材料研究中的介观模拟方法

介绍了材料研究中的蒙特卡罗、元胞自动机和耗散粒子动力学三种介观模拟方法的原理和应用。重点阐述了耗散粒子动力学方法在材料研究领域中的应用,包括嵌段共聚物在水溶液中的聚集行为、聚合物和表面活性剂的相互作用、复杂流体流动的耗散粒子动力学研究、嵌段共聚物的微相分离等,除此之外,笔者还初步探索了耗散粒子动力学在熔体静电纺丝领域的...     

配体链包覆纳米粒子的表面相分离及自组装的模拟研究

通过耗散粒子动力学方法,模拟了二元配体链包覆的纳米粒子表面的相分离行为,并与现有的模拟和实验体系进行对比.研究结果印证了相分离驱动力是配体链错位所导致的构象熵的结论.进一步以相分离得到的Janus和三嵌段Janus结构纳米粒子作为构筑单元,研究了其在选择性溶剂中的自组装行为.结果表明,Janus粒子易自组装成为双层囊泡结构,而三嵌段Janus粒子则更易形成单层囊泡结构.对于从配体链包覆的纳米粒子出发,设计具有特殊功能的囊泡提供了理论支持.     

高分子在受限稀溶液中的结构和动力学性质

利用平衡态及非平衡态耗散粒子动力学模拟方法, 分别研究了平衡态和流场作用下受限高分子在稀溶液中的链结构和动力学. 采用没有滑移和密度涨落的边界条件模拟纳米管道环境, 进而研究了高分子回转半径和扩散系数对受限强度及高分子与溶剂间相互作用的依赖关系. 在非平衡态模拟中, 分别考虑了Poiseuille和Couette两种流场. 研究发现, 在这两种流场作用下, 高分子都随着溶剂与高分子排斥作用的降低而向管道中心迁移. 在强流场下, 在Poiseuille流场中高分子密度呈现出双峰分布, 而在Couette流场中则呈现为单峰分布.     

分子模拟在纳米载药材料中的应用研究进展

纳米载药系统因其可改善药代动力学特性、降低毒性、控制溶出,还具有靶向性,已成为近年来生物医学领域的研究热点。分子模拟是一种新颖的节省资源的预测方法,可用于模拟研究在不同条件下纳米粒子的形成、行为和结构变化的相关信息,其计算结果有助于预测实验所需材料。本综述介绍了不同尺度的模拟方法,包括全原子分子动力学(AAMD)、蒙特卡洛(MC)、粗粒分子动力学(CGMD)和耗散粒子动力学(DPD)方法,并对其理论基础及最新模拟进展进行了阐述。     

良溶剂中环形高分子单链的结构与动力学性质的模拟研究

本文采用多粒子碰撞动力学与分子动力学耦合的模拟方法研究了环形高分子单链在良溶剂中的静态与动态性质,并与线形分子进行了对比.研究发现,环形高分子链内粒子之间的平均距离小于线形链,即粒子排列得更加紧密;相应的均方回转半径也小于线形链,线形链与环形链的均方回转半径的比值为1.77;同时,环形链扩散的速度也比线形链快,两者比值为1.10.模拟结果揭示了扩散行为是排斥体积作用和流体力学相互作用耦合的结果,在扩散过程中,流体力学相互作用消减了排斥体积作用对扩散行为的贡献.此外,通过对有和没有流体力学相互作用的多粒子碰撞动力学得到的结果作对比,研究了流体力学相互作用对高分子静态和动态行为的影响,结果表明,流体力学相互作用使高分子链在极稀溶液中的扩散速度变快.     

耗散粒子动力学及其应用的新进展

耗散粒子动力学(dissipative particle dynamics,DPD),是1992年提出的一种针对于复杂流体的介观模拟方法,凭着相对于其它模拟方法的高计算效率以及能够模拟流体水力学行为的优势,目前已经成为研究复杂流体动力学行为的主要模拟方法之一,同时也是联系微观结构与宏观实验的重要桥梁,在辅助研究复杂流体性质方面起到了重要的作用,本文对这一模拟方法在近几年的发展及其应用做了全面的总结。首先介绍了近年来方法本身的改进和完善,接着详细总结了目前的应用研究热点。作为一种计算机实验工具,这种方法近年来在对复杂流体的研究上进展迅速,既能用于预测平衡过程的结构和性质,又能用于研究非平衡过程的动力学因素。     

两嵌段共聚物反相溶剂中组装结构转变动力学的模拟研究

利用耗散粒子动力学方法,分别研究了不同结构的组装体在改变溶剂的选择性后,在溶液及界面上的结构演变动力学.模拟结果表明,在改变溶剂的选择性后,大球形胶束在溶液中转变形成反向球形胶束,而在界面上则转变形成反向环状胶束,当前模拟结果与已有的实验结果一致.此外,模拟结果还预测出,在改变溶剂的选择性后,环状胶束在溶液中转变形成反向环状胶束,而在界面处受限形成反向的支化蠕虫状胶束;蠕虫状胶束则在溶液中转变形成反向环状胶束,而在界面处受限形成多层纳米球结构;囊泡在溶液中转变形成分散的小胶束聚集体,而在界面处受限形成球形的补丁纳米粒子.     

超临界流体沉积技术在纳米复合材料制备中的应用*

本文综述了超临界流体沉积法在纳米复合材料制备领域的进展,介绍了利用超临界流体的溶剂化特性、表面张力为零、性质随压力与温度的变化敏感等性质,制备高质量的纳米粒子、薄膜及多孔纳米材料,讨论了超临界流体沉积过程中的吸附、热力学平衡及扩散动力学等问题,总结了不同学者对该方法制备复合材料的机理研究,认为超临界流体沉积法是制备纳米复合材料的有效方法。最后,对深入开展此项研究工作需要努力的方向和解决的关键问题提出了建议。     

纳米粒子/共聚物混合体系结构的Monte Carlo模拟

基于简立方格点模型,对纳米粒子/共聚物混合体系进行了动力学Monte Carlo模拟研究. 每一共聚物链均由一个A珠子和三个B珠子组成,表示为A1B3. A1B3链的两亲性体现为B-B之间的相互吸引作用,同时憎水性的纳米粒子之间也存在相互吸引. 通过适当选取纳米粒子与B珠子之间的吸引作用势,观察到两种结构:纳米粒子/A1B3链的核-壳结构和纳米粒子分散在憎水壳层中的A1B3囊泡结构. 还研究了这两种结构的动力学演化过程,模拟结果表明在纳米粒子分散于囊泡壳层的过程中A1B3囊泡起模板作用.     

金纳米粒子和聚合物复合体系分子设计与组装过程的计算机模拟

金纳米粒子除了拥有纳米粒子的体积效应、表面效应、量子尺寸效应、宏观量子隧道效应等优异性能之外,还有一些特殊性能,如良好的稳定性、抗菌抑菌功能、表面吸收带效应、荧光效应等。量子化学计算方法提供了从分子水平上探究金团簇的催化和反应活性的影响因素,如金团簇的尺寸、形状、电子状态、活性位点的类型和结构等。分子动力学可以更好地模拟纳米粒子与配体和溶剂的相互作用方式,同时给出热力学和动力学行为。耗散粒子动力学等介观模拟方法则被应用到金纳米粒子和聚合物复合体系自组装过程的研究,并可以给出调控自组装结构的有效方案。以高分子与纳米粒子复合物为研究对象,明晰影响复合物结构和性质的主导因素,探索复合物调控机制,提出决定复合物功能的主控因素,进一步理解高分子与纳米粒子复合物的本质,可以为实验上制备、优化新型高分子与纳米粒子复合物材料提供可靠的理论帮助。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Copper catalyzed/mediated synthetic methodology for ebselen and related isoselenazolones

Scope of the copper catalyzed/mediated selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been studied for the synthesis of isoselenazolones. It is noticed that the 2-chloro, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-aryl amides substrates can be exploited in the selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction by employing 25-100 mol % of CuI/1,10-phenanthroline (L) and potassium carbonate as a base in DMF. Furthermore, electron rich 2-chloro-arylamides also underwent selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction to give biologically important selenium-nitrogen heterocycles. Also, copper-catalyzed selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been meticulously applied for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides having methoxy, amine, and amide functionality from respective aryl iodides in the presence of stoichiometric amount of succinimide as an external Se-N coupling partner.     

Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by novel Nmm-based ionic liquids in water

A series of novel N-methyl morpholine (Nmm) based ionic liquids with 1,2-propanediol group were synthesized and used as catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature in water. Under the effect of the catalyst, various aldehydes or aliphatic ketones could react with a wide range of activated methylene compounds well, including malononitrile, alkyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, β-diketone, barbituric acid, 2-arylacetonitrile and thiazolidinedione. Furthermore, most of the products could be separated just by filtrating and washing with water. Additionally, the catalyst is recyclable and applicable for the large-scale synthesis.     

Construction of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives via sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction

A series of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields via a catalyst-free sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 under mild conditions. We also present the first asymmetric sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 with moderate to good enantioselectivities catalyzed by readily available chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs).     

Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS2028: a non-product specific route to C-8 substituted analogues

Both soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors ODQ 1 and NS2028 2 are synthesized via improved protocols. In the former case treating 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one oxime 8, which can be prepared in two steps from 1,2-benzenediamine, with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) gives the dihydro-ODQ 10 that in the presence of KMnO₄ oxidises to give ODQ 1 in an overall yield of 46% starting from 1,2-benzenediamine. In the latter case, the synthesis affords NS2028 2 from 2-amino-4-bromophenol 3 in three steps with an overall yield of 85% and avoids the need for chromatography. Furthermore, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions are described that enable the preparation of 8-aryl and 8-heteroaryl derivatives of NS2028 directly from NS2028 2. Finally, demethylation of the 8-(methoxyphenyl) substituted analogues afforded the 8-(hydroxyphenyl) derivatives 40-42. All new products are fully characterised.