模块化双功能有机硼氮和硼磷催化体系的设计及其催化转化

有机硼化合物是近年来广泛研究的一类非金属催化剂,其在环氧烷烃参与的开环均聚合和共聚合方面展现了良好的适用性,但二元亲电亲核双组分催化体系在加入大量的反应单体后由于稀释效应带来的熵不利因素往往导致活性减小或失活的问题,同时也难以制备大分子量的聚合物材料.基于此,本文主要综述了本课题组设计的分子内同时含有亲电和亲核中心的双功能有机硼-季铵盐和有机硼-季鏻盐催化体系的研究进展,重点梳理了此类双功能有机硼催化剂的设计脉络和设计原则,对比了双功能和双组分有机硼催化体系之间的聚合反应机理,总结了利用双功能有机硼催化剂在环氧烷烃开环聚合制备脂肪族聚醚、环氧烷烃和二氧化碳共聚合制备二氧化碳基聚碳酸酯、环氧烷烃和环状酸酐共聚合制备聚酯等方面的内容,展望了有机硼催化剂在高分子合成化学方向的未来和趋势.     

吡啶基有机碱催化O-羧基酐的活性开环聚合

O-羧基酐(OCA)是α-羟基酸与三光气的缩合产物, 其侧基结构丰富, 可开环聚合生成结构多样的聚α-羟基酸, 弥补了聚乳酸结构和性能单一的缺陷. 在OCA开环聚合过程中, 手性α-H容易发生外消旋化, 导致聚合物的立构规整度下降. 本文发现了一种结构简单的高性能有机催化剂—4-甲氧基吡啶, 其可在温和的条件下快速催化OCA的活性开环聚合, 有效抑制酯交换和手性α-H的外消旋化副反应, 合成出高立构规整度的窄分布聚α-羟基酸. 进一步研究发现, 虽然在甲苯和四氢呋喃等常见溶剂中, OCA的开环聚合遵循一级动力学, 但在环氧烷烃溶剂中, OCA开环聚合遵循零级动力学, 聚合反应速率与单体浓度无关. 作为新型高效有机碱催化剂, 4-甲氧基吡啶在多嵌段可降解聚酯高效合成和聚酯生物医药载体制备等方面具有潜在的应用价值.     

甲基丙烯酸甲酯原子转移自由基聚合等规度研究

在0～100℃温度范围内,由原子转移自由基聚合方法,采用助催化和非助催化体系,引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合,利用¹³CNMR测定聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的等规度.发现原子转移自由基聚合仍以间同立构为主,随着聚合温度的升高间同立构等规度降低,与通常自由基聚合对有规立构控制特征相似.助催化剂异丙醇铝和活性端羰基配位,对聚合物的立构规整性有一定的影响.     

α—甲基丙烯酸2，3—环氧丙基酯α—甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段共聚物的合成与鉴定

α－甲基丙烯酸2，3－环氧丙基酯（EPMA）含有两个可进行阴离子聚合的基团，即α位C＝C双键和酯基上的环氧基。控制适当的聚合条件可使α位双键选择性地进行阴离子聚合而一步合成每个重复单元上均带有环氧基团的窄分布（Mw^-/Mn^-≤1.10)PEPMA^[1]。本研究进一步探讨反应时间对聚合反应过程、温度对聚合物立构规整性的影响，并通过改进单体的精制方法，试图合成单分散Mw^-/Mn^-≤1．05）官能性PEPMA。同时，通过与α－甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）的阴离子共聚，对单体的聚合顺序、共聚物组成比、分子量及分子量分布等进行探讨，并对所得聚合物进行表征。     

稀土金属配合物催化芳香型乙烯基极性单体立构选择性聚合

鉴于聚合物的立构规整度对其性能起着重要的作用,如何提高聚合物的立构规整度一直以来都是配位聚合领域的重要研究课题。经过几十年的发展,配位聚合已经在 α-烯烃、苯乙烯、共轭二烯烃等非极性烯烃单体的立构选择性聚合方面取得了巨大的成就。但非极性聚烯烃材料表面性能差,而化学性质稳定,难以被后功能化。因此通过极性单体的立构选择性聚合将极性基团引入聚烯烃大分子链中对于提高其性能具有非常重要的意义。然而,在传统的配位聚合中,单体上的极性原子(基团)易于向金属中心配位,导致催化体系失去立构选择性,甚至失去活性。因此选择合适的配体、金属种类与极性单体组合的策略对实现立构选择性聚合至关重要。近年来,针对2-乙烯基吡啶、含杂原子苯乙烯衍生物以及硼氮杂芳香型乙烯基单体的定向聚合,开发了大量的稀土金属配合物催化体系,聚合物的立构规整度取得了较大的突破,同时对单体上极性原子在聚合中的作用也有了新的认识。本综述以单体种类为主线,详细讨论了配体的结构、取代基的电子效应、空间位阻效应、中心稀土金属种类和聚合溶剂等对催化剂聚合活性、立构选择性的影响,并探讨可能的聚合反应机理。     

二氧化碳与环氧化合物直接制备聚碳酸酯

综述了近几年来发展的用于二氧化碳与环氧化合物直接催化合成聚碳酸酯的各类催化剂,并详细讨论了其催化反应机理.利用二氧化碳与环氧化合物来合成聚碳酸酯,对于高分子合成化学、碳资源利用和环境保护都具有重大意义.它是发展聚碳酸酯生产的一个具有很大潜力的方面.     

自由基聚合的立体选择性调控

聚合物的物理和化学性能取决于其结构.从组成聚合物的重复单元结构及比例到更为精细、复杂的聚合物微结构,如聚合物的分子量及其分布、单体的序列排布(嵌段、梯度、接枝、交替等)、拓扑结构(星型、梳状、网状、刷状等)、末端官能团、立构规整度等都可能显著影响聚合物的性能,人们对此进行了广泛而深入的研究.其中,聚合物的立构规整度的调控具有重要意义,如丙烯的立体定向性配位聚合显示了巨大的商业价值.虽然自由基聚合是高分子材料生产中应用最广泛的聚合技术之一,但其难以对大分子结构进行控制.可逆失活自由基聚合(RDRP)的发展使分子量的控制得到了显著改善.然而,对于所有形式的自由基聚合来说,立体选择性的调控都极具挑战性.这主要是由于自由基的高活性以及近平面特性,使得单体加成时难以控制面的选择性,生成的聚合物多为无规立构.本综述从调控策略的角度对自由基聚合的立体选择性调控的相关研究进行了总结、评价和展望,包括在限定环境中聚合、使用含手性辅基或大位阻取代基的单体、溶剂(氢键)效应、外加路易斯酸以及催化剂(或配体)效应等五个方面.尽管这些调控手段已经获得了立体选择性自由基聚合的初步进展,但总体而言仍然存在着单体范围...     

聚醚型化合物的核磁共振碳谱解析

论述了以环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷为代表的聚醚型化合物的核磁共振碳谱特点及其立构规整性特征，并通过对主链碳谱和末端基碳谱的解析，讨论了聚合反应机理和聚合物组成。     

聚甲基丙烯酸正烃酯的微观立构规整性

用碳13核磁共振谱(~(13)C NMR)测定了游离基聚合的聚甲基丙烯酸正烷基酯(PMA-1,-6,-7,-8,-10,-12,-14)的微观立构规整性。发现酯基的长短对规整性影响甚小, 聚合物以间规占多数。认为此现象与游离基聚合反应中链增长过程末端游离基的结构有关, 本文给予初步的解释.     

脂肪族聚碳酸酯共聚物的研究进展

脂肪族聚碳酸酯共聚物是一类可完全生物降解的新型材料,自1969年井上祥平等首次通过二氧化碳与环氧化合物反应合成脂肪族聚碳酸酯以来,人们在将二氧化碳固定为全降解聚合物这一研究领域取得了大量研究成果.本文综述了用于二氧化碳和环氧化合物共聚合成脂肪族聚碳酸酯的各类催化剂及反应机理,讨论了脂肪族聚碳酸酯结构/性能关系,并简要介绍了其在不同领域的应用.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.