华根霉全细胞脂肪酶催化合成生物柴油

比较了5种不同商品化脂肪酶和自制的华根霉CCTCCM201021全细胞脂肪酶(RCL)催化油脂合成生物柴油的转化效果,结果表明,RCL能有效应用于无溶剂体系催化合成生物柴油.在无溶剂体系中对该酶催化生物柴油的转酯化反应工艺进行优化,考察了甲醇用量、体系含水量、酶的添加量和反应温度对生物柴油收率的影响,使生物柴油最终收率大于86.0%.在有机溶剂体系中选择不同有机溶剂作为助溶剂进行转酯化反应,发现logP值在4.0～4.5的有机溶剂具有较好的转化效果.其中以正庚烷为助溶剂的转酯化反应具有最高的生物柴油收率86.7%.在无溶剂体系中RCL催化转化油酸和模拟高酸价油脂合成脂肪酸甲酯的研究表明,该酶具有很好的催化合成生物柴油的潜力.     

酶法合成α亚麻酸型多烯磷脂酰胆碱的研究

为合成含有α-亚麻酸(α-LNA)的多烯磷脂酰胆碱,我们用高纯度蛋黄磷脂和含亚麻酸油脂在定向脂肪酶的催化下进行了酯交换反应研究,考察了亚麻酸分子形式、反应体系、含水量、底物浓度比及原料亚麻酸纯度对结合率的影响,结果表明,以正己烷作反应介质,加入较高纯度的亚麻酸乙酯(含量72.7%),底物浓度比1∶3(g/g),加水量1.0%,脂肪酶20%,在45℃恒温水浴下,搅拌反应12h.卵磷脂的亚麻酸结合率可达20%以上.     

柴油溶剂中脂肪酶催化高酸值废油脂酯化制备生物柴油

采用0＃柴油作为反应溶剂,利用固定化脂肪酶催化高酸值废油脂与甲醇酯化反应制备生物柴油。来源于Candida antarctica的固定化脂肪酶Novozym435在0＃柴油溶剂中具有极高的催化活性。以酸价高达157×10-3的废油脂为原料,废油脂质量比10%的Novozym435,甲醇与废油脂初始摩尔比2∶1,0＃柴油与废油脂质量比5∶1,摇床摇速170r/min,50℃下反应2h甲酯化率可达95.10%。0＃柴油作为反应溶剂有效地溶解了高酸值废油脂和甲醇,降低了反应体系的黏度和消除了甲醇对Novozym435的负面影响,提高了Novozym435的稳定性。同时,0＃柴油溶剂对未脱胶废油脂中残留的对脂肪酶有害的磷脂等胶类物质具有一定的稀释作用。该工艺省却了溶剂蒸馏的繁琐工序,直接得到脂肪酸甲酯和石化柴油的混合燃料。     

非水相中微生物脂肪酶催化转酯化拆分(R,S)-α-苯乙醇

研究了非水有机溶剂体系中脂肪酶不对称转酯化拆分(R,S)-α-苯乙醇反应,比较了15种不同微生物来源的脂肪酶,从中优选出催化活性及对映选择性较高的脂肪酶Lipase PS,系统考察了影响该酶催化不对称转酯化反应的关键因素,获得了优化的催化拆分工艺条件.结果表明,脂肪酶Lipase PS在非水反应体系中,以正己烷为反应介...     

紫外分光光度法表征Lipozyme TL IM脂肪酶转酯化活性

建立了一种新的有机相脂肪酶转酯化活性测定方法. 以正己烷为溶剂,脂肪酶催化棕榈酸对硝基苯酯和正丁醇的转酯化反应为模型反应,通过测定反应液中310 nm下吸光值的变化计算反应转化率. 以气相色谱法对新建的紫外分光光度法进行验证,分别采用这两种方法测定了七种商品化脂肪酶的转酯化活性,两种方法所得实验结果基本一致. 利用紫外分光光度检测法考察了Lipozyme TL IM脂肪酶催化转酯化的时间进程及合成活性与酶量的关系,并对Lipozyme TL IM催化转酯化的性质（最适溶剂、酰基受体特异性、醇耐受性、最优反应温度和热力学稳定性）进行了表征.     

游离脂肪酶NS81006催化油脂醇解制备生物柴油的酶促反应动力学

探究了游离脂肪酶NS81006催化油脂甲(乙)醇解制备生物柴油的反应历程,并对该体系进行了酶促反应动力学研究.结果表明,催化过程中油脂同时存在酯交换及先水解再酯化两种反应历程.在以甲醇或乙醇作为酰基受体的反应过程中,酯交换反应速率明显大于水解反应速率.进一步研究表明,油脂甲醇解反应速率常数大于乙醇解,揭示了以甲醇或乙醇为不同酰基受体时反应速率存在差异的主要原因在于乙醇解反应的酯交换过程较慢.     

基于氯化镁饱和溶液中固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM催化光皮树油脂合成生物柴油

基于氯化镁饱和溶液反应体系中,对采用固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM催化光皮树油脂转化为生物柴油的工艺进行了研究。考察了固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM催化光皮树油转酯化的工艺中甲醇的用量、固定化脂肪酶的添加量、摇床的转速和反应时间对生物柴油产率的影响。实验结果表明,采用氯化镁饱和溶液反应体系,在醇油摩尔比为3∶1,固定化酶Lipozyme TL IM用量为光皮树油质量的20%,摇床转速为150 r/min,反应8 h时,生物柴油产率最高,达到86.5%。与传统的三步甲醇醇解或者有机溶剂反应体系比较,采用的氯化镁饱和溶液体系的酶稳定性更好,反应效率更高,有效地解决了酶在甲醇中失活的问题,生产成本低,可成为生产生物柴油的新工艺。     

脂肪酶催化一步酯化协同拆分合成S-萘普生淀粉酯

利用CRL脂肪酶选择性催化外消旋萘普生甲酯与玉米淀粉进行转酯化反应合成光学纯S-萘普生淀粉酯,同时达到拆分外消旋萘普生的目的.考察了有机溶剂、脂肪酶用量、底物浓度比、反应温度对酯化协同拆分反应的影响,结果表明在异辛烷中脂肪酶CRL可以催化S-萘普生甲酯与淀粉发生转酯化反应同时完成外消旋萘普生的拆分,并且在脂肪酶用量为10%、底物浓度比为1∶3、异辛烷用量为15 m L、反应温度为60℃的条件下反应6d,外消旋萘普生甲酯的转化率为42.5%,产物对映体过量值eep高达99.1%.     

反胶束体系中脂肪酶催化合成异丁酸异戊酯

报道了在CTAB/正己烷和AOT/正己烷反胶束体系中,CCL脂肪酶催化合成异丁酸异戊酯的新方法.考察了水含量w₀、底物与酶的比例、缓冲溶液pH值以及温度等因素对脂肪酶催化酯合成反应的影响.研究结果表明,两种反胶束体系均为合成异丁酸异戊酯提供了较为合适的微环境,所选定的脂肪酶在CTAB和AOT反胶束中的活性分别是有机溶剂中反应活性的6倍和4倍.     

荧光分光光度法研究酶在非水相体系中的转酯化反应活性

以4-肼基-7-硝基-2,1,3-苯并氧杂二唑肼为荧光底物,乙烯基羧酸酯、伯醇为转酯化反应底物通过荧光分光光度法比较了几种能以固体聚合物为底物的商品化酶制剂在有机溶剂中催化转酯化反应的性质.该方法使用微量溶剂和底物进行反应,测定快捷,具有很高的直观性.实验所用4种酶制剂均可在异辛烷、甲苯和乙腈中催化转酯化反应,催化能力是脂肪酶LPL-3>蛋白酶Alcalase 3.0 T>蛋白酶subtilisin Carhberg>蛋白酶bacillolysin,但有机溶剂的疏水性对转酯化反应影响较大,疏水性高的有机溶剂比较适合做酶催化转酯化反应的溶剂.和月桂酸乙烯酯相比,小分子的丙酸乙烯酯更有利于酶催化转酯化反应的进行.     

离子液体催化改质稠油实验研究

研究了离子液体对稠油黏度、组成和平均分子量的影响。结果表明,离子液体对稠油具有较好的改质降黏作用。稠油经离子液体处理后,其饱和烃、芳香烃、胶质质量分数增加,沥青质质量分数明显下降,从而导致稠油的黏度降低,平均分子量减小。研究结果还表明,过渡金属盐改性离子液体对稠油的改质具有催化作用。     

Functional regulation of hepatic cytochrome p450 enzymes by physicochemical properties of phospholipids in biological membranes

Knowledge regarding the regulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) is crucial to the fields of drug therapy and drug development, as well as to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the metabolic activation of toxic and carcinogenic compounds. P450 is a membrane-anchored protein that shows a variety of interaction with membrane phospholipids, which affect the membrane topology and catalytic activities of the protein. In particular, anionic phospholipids, nonbilayer forming lipids, and the degree of saturation of the lipid fatty acyl chain play important roles in the functional regulation of P450, as well as in the bilayer structure of the membrane. However, despite the importance of phospholipids in the regulation of P450s, the interaction of the protein with membrane phospholipids, and the membrane properties induced by phospholipids which regulate P450, are unclear. In this review, we describe the effect of the physicochemical properties of the phospholipid constituents of biological membranes on hepatic P450 catalytic activity, membrane insertion (and/or penetration), and structural changes.     

Enzymatic self-wiring

Redox conducting polymers “Wires” have been widely used as a electron mediators between enzyme active sites and electrode surfaces in electrochemical biosensors. We report that a peroxidase is able to generate a molecular wire through its own enzymatic catalyzed reaction. The catalytic reaction is the polymerization of aniline to form conducting polyaniline. The polyaniline molecular wire is then capable of transducing the enzyme’s catalytic turnover into an electrochemical signal. In effect we demonstrate the selective bridging of the gap between nano and macroscales in a functional fashion (electrical conductivity) using the catalytic capabilities of the nanostructure.     

离子液体催化CO2与环氧化物合成环状碳酸酯

综述了离子液体催化CO2与环氧化物的环加成反应制备环状碳酸酯的研究进展。目前报道的离子液体主要包括咪唑盐、季铵盐、季鏻盐等。对比了传统离子液体与功能化离子液体对CO2环加成反应的催化活性、选择性以及催化作用机制。与传统的离子液体相比,功能化离子液体的羟基或羧基等官能团与卤素离子等Lewis碱之间存在协同效应,使得其对CO2与环氧化物的环加成反应具有更好的催化活性;将功能化离子液体固载于无机材料(SiO2,SBA-15,MCM-41等)或聚合物所得的多相催化剂不仅保持了官能团与阴离子之间的协同效应,而且载体与离子液体活性组分之间也显示出协同效应,使得该类催化剂具有很好的催化活性,稳定性好,可以多次重复使用,具有较好的工业化前景,是值得深入研发的一类催化材料。此外,离子液体对于手性环状碳酸酯的合成也具有较好的催化活性和立体选择性。     

生物油脂新型环氧化过程及机理研究

以金属有机化合物甲基三氧化铼(MTO)为催化剂, 双氧水为氧化剂新型化学方法合成环氧大豆油. 详细考察了催化剂在双氧水、溶剂和助剂等因素下的催化性能. 研究了该催化体系在其他油脂环氧化中的应用, 环氧产物的选择性在99%以上. 采用红外光谱法(IR)对产品进行表征. 通过紫外-可见分光光度法(UV-Vis)对催化剂的研究, 发现催化剂(MTO)在催化环氧化过程中形成催化中间体, 且催化活性很高. 对催化剂和双氧水相互作用机理及新型环氧化反应的机理进行了初步研究.     

磷酸铈对磷化镍催化苯酚转移加氢的促进作用

通过氢气原位程序升温还原法制备了一系列不同Ce/Ni摩尔比的CePO₄-Ni₃P及Ni₃P催化剂, 考察了其在苯酚催化转移加氢反应的催化性能. 研究了Ce/Ni摩尔比、 供氢溶剂、 反应温度和反应时间对催化剂性能的影响, 并初步考察了苯酚转移加氢的反应动力学. 研究结果表明, CePO₄的加入能显著提升体相Ni₃P催化苯酚转移加氢的转化率, 且Ce/Ni摩尔比为0.2时促进作用最显著; 在所考察的供氢溶剂中异丙醇展现出最好的性能; 使用CePO₄(0.2)-Ni₃P作为反应催化剂, 异丙醇作为供氢溶剂, 220 ℃下反应6 h, 苯酚转化率和环己醇选择性分别可达93.1%和92.0%.     

劣质渣油性质对受热生焦趋势影响的研究

以四种劣质渣油为原料,研究组成性质对其热转化过程初期生焦特性的影响。结果表明,不同油样生焦诱导期受温度改变的影响程度可以用敏感度参数衡量,生焦诱导期越短的油样,敏感度参数越大,反应温度升高其生焦诱导期降低率越大。相同反应条件下,劣质渣油的生焦特性取决于其自身的基本性质,且各个性质对其生焦特性的影响程度不一。残炭、灰分、分子量、沥青质沉淀点和稳定性参数与其生焦诱导期相关性较强,其中,沥青质沉淀点和稳定性参数均反映的是油样胶体稳定性的突出影响。劣质渣油自身的胶体稳定性与其生焦密切相关,胶体稳定性越差的渣油,越容易生焦,油样的生焦过程是热反应过程中胶体体系逐渐被破坏的过程。     

Comparative study of lipolysis by PLA2 of DOPC substrates organized as monolayers, bilayer vesicles and nanocapsules

The water-soluble lipolytic enzymes act at the interface of insoluble lipid substrates, where the catalytical step is coupled with various interfacial phenomena as enzyme penetration, solubilization of reaction products, loss of mechanical stability of organized assemblies of phospholipids molecule, etc. One biologically relevant example is the enzymatic hydrolysis of DOPC by PLA(2), which results in cleavage of phospholipids molecules into water insoluble lipolytic products, namely oleic acid and lysophospholipid. In general, the enzymatic activity depends on the substrate organization and molecular environment of the catalytic reaction. The lipolysis by phospholipase A(2) of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine substrates organized as monolayer, bilayers vesicles and lipid nanocapsules was studied by measuring the decrease of the surface area at constant surface pressure or increase of the surface pressure at constant area at air-water interface. A kinetic model describing the coupling of the catalytic act with corresponding interfacial phenomena was developed. By using the kinetic model the values for the global hydrolytic kinetic constants were obtained. The obtained value for the monolayer is five orders of magnitude higher than this obtained with small unilamellar vesicles and six orders of magnitude higher then those obtained with lipid nanocapsules. The comparison shows that the enzymatic catalytic act occurring in the lipid environment of the monolayer is more efficacious than at the vesicle and nanocapsules interfaces.     

尿苷环甘油磷脂缀合物的合成

报道尿苷２－烷基（酰基）－１，３－甘油硫代环磷酸酯的合成，用碘活化的六乙基亚磷酰三胺作为磷酸化试剂，分离得到了硫代环磷酸酯的两个顺反异构体。初步生物活性测试结果表明，该化合物具有一定的细胞毒性。     

Comparative study of the oxidative and thermal stability of vegetable oils to be used as lubricant bases

Demand for lubricating oils is increasing in the growing Brazilian economy. The use of vegetable bases in exchange of minerals can bring socio-economic and environmental benefits for Brazil. The purpose of this study is to compare the thermal and oxidative stability of vegetable oils related to the bases commonly used as lubricants. In this study, thermogravimetric analysis of castor oil, cotton oil, macauba’s almond oil, passion oil, paraffinic mineral oil, naphthenic oil (NH-140) and synthetic oil (Etro) was performed in inert and oxidative atmosphere to study the thermal and oxidative degradation of the vegetable oils related to the most common lubricants’ oils base. These oils’ oxidation stability were determined by standard procedures (ISO 6886). The use of mineral oil’s additives in these vegetable oils was tested to verify the viability of these additives to improve the oxidative stability of the vegetable oils. The castor oil and the cotton oil presented results of thermal analysis similar to the mineral and synthetic bases values. The castor oil was the only vegetable oil that showed a great oxidative stability. All other vegetable oils had their oxidative stability significantly increased by the additives.