Pd/Light‐Accelerated Atom‐Transfer Carbonylation of Alkyl Iodides: Applications in Multicomponent Coupling Processes Leading to Functionalized Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

The atom‐transfer carbonylation reaction of various alkyl iodides thereby leading to carboxylic acid esters was effectively accelerated by the addition of transition‐metal catalysts under photoirradiation conditions. By using a combined Pd/hν reaction system, vicinal C‐functionalization of alkenes was attained in which α‐substituted iodoalkanes, alkenes, carbon monoxide, and alcohols were coupled to give functionalized esters. When alkenyl alcohols were used as acceptor alkenes, three‐component coupling reactions, which were accompanied by intramolecular esterification, proceeded to give lactones. Pd‐dimer complex [Pd₂(CNMe)₆][PF₆]₂, which is known to undergo homolysis under photoirradiation conditions, worked quite well as a catalyst in these three‐ or four‐component coupling reactions. In this metal/radical hybrid system, both Pd radicals and acyl radicals are key players and a stereochemical study confirmed the carbonylation step proceeded through a radical carbonylation mechanism.     

Vicinal C-functionalization of alkenes. Pd/light-induced multicomponent coupling reactions leading to functionalized esters and lactones

Under photoirradiation conditions using a xenon light, and in the presence of PdCl(2)(PPh(3))(2) as a catalyst, four-component coupling reactions comprising of α-substituted iodoalkanes, alkenes, carbon monoxide, and alcohols proceeded smoothly to give functionalized esters in good yields. When alkenyl alcohols were used as acceptor alkenes, three-component coupling reactions accompanied by intramolecular esterification proceeded to give lactones in good yields. The present reaction system represents the vicinal C-functionalization of alkenes.     

Effective acceleration of atom transfer carbonylation of alkyl iodides by metal complexes. Application to the synthesis of the hinokinin precursor and dihydrocapsaicin

[reaction: see text] Atom transfer carbonylation (ATC) of alkyl iodides leading to carboxylic acid esters is effectively accelerated by Pd(PPh(3))(4) and Mn(2)(CO)(10) under photoirradiation conditions. In the presence of amines, Pd(0) complexes affected double carbonylations leading to alpha-keto amides, whereas Mn(2)(CO)(10) accelerated only a single carbonylation reaction leading to the corresponding amides. The Pd(0)-accelerated ATC system was successfully applied to the synthesis of hinokinin and dihydrocapsaicin.     

Direct preparation of allylic indium(III) reagents from allylic alcohols via a reductive transmetalation of pi-allylnickel(II) with indium(I) iodide

InI-mediated direct allylation of carbonyl compounds with allylic alcohols proceeded smoothly with catalytic amounts of Ni(acac)(2) and PPh(3) to give the corresponding homoallylic alcohols in high yields. Allylindium compounds were shown to be the real allylating agents in the present system. Substituted allylic alcohols gave branched homoallylic alcohols with syn-selectivity irrespective of the geometry of the starting allylic alcohols, whereas high anti-selectivity was observed when a bulky substituent is present in the allylic alcohols. The outcome of the diastereoselectivity is discussed on the basis of the reaction mechanism, comparing with the corresponding Pd-catalyzed version. Another distinct behavior between the Ni- and Pd-catalyzed allylation was demonstrated in the reaction of hex-1,5-diene-3,4-diol derivatives: the Pd catalyst did not give any coupling product, whereas the Ni-catalyzed InI-mediated reaction with benzaldehyde afforded the 1:1 and 1:2 adduct diols selectively depending on the reaction conditions.     

Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed oxidative coupling reaction of benzenes with olefins in the presence of molybdovanadophosphoric acid under atmospheric dioxygen and air

The direct oxidative coupling reaction of benzenes with alkenes bearing an electron-withdrawing group was successfully achieved by the use of Pd(OAc)(2)/molybdovanadophosphoric acid (HPMoV) as the key catalyst under O(2) or air atmosphere. Thus, the reaction of benzene with ethyl acrylate under air (1 atm) assisted by Pd(OAc)(2)/HPMoV afforded ethyl cinnamate as a major product in satisfactory yield (74%). This catalytic system could be extended to the coupling reactions between various substituted benzenes and alkenes through the direct aromatic C-H bond activation. In the reaction of benzene with ethyl acrylate under O(2) (1 atm), the best turn-over number (TON) of Pd(OAc)(2) reached was 121. This reaction provides a green route to cinnamate derivatives, which are important precursors of a variety of pharmaceuticals.     

Photoinduced Five-Component Radical Relay Aminocarbonylation of Alkenes

Radical single carbonylation reactions with CO constitute a direct and robust strategy toward various carbonyl compounds from readily available chemicals, and have been extensively studied over the past decades. However, realizing highly selective catalytic systems for controlled radical double carbonylation reactions has remained a substantial challenge, particularly for the more advanced multicomponent variants, despite their great potential value. Herein, we report a visible-light-driven radical relay five-component radical double aminocarbonylation reaction of unactivated alkenes using CO under metal-free conditions. This protocol provides direct access to valuable γ-trifluoromethyl α-ketoamides with good yields and high chemoselectivity. Crucial was the identification of distinct dual roles of amine coupling partners, sequentially acting as electron donors for the formation of photoactive electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes with radical precursors and then as a CO acceptor via nitrogen radical cations to form carbamoyl radicals. Cross-coupling of carbamoyl radicals with the acyl radicals that are formed in an alkene-based relay process affords double aminocarbonylation products.     

Toward transition metal-catalyzed carbonylation of methanol without HI as copromoter: catalytic exocyclic carbonylation of cycloimino esters

[reaction: see text] Initial studies of a rare exocyclic C-O bond carbonylation are reported. Under the catalysis of Co(2)(CO)(8) in the absence of HI as the copromoter, cycloimino esters are carbonylated to afford N-acyllactams in high yields under relatively mild conditions (100-160 degrees C and 200-1000 psi). The reaction is interesting because it opens up the possibility of carbonylation of alcohols in the absence of HI.     

Pd-catalyzed olefination of perfluoroarenes with allyl esters

An efficient Pd(II)-catalyzed direct olefination of perfluoroarenes with allyl esters is demonstrated. Under the typical conditions, the coupling reaction of fluorinated-arenes with allylic esters proceeded via a β-H elimination rather than a β-OAc elimination to give the corresponding γ-substituted allylic esters.     

Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed carbonylation of amines

A phosphine-free catalytic system [Pd(OAc)2-Cu(OAc)2-air] induced a substrate-specific carbonylation of amines in boiling toluene under CO gas (1 atm). Symmetrical N,N'-dialkylureas were obtained by the carbonylation of primary amines. N,N,N'-Trialkylureas were selectively formed by addition of a secondary amine to the above reaction vessel. Secondary amines did not give tetraalkylureas. However, dialkylamines with a phenyl group on their alkyl chains, such as N-monoalkylated benzylic amine or phenethylamine derivatives, underwent a direct aromatic carbonylation to afford five- or six-membered benzolactams. In the carbonylation, the chelation effect or steric repulsion between Pd(II) and the meta-substituent in the ortho-palladation and the ring sizes of cyclopalladation products that were formed prior to carbonylation were found to generate good site selectivity and increase the reaction rate. In contrast, carbonylation of omega-arylalkylamines with a hydroxyl group gave neither ureas nor benzolactams but instead produced 1,3-oxazolidinones smoothly. Hydrochlorides of amines also underwent carbonylation to afford the corresponding amides under the conditions used. This procedure made it possible to prepare ureas of amino acid esters and N-alkylcarbamates in practical yields.     

Versatile synthesis of meso-aryloxy- and alkoxy-substituted porphyrins via palladium-catalyzed C-O cross-coupling reactions

[reaction: see text] meso-Aryloxy- and alkoxy-substituted porphyrins were conveniently synthesized by direct reactions of meso-halogenated porphyrins with alcohols via palladium-catalyzed C-O cross-coupling reactions. Using a combination of palladium precursor Pd(OAc)(2) or Pd(2)(dba)(3) and phosphine ligand DPEphos or Xantphos allowed both 5-bromo-10,20-diarylporphyrin and 5,15-dibromo-10,20-diarylporphyrin, as well as their zinc complexes, to be effectively coupled with a variety of alcohols to give the corresponding mono- and bis-substituted meso-aryloxy/alkoxyporphyrins in moderate to high yields under mild conditions.     

Metal‐Free Carbonylations by Photoredox Catalysis

The synthesis of benzoates from aryl electrophiles and carbon monoxide is a prime example of a transition‐metal‐catalyzed carbonylation reaction which is widely applied in research and industrial processes. Such reactions proceed in the presence of Pd or Ni catalysts, suitable ligands, and stoichiometric bases. We have developed an alternative procedure that is free of any metal, ligand, and base. The method involves a redox reaction driven by visible light and catalyzed by eosin Y which affords alkyl benzoates from arene diazonium salts, carbon monoxide, and alcohols under mild conditions. Tertiary esters can also be prepared in high yields. DFT calculations and radical trapping experiments support a catalytic photoredox pathway without the requirement for sacrificial redox partners.     

Imino ene reaction catalyzed by ytterbium(III) triflate and TMSCl or TMSOTf

A novel combined system of Yb(OTf)(3) with TMSCl or TMSOTf catalyzed an imino ene reaction. The reaction of N-tosylbenzaldimine (1) with alpha-methylstyrene (2) proceeded smoothly to give homoallylic amine 3 in the presence of a catalytic amount of Yb(OTf)(3) and TMSCl. This catalytic system was successfully applied to the imino ene reactions of various aldimines with alkenes. This new imino ene reaction provides a unique method for the three-component coupling reaction of an aldehyde, tosylamide, and alpha-methylstyrene in the presence of Yb(OTf)(3) and TMSOTf, to give the corresponding homoallylic amine.     

Au6Pd/resin催化伯醇和仲醇氧化偶联-转移加氢反应制备酮类化合物

由简单小分子通过 C–C键偶联来构筑复杂多样的大分子是有机合成的重要方向.传统的 C–C键偶联反应一般使用卤代烃和金属有机化合物为底物,具有原子效率低、有害废弃物排放等缺点.因此,迫切需要发展一种绿色高效的 C–C键偶联方法.其中,以醇类化合物作为底物通过“氢转移”(脱氢/aldol缩合/加氢)实现 C–C键偶联的途径受到广泛关注.该方法具有诸多优点：(1)醇类化合物来源广泛、价格低廉、相对安全;(2)只产生 H2和 H2O,没有其它副产物.但由于醇类化合物(特别是仲醇)脱氢困难,该偶联反应条件一般比较苛刻.我们使用 O2来辅助仲醇脱氢,采用离子交换树脂负载的 Au6Pd纳米颗粒为催化剂,实现了温和条件下伯醇和仲醇的偶联反应.而且发现在氧化气氛下,反应过程中发生了“氢转移”现象,产物为饱和酮类化合物.通过设计对照实验并结合 XAFS(X–射线吸收光谱)表征结果,我们揭示了在 Au6Pd/resin催化剂上发生“氢转移”反应的机理. AuPd/resin催化剂采用离子交换–NaBH4还原法制备. TEM照片显示 Au, Pd以及双金属 AuPd纳米颗粒均匀分散在载体上,平均粒径为2–4 nm,而且随着 Au/Pd比例减小, AuPd纳米颗粒的粒径逐渐减小. XRD谱图显示,随着 Au/Pd比例减小, Au(111)衍射峰逐渐向高角度发生偏移,说明 AuPd形成了合金.我们以苯甲醇和(±)-1-苯乙醇氧化偶联为探针反应考察了催化剂的催化性能.结果显示,以 Au/resin和 Pd/resin为催化剂时,产物为不饱和酮.而以 AuPd/resin为催化剂时,转化率显著提高,说明 AuPd之间存在明显的协同作用.而且随着 Au/Pd比例增加,产物逐渐由不饱和酮转变为饱和酮,当 Au/Pd≥6时,产物完全为饱和酮,说明反应过程中发生了“氢转移”.为验证这一推测,我们以苯甲醇和查尔酮为底物在相同条件下反应.结果显示,以 Au/resin和 Pd/resin为催化剂时,查尔酮没有转化.而以 AuPd/resin为催化剂时,查尔酮大部分转化为饱和酮(转化率为91%),验证了反应中发生了“氢转移”的推测.为研究“氢转移”发生的机理,我们采用 XAFS对催化剂价态进行了表征. Pd元素 K边 X射线吸收谱图显示,随着催化剂中 Au/Pd比例的增加,E0值逐渐减小,说明 Pd价态逐渐降低. EXAFS拟合数据表明,随催化剂中 Au/Pd比例增加, Pd–O配位数逐渐减小.基于以上结果推断,在 AuPd/resin催化剂中,随着 Au/Pd比例的增加, Pd的抗氧化能力显著增强,更多的 Pd以 Pd(0)形式存在.结合文献报道结果,我们认为正是催化剂中的 Pd(0)夺取了醇的βC–H后生成了 Pd–H,而 Pd–H是“氢转移”反应的催化剂.另一方面,有文献报道,在氧化气氛下, O2也可以辅助脱除醇的βC–H.为区分 Pd(0)和 O2在脱除醇βC–H中的作用,我们对 Au6Pd/resin在惰性气氛下对伯醇(苯甲醇)或仲醇((±)-1–苯乙醇)转化的催化性能进行了考察.结果显示,苯甲醇可以转化为苯甲酸(收率为23%),而(±)-1–苯乙醇则完全没有转化.这说明伯醇可以直接被催化剂(Pd(0))活化,而仲醇的活化则必须有 O2参与.综上,我们提出伯醇和仲醇氧化偶联反应的机理： Au6Pd/resin催化伯醇转化为醛(同时产生 Pd–H物种),而 O2辅助活化仲醇转化为酮.醛和酮发生 aldol缩合生成α,β不饱和酮,该中间物种被 Pd–H加氢生成饱和产物.     

New approaches in radical carbonylation chemistry: fluorous applications and designed tandem processes by species-hybridization with anions and transition metal species

New approaches in radical carbonylation chemistry are described. We have successfully integrated tin mediated radical carbonylation chemistry into modern fluorous applications and separation techniques. We revealed that radical carbonylation reactions can be performed using fluorous tin mediators, such as fluorous tin hydride and fluorous allyltin reagents. Fine tuning of the reaction conditions resulted in a good efficiency equivalent to conventional tin mediators. The tedious procedure of removing organotin byproducts can be circumvented through the use of fluorous/organic liquid-liquid extraction or fluorous liquid-solid phase extraction with fluorous reverse phase silica (FRPS). Also described are newly developed tandem carbonylation reactions that are based on species hybridization approaches. Using a radical/anionic hybrid system based on zinc-induced one-electron reduction, we achieved a three-component coupling reaction consisting of 4-alkenyl iodides, carbon monoxide, and electron-deficient alkenes. We observed two types of annulations processes, namely [4 + 1](radical)/[3 + 2](anionic) and [5 + 1](radical)/[3 + 2](anionic), which lead to the production of bicyclo[3.3.0]octanols and bicyclo[3.2.1]octanols, respectively. We found a radical/palladium hybrid system to be useful in the construction of new cyclic systems that incorporate two or three molecules of carbon monoxide.     

Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction using pentafluorophenylboronic acid

[reaction: see text] We have found new conditions for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction applicable to pentafluorophenylboronic acid (C(6)F(5)B(OH)(2)) (1), which is an inactive substrate under normal conditions. The reactions of 1 with phenyl iodide or bromide under Pd(PPh(3))(4)/CsF/Ag(2)O or Pd(2)(dba)(3)/P(t-Bu)(3)/CsF/Ag(2)O catalytic system conditions gave 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-1,1'-biphenyl (3a) in more than 90% yields. Combination of CsF and Ag(2)O was essential for promoting these reactions.     

Highly stereoselective one-pot procedure to prepare bis- and tris-chalcogenide alkenes via addition of disulfides and diselenides to terminal alkynes

We present here the reaction of diorganoyl dichalcogenides with terminal alkynes under catalyst-free conditions, by a one-pot procedure, to prepare bis- and tris-chalcogenide alkenes selectively, avoiding the previous preparation of chalcogen alkynes. The reaction proceeded cleanly under mild reaction conditions, and the addition of dichalcogenides to alkynes occurred stereoselectively to give exclusively the corresponding Z isomers. We observed that the selectivity control was governed by the effective participation of the hydroxyl group from propargyl alcohols. In addition, the bis-chalcogenide alkenes were exclusively obtained with propargyl alcohol having the acidic hydroxyl group proton. Conversely, the alkynes with no potentially acidic hydroxyl group proton, at propargyl positions, gave exclusively the tris-chalcogenide alkenes.     

Highly Selective Allylborations of Aldehydes Using α,α‐Disubstituted Allylic Pinacol Boronic Esters

α,α‐Disubstituted allylic pinacol boronic esters undergo highly selective allylborations of aldehydes to give tetrasubstituted homoallylic alcohols with exceptional levels of anti‐Z‐selectivity (>20:1). The scope of the reaction includes both acyclic and cyclic allylic boronic esters which lead to acyclic and exocyclic tetrasubstituted homoallylic alcohols. The use of β‐borylated allylic boronic esters gave fully substituted alkenes bearing a boronic ester which underwent further cross‐coupling enabling a highly modular and stereoselective approach to the synthesis of diaryl tetrasubstituted alkenes. Computational analysis revealed the origin of the remarkable selectivity observed.     

Room temperature dehalogenation of (hetero)aryl halides with magnesium/methanol

Magnesium in methanol was found to be an effective and inexpensive reagent for the dehalogenation of (hetero)aryl chlorides, bromides and iodides under mild conditions. The halogen/hydrogen exchange proceeded at room temperature and tolerated functional groups such as esters, nitriles, alcohols, and alkenes.     

W(CO)5(L)-catalyzed formal cope rearrangement of allenyl silyl enol ethers

[reaction: see text] On treatment of 5-siloxyhexa-1,2,5-trienes with a catalytic amount of W(CO)(6) under photoirradiation, formal Cope rearrangement proceeded to give 2-siloxyhex-1-en-5-ynes in good yield. The electrophilic activation of the allenyl moiety by W(CO)(5) triggers the intramolecular attack of the silyl enol ether in a 6-endo manner to produce a cyclohexenyl tungsten species. Carbon-carbon bond cleavage occurs by electron donation from the anionic W(CO)(5) into the silyloxonium moiety to afford the products with regeneration of the W(CO)(5)(L).     

Direct synthesis of diphenyl carbonate by oxidative carbonylation of phenol using Pd–Cu based redox catalyst system

A catalyst system was designed for direct synthesis of diphenyl carbonate by oxidative carbonylation of phenol. Besides Pd carbonylation catalyst, inorganic and organic redox cocatalysts were included in the catalyst system for in situ regeneration of active Pd species. Copper(II) acetate was used as inorganic redox cocatalyst and hydroquinone was found to give good results as organic redox cocatalyst. Efficiency of various bases, effect of a drying agent, and optimum reaction conditions for achieving high catalytic activity were also investigated in detail. Using suitable components of catalyst system and under optimum reaction conditions, a Pd turnover number of 250 could be obtained.