导电聚合物在纤维状能源器件中的应用进展

Conductive polymers implemented in fibrous energy devices have drawn considerable attention because of their economic importance, good environmental stability, and electrical conductivity. Conductive polymers demonstrate interesting mechanical, electronic, and optical properties, controllable chemical and electrochemical behavior, and facile processability. This review elaborates on the latest research in conductive polymers in fibrous energy devices, such as fibrous supercapacitors, fibrous solar cells, and fibrous integrated energy devices. The performance requirements of these fibrous energy devices, with specific reference to related materials, fabrication techniques, fiber structure, and electronic transport as well as mechanical functionality, are also reviewed in this paper.     

超级电容电池

本文比较了超级电容器、锂离子电池和超级电容电池的结构、原理、研究现状和发展前景。超级电容电池的正极具有超级电容器电极的结构和双电层储能机制,负极具有类似锂离子电池负极的结构和快速电化学储能机制。超级电容器和锂离子电池的发展空间都很有限,而作为两者结合的产物的超级电容电池可兼具高比功率、高比能量、高放电电压和长循环寿命的优点,是未来储能电池的发展方向之一,但还面临缺乏具有高分解电压的电解液和高充电电压下电解液中离子枯竭的问题。     

超级电容电池

本文比较了超级电容器、锂离子电池和超级电容电池的结构、原理、研究现状和发展前景。超级电容电池的正极具有超级电容器电极的结构和双电层储能机制,负极具有类似锂离子电池负极的结构和快速电化学储能机制。超级电容器和锂离子电池的发展空间都很有限,而作为两者结合的产物的超级电容电池可兼具高比功率、高比能量、高放电电压和长循环寿命的优点,是未来储能电池的发展方向之一,但还面临缺乏具有高分解电压的电解液和高充电电压下电解液中离子枯竭的问题。     

基于无机电致变色材料的变色储能器件

电致变色和电化学储能的原理均是基于电荷在电极中的嵌入或脱出而发生的氧化还原反应,具有相同的电化学本质。将电致变色和电化学储能功能集成在一起的电化学器件即电致变色储能器件。以锂离子电池为代表的电化学储能器件已广泛商业化,单一功能的电致变色器件也已被广泛报道并有商业化应用,但有关电致变色储能器件的研究仍然停留在实验阶段。该类器件在电化学储能的同时,可以改变其在可见光甚至红外波段的透射率,并可用颜色指示器件的荷电状态,为电化学器件提供新的应用前景。电致变色储能器件主要包括电致变色超级电容器、电致变色电池和光驱动电致变色智能窗等。电致变色超级电容器和电致变色电池以同时具有电致变色效应和电荷存储性质的材料为正负电极,光驱动电致变色智能窗则还包括将光能转化为电能的光电转换部分。这些器件可用于建筑节能智能窗、静态显示、智能传感等。此外,在柔性基底上制备的可穿戴电致变色储能器件在智能服装、植入显示器和电子皮肤等方面具有应用潜力。本文从基本原理、研究进展和应用领域等方面对无机电致变色储能材料与器件进行综述,并提出未来的研究展望。     

基于钛酸锂负极和聚三苯胺正极的电池电容体系

由于高安全、高功率和超长循环寿命等优点,钛酸锂负极材料近年来得到了广泛关注,基于钛酸锂负极的高性能超级电池电容器和锂离子电池也成为近年来的研究热点. 本文采用化学氧化法制备了有机物正极材料聚三苯胺,并通过经典的电化学测试方法研究了其储能机理及相应的电极动力学过程. 研究结果表明,该有机物正极的储能机制主要是基于阴离子的吸脱附反应,并表现出85 mA·g^-1的可逆容量,且其动力学过程不受扩散控制,属于典型的赝电容行为. 将该正极与钛酸锂负极结合构成了新型的电池电容体系,并对其电化学性能进行了研究,结果表明该体系具有高功率特性,且能量密度高于传统的混合型超级电容器. 此外,本文还对该有机物正极的不足和实际应用中所面临的挑战做了初步分析.     

ZIF-67及其衍生物复合材料的制备及其电化学性能研究进展

由于钴基沸石咪唑酯骨架材料(ZIF-67)结构和功能的多样化使其在电化学领域得到了广泛应用。本文概述了ZIF-67的结构特点及性能,总结了ZIF-67及其衍生物的合成方法,着重整理分析了该材料在超级电容器、锂离子电池等方面的应用。最后阐述了ZIF-67及其衍生物的未来发展前景和挑战,为今后的相关研究提供参考。     

MXenes及MXenes复合材料的制备及其在能量存储与转换中的应用

综述了新型过渡金属碳化物和/或氮化物(MXenes)二维纳米材料的合成及其在电化学能源存储与转换中应用的研究进展,这些应用可以分为如下三类:二次电池、超级电容器以及电化学催化。 由于具有二维结构、金属导电性、亲水性表面以及其它优点,MXene二维纳米材料在这些应用领域展示了良好的性能,而且还可以通过嵌入、复合、掺杂、组装等方法来进一步提高其电化学性能。 本文为新型MXenes以及相关材料的开发、合成和应用提供了思路,这种新型MXenes 材料可以用于能量存储与转换、电子和催化等领域。     

高比能超级电容器的研究进展

与传统蓄电池相比,超级电容器具有高功率密度、长循环寿命和使用温度范围宽等优势,但其能量密度较低.本文对超级电容器的结构、分类以及发展状况进行了简要介绍,重点阐述了本实验室近年来在研制高性能超级电容器方面的相关工作.主要从两个方面来提高超级电容器的能量密度:(1)通过采用中性水系电解液、有机电解液和离子液体提高对称型碳基超级电容器的电压窗口;(2)应用非对称型超级电容器,即一个电极采用具有法拉第赝电容电极材料或电池电极材料,而另一个电极则采用具有双电层电容的电极材料.同时介绍了由锂离子电池电极材料/活性炭作为正极,石墨作为负极组成的锂离子混合型超级电容器.最后,对超级电容器的发展方向进行了展望.     

新型超级电容器的研发进展

传统超级电容器受低能量密度的限制,在当今器件研发中需更加关注电极材料结构-组成-性能研究。 本文总结了新型赝电容器的发展历程及其研发过程中存在的挑战与解决措施,着重从胶体离子超级电容器电极材料等新型的电极材料和氧化还原电解质两个方面进行综述。 原位合成的胶体离子超级电容器电极材料比非原位合成的电极材料具有更高的反应活性,并且以近似离子的状态存在,有效增加了电极材料的比容量。 氧化还原电解质的使用在不改变电极材料的前提下,进一步提高了超级电容器的能量密度。 初步介绍了新型锂离子电容器。 锂离子电容器同时使用电池型材料和电容型材料,可提高其能量密度。 依据当前超级电容器的研发现状,未来有望将电池材料和电容器材料结合使用,进而形成电池电容器或电容电池,使其同时具有高的能量密度和功率密度。     

石墨炔在电化学储能器件中的应用

当今社会,电化学储能器件在人类的社会活动中变得越来越重要。电极材料作为电化学储能器件的核心部分,一直是人们研究的焦点。石墨炔是一种新型的二维平面结构的全碳材料,它宽的层间距、大的比表面积、独特的三维孔隙结构和好的导电性使其在能源存储器件电极材料应用中具有巨大的潜力。基于石墨炔温和的制备方法与独特的结构特征,本文详细介绍了近年来石墨炔在储能方面的理论分析和实验进展。通过研究锂/钠在单层、多层石墨炔上的迁移率和存储,理论分析石墨炔基电池具有很好的储锂储钠性能。实验方面,石墨炔作为电极材料在储钠储锂方面的容量与理论值相近。此外石墨炔作为电极材料成功应用于超级电容器和金属-硫电池,并表现出了优异的容量存储性能。石墨炔纳米形貌的调控、石墨炔的热处理,以及异原子的掺杂等均可以有效地提高石墨炔在这些储能器件中的性能。     

自卷曲技术在微型储能器件上的应用

微型能源存储器件在可穿戴电子产品、微型自驱动探测器等领域有重要的应用前景,同时为研究储能器件电极结构、电子/离子传导率以及电化学动力学之间的内在联系提供了理想的平台。自卷曲技术是利用材料内部存在的残余应力而实现二维薄膜材料自行弯曲的一种方法。相比于传统微纳制备工艺,这种方法可以在微米尺度下将二维薄膜电极材料有序卷曲排列,为微型储能器件的制备提供了有效、便捷的途径。本文介绍了近些年自卷曲技术在微型能源存储器件上的重要进展,其中包括材料自卷曲的原理、自卷曲电极及其储能性质,并以此为基础,着重阐述了自卷曲技术制备单根管微型锂离子电池和电容阵列的应用实例。总结并展望了自卷曲技术在微型储能器件应用上的未来挑战和重要机遇。     

Miniaturized Salinity Gradient Energy Harvesting Devices

Harvesting salinity gradient energy, also known as “osmotic energy” or “blue energy”, generated from the free energy mixing of seawater and fresh river water provides a renewable and sustainable alternative for circumventing the recent upsurge in global energy consumption. The osmotic pressure resulting from mixing water streams with different salinities can be converted into electrical energy driven by a potential difference or ionic gradients. Reversed-electrodialysis (RED) has become more prominent among the conventional membrane-based separation methodologies due to its higher energy efficiency and lesser susceptibility to membrane fouling than pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO). However, the ion-exchange membranes used for RED systems often encounter limitations while adapting to a real-world system due to their limited pore sizes and internal resistance. The worldwide demand for clean energy production has reinvigorated the interest in salinity gradient energy conversion. In addition to the large energy conversion devices, the miniaturized devices used for powering a portable or wearable micro-device have attracted much attention. This review provides insights into developing miniaturized salinity gradient energy harvesting devices and recent advances in the membranes designed for optimized osmotic power extraction. Furthermore, we present various applications utilizing the salinity gradient energy conversion.     

All-Polymer Piezo-Composites for Scalable Energy Harvesting and Sensing Devices

Silicone elastomer composites with piezoelectric properties, conferred by incorporated polyimide copolymers, with pressure sensors similar to human skin and kinetic energy harvester capabilities, were developed as thin film (<100 micron thick) layered architecture. They are based on polymer materials which can be produced in industrial amounts and are scalable for large areas (m²). The piezoelectric properties of the tested materials were determined using a dynamic mode of piezoelectric force microscopy. These composite materials bring together polydimethylsiloxane polymers with customized poly(siloxane-imide) copolymers (2–20 wt% relative to siloxanes), with siloxane segments inserted into the structure to ensure the compatibility of the components. The morphology of the materials as free-standing films was studied by SEM and AFM, revealing separated phases for higher polyimide concentration (10, 20 wt%). The composites show dielectric behavior with a low loss (<10⁻¹) and a relative permittivity superior (3–4) to pure siloxane within a 0.1–10⁶ Hz range. The composite in the form of a thin film can generate up to 750 mV under contact with a 30 g steel ball dropped from 10 cm high. This capability to convert a pressure signal into a direct current for the tested device has potential for applications in self-powered sensors and kinetic energy-harvesting applications. Furthermore, the materials preserve the known electromechanical properties of pure polysiloxane, with lateral strain actuation values of up to 6.2% at 28.9 V/μm.     

下一代能源存储技术及其关键电极材料

由于能源危机与环境问题,全球能源的消耗正逐渐从传统化石能源转向其它清洁高效能源。高效清洁能源的存储是电动汽车和智能电网的关键技术,对新能源、新材料和新能源汽车国家战略新兴产业的发展具有重要意义。锂离子电池是目前广泛应用的一种能源存储器件。电动汽车和智能电网对能量密度、功率密度、循环寿命和成本等方面的要求越来越高,传统的锂离子电池面临巨大挑战,发展下一代能源存储技术迫在眉睫。高能量密度的锂硫电池和锂空气电池,低成本、高安全性的室温钠离子电池受到了越来越多的关注。本文简要总结了近年来锂硫电池、锂空气电池和钠离子电池及其关键电极材料的研究进展,并对这些新型能源存储技术存在的问题和未来的前景做出了分析和展望。     

The advance of fiber-shaped lithium ion batteries

With the development of wearable devices, much attention has been paid to the energy supply for these devices. Traditional batteries are not suitable for wearable devices due to their rigidity and high-density. Meanwhile, flexible and lightweight planar batteries cannot be fitted to the fabric well and have poor permeability, which lower the degree of the wearing comfort of the fabric. Therefore, the fiber-shaped lithium ion battery (LIB) becomes one of the best energy storage devices which can solve all the problems mentioned above because of its light-weight, flexibility, weavability and stretchability. However, the capacity of fiber-shaped LIBs is always lower than the capacity of planar batteries because of the low loading of active materials, and the circuit connection will be very complicated in further weaving. In this review article, we introduce the development of the fiber-shaped LIB, summarize the main challenges and finally point out the future direction of this field.     

CVD 法制备三维石墨烯的电化学储能性能

维石墨烯是由二维石墨烯构成的三维网络结构,多孔的网络结构赋予了三维石墨烯超大的比表面积、超高的机械强度以及优异的电子传输通道. 因其优异的性能,三维石墨烯及其复合材料已经广泛地应用于能源、化学和生物等研究领域. 在三维石墨烯的合成方法中,化学气相沉积法由于制备的三维石墨烯具有高纯度、良好结晶性和优异的机械性能而备受推崇. 本文结合当前研究热点,综述了化学气相沉积法制备三维石墨烯及其复合材料在电化学储能领域（铝电池、锂离子电池、锂-硫电池、钠离子电池、金属-空气电池、超级电容器）中的应用,并简要评述当前化学气相沉积法制备三维石墨烯在应用中所面临的挑战及发展前景.     

Preparation of TiO2 Nanoflakes and Their Influence on Lithium Ion Battery Storage Performance

TiO₂ nanoflakes were prepared by hydrothermal precipitation method using Ti(SO₄)₂ as titanium source and NaOH solution as alkaline medium. Their surface morphology, grain size measured after high temperature calcination and effect on the electrochemical performance of Li ion battery were discussed. TiO₂ nanoflakes were characterizated by means of transmission electron microscopy(TEM), X^-ray powder diffraction(XRD), N₂ adsorption-desorption isothermal assay, cyclic voltammetry(CV) and cycle performance test. The result of electrochemical performance test shows that the prepared TiO₂ nanoflakes have high discharge specific capacity and good cycle performance. Discharge specific capacity for the first circle at the discharge rate of 0.1 C is 261.5 mA·h·g^-1. After 90 cycles, the discharge capacity reduces to 172.2 mA·h·g^-1.