7, and KMD containing carboxyl functional groups and having different degrees of hydration in heavy water are considered. The experimental data were obtained in a temperature range of 220–363 K using neutron time-of-flight spectrometers from the Kurchatov Institute and the DIN-2PI spectrometer from the Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. As the degree of hydration and sample temperature increase, noticeable changes in the intensity and half-width of the quasielastic peak were observed. The generalized frequency distributions and other microdynamic characteristics of molecular mobility of the samples under study were obtained. Hydration effects and the temperature effect on these microdynamic characteristics are discussed.     

The photoneutron production cross section in Be

The photoneutron production cross section in ⁹Be was measured with a synchrotron using energy sweeping. Neutrons were detected with a multi-BF₃-counter flat-response detection system. Under high resolution the cross section shows 23 maxima between 6 and 27 MeV which are caused predominantly by E1 transitions.     

First measurement of the Λ→nγ branching ratio

In an experiment performed at the CERN-SPS charged hyperon beam, we have observed the radiative decay Λ→nγ, using well identified Λ from the decays of Ο^? of 116 GeV/c momentum. Neutrons and photons from the Λ decays were observed in liquid argon and lead glass detectors. From a sample of 31 candidates, containing an estimated background of 7.3 events, the decay branching ratio was measured to be Γ(Λ→nγ)/Γ(Λ→all)=(1.02±0.33)×10^?3.     

Measurements of the np total cross section difference DsL\Delta \sigma_L at 1.59, 1.79 and 2.20 GeV

New results of the neutron-proton spin-dependent total cross section difference at the neutron beam kinetic energies 1.59, 1.79 and 2.20 GeV are presented. Measurements were performed at the Synchrophasotron of the Laboratory of High Energies of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna. A quasi-monochromatic neutron beam was produced by break-up of extracted polarized deuterons. Neutrons were transmitted through a large polarized proton target. Measurements were performed either with a parallel or an antiparallel beam and target polarizations, both oriented along the beam momentum. The results at the two higher energies were measured with two opposite beam and target polarization directions. Only one target polarization direction was available at 1.59 GeV. The present measurements agree well with existing data. A fast decrease of the values with increasing energy above 1.1 GeV was confirmed. The new results are also compared with model predictions and with phase shift analysis fits. The quantities for isosinglet state I=0, deduced from the measured values and known data, are given. Received: 19 August 1999 / Published online: 3 February 2000