Development of a new atmospheric pressure cold plasma jet generator and application in sterilization

This paper reports that a new plasma generator at atmospheric pressure, which is composed of two homocentric cylindrical all-metal tubes, successfully generates a cold plasma jet. The inside tube electrode is connected to ground, the outside tube electrode is connected to a high-voltage power supply, and a dielectric layer is covered on the outside tube electrode. When the reactor is operated by low-frequency (6 kHz--20 kHz) AC supply in atmospheric pressure and argon is steadily fed as a discharge gas through inside tube electrode, a cold plasma jet is blown out into air and the plasma gas temperature is only 25--30℃. The electric character of the discharge is studied by using digital real-time oscilloscope (TDS 200-Series), and the discharge is capacitive. Preliminary results are presented on the decontamination of E.colis bacteria and Bacillus subtilis bacteria by this plasma jet, and an optical emission analysis of the plasma jet is presented in this paper. The ozone concentration generated by the plasma jet is 1.0×10¹⁶cm^-3 which is acquired by using the ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy.     

大气压氦气多路低温等离子体射流

为了研究大气压低温等离子体多路射流阵列的放电特性,设计一个实现7路低温等离子体射流的放电装置,采用单电极放电结构,在开放的大气环境下通入氦气。采用高压窄脉冲重复频率电源激励驱动该放电装置,电源脉冲宽度约230 ns,脉冲上升沿约为120 ns。在重复频率为500 Hz的条件下,通过高速摄影初步发现放电电流脉宽约为110 ns,且无反向放电。试验结果表明:平均射流长度随电压幅值增加而增加,在一定电压幅值时射流长度有达到饱和的趋势,这是由于射流通道尾部有空气进入,电压幅值已不再是主要原因;只有在合适的气体流量值时,才能够获得较长的平均射流长度,这是由于气体流量过大或过小时射流均不足以维持形成的放电通道;此外,中心电极放电射流长度受气体流量影响较大,气体流量在一定值时可以观察到中心电极有较长的射流,射流放电强度较弱,气体流量过大或过小时中心电极几乎无放电,这是由于四周电极更易形成放电射流,削弱了中心电极放电。 ,     

Measurement of the plasma jet parameters during material irradiation

A technique is presented for determining the parameters of a high-energy plasma jet during the irradiation of the first wall of a thermonuclear reactor on a plasma gun bench. The plasma density is measured with a Michelson interferometer mounted on a through flange. The plasma velocity is determined by observing the propagation of the ionization front using a K008 streak camera. The plasma composition at the output of the accelerator and near the irradiated target is found with an AvaSpec 3648 panoramic spectrometer. The kinetic energy of the jet is recorded calorimetrically. The action (pressure) of the plasma jet on the target is confirmed with piezoelectric and interferometric methods simultaneously in each radiation event. It is found that the plasma gun bench is able to generate a plasma with an energy flux density similar to that observed in the case of edge-localized modes in a tokamak and makes it possible to carry out experiments aimed at developing protective materials for the international thermonuclear experimental reactor.     

Two-dimensional numerical study of an atmospheric pressure helium plasma jet with dual-power electrode

In this paper,the characteristics of an atmospheric pressure helium plasma jet generated by a dual-power electrode(DPE) configuration are investigated by using a two-dimensional fluid model.The effect of a needle electrode on the discharge is studied by comparing the results of the DPE configuration with those of the single ring electrode configuration.It is found that the existence of the needle leads to the generation of a helium plasma jet with a higher propagation velocity,higher species density,and larger discharge width.Furthermore,the influences of the needle radius and needle-to-ring discharge gap on the generation of a plasma jet are also studied.The simulation results indicate that the needle electrode has an evident influence on the plasma jet characteristics.     

不同电极结构下大气压Ar等离子体射流的流体模拟研究

采用二维轴对称流体模型对比研究了3种不同电极结构下大气压Ar等离子体射流的基本特性。第一种是带绝缘介质的针电极结构（电场方向和气体流方向平行）,第二种是在第一种电极结构的介质管外增加一个垂直气流方向的接地环电极,第三种是不带绝缘介质的裸针电极结构。研究结果表明,接地环电极的引入对介质管内外的射流传播影响不同。在介质管内,接地环电极使管内表面附近的径向电场增加,电子密度升高,射流传播速度加快,但对中心轴附近的电场和电子密度影响很小;然而在介质管外,接地环电极的引入导致轴向和径向电场均减小,从而引起射流的传播长度减小,射流通道径向收缩。通过带绝缘介质的针电极和裸针电极结构的对比研究发现,保持其他条件不变,去掉包裹在针电极上的介质后,由于等离子体电势升高,电场增加,射流的传播长度几乎增加一倍,峰值电子密度增加近一个数量级,而且在整个射流通道内电子密度都保持相对高的值。此外,对3种电极结构下的主要活性粒子的产生和输运进行了比较研究。     

Simple Physical Model of Generation of the Low-Pressure Radio Frequency Supersonic Plasma Jet

The paper presents a simple theoretical model of the breakdown of the supersonic plasma jet generated by the hollow cathode discharge inside the nozzle in the low pressure RF plasma-chemical reactor. Through the nozzle which is drilled in the RF electrode the working gas flows to the reactor chamber. If at the outlet of the nozzle the gas flow is supersonic the well defined plasma jet is created inside the reactor chamber. The results of our model are in qualitative agreement with experimental data.     

An atmospheric-pressure nitrogen-plasma jet produced from microdischarges in a porous dielectric

This report presents an atmospheric-pressure nitrogen-plasma jet generated from microdischarges in a porous dielectric. A plasma jet with a length of 42 mm was produced by feeding nitrogen gas through a porous alumina installed between an outer electrode and a hollow inner electrode and by applying 60 Hz sinusoidal voltage wave to the electrodes. Microdischarges in the porous alumina are ejected as a plasma jet from the outer electrode through a 1 mm hole by increasing the applied voltage, showing that the temperature of the jet decreases to a value close to room temperature. Even at a frequency as low as 60 Hz, the plasma that evolves from a large amount of microdischarge inside a porous dielectric can have characteristics that are similar to those generated at several hundreds of kilohertz. From the electrical measurements, it is expected that not only the steady generation but also the frequency of the pulses resulting from the microdischarges in the porous dielectric play an important role in obtaining a stable plasma jet. We also identified the various excited plasma species produced from the plasma jet by an optical emission spectroscopy.     

脉冲放电射流辅助射频辉光放电研究

通过实验研究了脉冲放电射流辅助下大气压氦气射频辉光放电的电学和光学特性。采用组合电极结构,在射频放电前段增加脉冲电极,脉冲放电产生的射流以等离子体子弹形式注入射频放电区域,主要研究脉冲射流辅助射频放电的电流电压曲线、最低放电维持电压、放电强度和空间结构时空分布。研究结果表明:等离子体子弹经过射频放电区域后,由于等离子体子弹引入的活性粒子,会使射频放电区域等离子体强度增强;而射频放电最低维持电压也从0.93 kV降低至0.43 kV。     

A unipolar pulsed plasma generator in combination with a laser as a plasma jet source

A pulsed plasma generator ignited by plasma produced by laser radiation is described. The plasma generator can provide a relatively high-velocity plasma jet of specific chemical composition. The principal parameters of the plasma jet (its velocity, charged particle concentration, and temperature) have been measured and the properties of the plasma jet have been found to be independent of the polarity of the plasma generator ring electrode.The authors are grateful to M. A. El'yashevich for discussing the present paper.     

等离子体喷射触发气体开关多通道放电特性

为了能够形成稳定的多通道放电,研制了一种等离子体喷射触发气体开关。在触发电极的内部嵌入多个微型激励腔以形成多通道等离子体喷射,从而在主间隙中诱导多通道放电。研究了触发电路连接方式、触发能量和极性对多通道等离子体喷射的影响,比较了开关在两种工作模式下各间隙放电通道数量随工作系数的变化规律。实验结果表明:采用触发电路II连接方式,触发电极的多通道放电效果更好;高触发能量、负极性和低气压条件有利于形成多通道等离子体喷射;当开关运行在工作模式Ⅱ,且在较高工作系数时,具有更好的多通道放电特性。     

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利用纳秒脉冲放电在单针、环状、以及单针加环状三种不同电极结构下产生了均匀稳定的等离子体射流;通过光学和电学诊断研究了三种不同结构下等离子体射流的运行特性及相应的物理机制。实验结果表明,以上三种等离子体射流的转动温度均为295K,振动温度分别为1900K,2000K和2100K,都属于非平衡态等离子体;其中,基于单针和环状电极的混合型射流可产生更为均匀稳定的等离子体,且富含较多的活性物种,有望在材料表面处理及消毒灭菌等领域发挥一定作用。     

纳秒脉冲等离子体射流的产生及其特征研究

利用纳秒脉冲放电在单针、环状、以及单针加环状三种不同电极结构下产生了均匀稳定的等离子体射流;通过光学和电学诊断研究了三种不同结构下等离子体射流的运行特性及相应的物理机制。实验结果表明,以上三种等离子体射流的转动温度均为295K,振动温度分别为1900K,2000K和2100K,都属于非平衡态等离子体;其中,基于单针和环状电极的混合型射流可产生更为均匀稳定的等离子体,且富含较多的活性物种,有望在材料表面处理及消毒灭菌等领域发挥一定作用。     

微秒脉冲大气压氦气等离子体射流阵列特性

为了深入研究等离子射流阵列的放电特性,利用上升沿1μs、脉宽2μs的微秒脉冲电源产生等离子体射流,通过电压电流波形的测量和发光图像的拍摄,研究了在针-环双电极结构下,不同电极位置以及不同重复脉冲频率下氦气等离子体射流阵列的放电特性。实验结果表明放电最初产生在阵列的两端,随着外加电压幅值的增加,中心管也会有射流产生,最终形成射流阵列。随地电极距管口距离的变远,放电电流和中心管的射流长度均呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势(20mm处取得最大值),随着重复脉冲频率的增大,放电由不均匀的丝状放电向均匀放电转变,放电电流先减小而后保持不变。     

射流式氧发生器的三维模拟研究

实现了对射流式氧发生器的三维仿真模拟,给出了氧发生器内部流场结构、各组分的分布状态等信息。研究了射流孔结构对氧发生器性能的影响。指出即便是具有相同比表面积的不同射流孔排布方式,也会对发生器性能产生影响。此外,逆向射流式氧发生器反应器中气体从双侧进入对于减小发生器对气体的阻力具有重要作用。     

利用光学方法研究单针射流等离子体的产生和发展机制

对单针电极射流等离子体产生和发展过程中的光信号进行了研究。首先发现等离子体的长度并不是随外加电压升高而增加,而是和驱动电源的能量在正半周放电脉冲之间的分配有关。通过研究等离子体通道内不同位置的发光信号,发现正半周期第一次放电脉冲是在针尖电极处产生,而第二个脉冲是在等离子体通道中部产生,电子激发温度也是在等离子体中部达到最高。通过分析发现,空间电荷产生的附加电场对于等离子体的产生和发展有着重大影响。     

Comparison of two cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet configurations in argon

The present study compares the operation of two cold atmospheric plasma jet (CAPJ) configurations: needle-to-cylinder electrode configuration (CAPJ I) and single high-voltage cylinder electrode around the quartz tube (CAPJ II). The CAPJs were operated in argon flowing through a quartz capillary with 0.5-mm inner diameter into the ambient air, and the plasma was generated by sinusoidal kHz frequency AC power supplies. The main emphasis of the study was on the mechanism of the initiation of ionization waves for these two configurations. For both CAPJs, there appeared several ionization waves during one half-period of the applied voltage waveform, and the number of ionization waves increased at higher voltage amplitudes. However, we discovered marked differences in the initiation of the ionization waves for two different CAPJ configuration. The applied voltage controlled the initiation of consecutive ionization waves, which propagated from the grounded electrode towards the tube orifice in CAPJ I. In the case of CAPJ II, certain time had to pass for the initiation of a new ionization wave, and subsequent ionization waves within the same half-period started at the tube orifice. In addition to the differences in the initiation of the ionization waves, we observed that the CAPJ I was ignited and sustained at lower voltages, while CAPJ II produced a longer plasma jet. The observed advantages and deficiencies of investigated CAPJ configurations point out their potential in different applications.     

Analysis of the behavior of a discharge in a coaxial plasma jet accelerator

We analyze the behavior of the discharge in a coaxial plasma jet accelerator with a pulsed supply of the working gas released by an electric discharge from titanium hydride powder. Radiation (varying with time) from the discharge in the accelerator was detected using an optical method through a narrow slit cut along the outer electrode by a Bifo Company K008 streak camera. Stable operation of the source with the highest kinetic energy of a pure hydrogen plasma jet was attained for a relatively uniform glow of the discharge along the accelerator during the entire current pulse. Conversely, local glow of the discharge at the outlet or inlet of the accelerator considerably contaminated the discharge with impurities, and the kinetic energy of the plasma jet decreased by an order of magnitude. The highest energy of the plasma jet was attained when the polarity of the electrodes was the same as at the plasma focus.     

激波/边界层干扰对等离子体合成射流的响应特性

利用高速纹影系统和数值模拟方法研究了激波/边界层干扰对逆流喷射的等离子体合成射流的响应特性,并揭示了流动控制机理.实验在来流马赫数Ma=3.1的风洞中进行,测试模型采用钝头体和压缩斜坡的组合模型,等离子体合成射流激励器安装在钝头体头部.纹影系统捕捉了放电频率为f=1 kHz和f=3 kHz的激励对附体激波形态和分离激波运动的控制效果.等离子体合成射流使压缩斜坡激波/边界层干扰区域的起始点向下游移动,分离泡尺寸减小,附体激波强度减弱,发生弯曲,再附点移向上游,与此同时分离激波向附体激波逼近.与f=3 kHz激励相比,f=1 kHz激励的射流流量更大,对激波/边界层干扰的影响范围更广、控制效果更好.通过数值模拟,揭示了射流与来流相互作用对下游流场的作用机理:射流与来流相互作用诱导出大尺度旋涡,大尺度旋涡耗散发展增强了近壁面流场的湍流度;压缩斜坡上游近壁面的流场性质发生变化,进而导致了压缩斜坡激波/边界层干扰区域流动的变化.     

A plasma channel scheme for the interaction of an intense femtosecond laser pulse with a deuterium cluster jet

We propose a plasma channel scheme to obtain an improved table-top laser driven fusion neutron yield as a result of explosions of large deuterium clusters irradiated by an intense laser pulse. A cylindrical plasma channel is created by two moderate intensity laser prepulses at the edge of a deuterium cluster jet along which an intense main laser pulse propagates several nanoseconds later. With the aid of this plasma channel, the main laser pulse will be allowed to deposit its energy into the central region of the deuterium gas jet where the cluster sizes are larger and the atomic density is higher. The plasma channel formation and its impact on the deuterium ion energy spectrum and the consequent fusion neutron yield have been investigated. The calculated results show that a remarkable increase of the table-top laser driven fusion neutron yield would be expected.     

纳秒脉冲放电等离子体射流特性

采用单针式电极,使用单极性重复频率脉冲电源,在常压氦气、氩气、氮气和空气中得到等离子体射流,并改变电压、流量和气体种类,分别观察不同的实验条件对等离子体射流的影响。实验结果表明:射流长度随施加电压的增加而增长;随着流量的连续变化,射流长度先逐渐变长,达到峰值后由于湍流影响,长度又逐渐缩短,达到一定流量后趋于饱和。此外,不同工作气体中的等离子体射流呈现截然不同的外观,氦气和氩气中射流呈针状模式,长度可达7 cm以上;而在氮气和空气中,射流呈现为长度不超过2 cm的刷状模式。