氧化铅/石墨烯/活性炭的制备及电化学行为（英文）

将商业活性炭和石墨烯在饱和硝酸铅溶液中超声浸渍,并通过化学沉积结合高温煅烧制备了氧化铅/石墨烯/活性炭(PbO/GN/AC)复合材料. 采用XRD、SEM、EDS等手段对复合物进行了物相及微观结构表征. 测试结果发现,PbO（约200 nm）颗粒均匀的分散在活性炭和石墨烯的表面. 复合物表现出优异的电化学性能,具有较高的析氢过电位;比电容高达312.6 F·g^-1;等效串联内阻仅为1.56 Ω. 6000次循环之后,复合物电极的电容保持率仍达到92.6%. 将5wt%的Pb(PbO)/活性炭材料加入到铅酸电池负极铅膏中制备相应铅炭超级电池,循环次数达到18051次,是普通铅酸蓄电池的3.5倍.     

两种不同Pb源对PbSe纳米晶生长的影响

采用有机相合成法, 分别以PbO和醋酸铅[Pb(Ac)₂]作为铅源, 研究了在不同反应温度和反应时间下, 不同铅源对PbSe纳米晶生长的影响. 实验结果表明, 以PbO作为铅源, 油酸(OA)作为配体时, 在不同的反应温度下得到了球形PbSe纳米晶和截角八面体PbSe纳米晶; 选择Pb(Ac)₂作为铅源时, 在不同的温度下得到了PbSe纳米花和PbSe纳米星. 选择不同铅源得到的PbSe纳米晶形貌完全不同, 这主要是由于醋酸根的引入产生了不同的空间位阻, 引起纳米晶导向吸附并形成纳米花. 而随着反应温度的升高和反应时间的延长, 这些不同形貌的PbSe纳米晶最终会演变成纳米立方块, 这主要是由PbSe的晶体特性决定的.     

电解液对全铅单液流电池电极性能的影响

研究Pb(II)和H+离子浓度对全铅单液流电池正、负电极在复合石墨基体上电化学行为的影响.结果表明,PbO2正极和Pb负极的电极过程受电化学和扩散混合控制.Pb(II)氧化沉积成PbO2时出现成核环,铅负极成核过电位小,充放电电压差远小于PbO2正极,电池极化主要来自PbO2正极.增加H+浓度有利于降低PbO2正极和Pb负极的极化,但析氧、析氢副反应和腐蚀加重.增大Pb(II)浓度有利于抑制析氧,但PbO2正极充电电压升高,充放电电压差增大.Pb(II)浓度较低时,充放电过程中PbO2沉积层少许脱落,充电电压进一步降低且更趋平稳.为此,电解液中HBF4浓度以2 mol L-1为宜,Pb(II)浓度应在0.9 mol L-1以上.     

β-PbO2纳米棒及Pb3O4纳米晶的制备与表征

利用NaClO在碱性溶液中与Pb(Ac)2进行氧化反应直接合成出直径为10－20nm、长度为400nm、长径比达20以上的纯相β－PbO2纳米棒，对所得β－PbO2在420℃下进行热解，得到晶粒尺寸为20nm左右的Pb3O4。对液相氧化反应的温度、时间、氧化剂浓度、pH等因素的影响进行了详细研究，获得了最佳合成反应条件，所得产物利用粉末X射线衍射和透射电子显微镜分析进行了表征。     

阳极Pb(II)氧化物膜的阴极还原

采用X射线衍射、光电流谱、线性电位扫描和开路电位衰退等方法研究了Pb电 极在0.9 V(vs.Hg/Hg_2SO_4), 4.5 MOL/l h_2so_4溶液中生长2 h所得的阳极Pb (II)氧化物膜的阴极还原行为。实验结果表明;阳极Pb(II)氧化物膜主要由PbO微 粒和PbO·PbSO_4微粒组成,微粒间液膜可供离子输运;在LSV负向扫描过程中,阳 极Pb(II)氧化物膜是按溶解－沉积机理还原的,首先PbO微粒借助该微粒间的液膜 还原为金属铅,而待PbO微粒表面层转化的金属铅与PbO·PbSO_4微粒接触后,则 PbO·PbSO_4就和PbO一起还原,而以PbO·PbSO_4的还原进程略快。     

Fe(Ⅱ)催化水铁矿晶相转变过程中Pb的吸附与固定

厌氧状态下,游离态Fe(Ⅱ)(Fe(Ⅱ)aq)催化氧化铁晶相重组是重要的铁循环化学过程,其本质是Fe(Ⅱ)aq与结构态Fe(ⅡI)间的Fe原子交换,这一过程对稻田土壤和沉积物中重金属的环境行为产生重要影响,其影响机制有待于深入研究.本研究结果显示,Fe(Ⅱ)aq催化水铁矿晶相转变过程中,重金属离子Pb(Ⅱ)通过与Fe(Ⅱ)的竞争性吸附,降低了水铁矿表面吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)浓度,抑制了Fe(Ⅱ)aq与水铁矿中结构态Fe(ⅡI)之间的Fe原子交换,最终降低水铁矿晶相转变速率并改变水铁矿晶相转变途径.无Pb(Ⅱ)时,水铁矿最终转变为针铁矿和磁铁矿;Pb(Ⅱ)影响下,转变产物主要为纤铁矿,部分为针铁矿和磁铁矿.在水铁矿晶相转变过程中,部分吸附到氧化铁表面的Pb(Ⅱ)通过晶体包裹或Fe结构位取代,被形成的氧化铁结构化固定,从而降低了重金属Pb(Ⅱ)的活性.     

PbO/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂上甲烷氧化偶联的反应特性

从金属氧化物-担体相互作用观点研究了PbO/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂上甲烷氧化偶联的反应特性,进行了反应评价及XPS和XRD测定。结果表明:(1)即使PbO含量较低,处于单层分散状态的PbO仍与PbO微晶共存于γ-Al_2O_3表面;(2)PbO/γ-Al_2O_3对甲烷氧化偶联反应的活性与表面Pb/Al原子比线性相关;(3)PbO在氧化气氛中部分转化为PbO_2,部分与Al_2O_3化合生成PbAl_2O_4复合氧化物,是难以提高表面P/Al原子比的主要原因。     

碳酸二甲酯胺解合成苯氨基甲酸甲酯催化研究

研究了Sn、Ti、Zn、Pb类型的催化剂对碳酸二甲酯与苯胺反应合成苯氨基甲酸甲酯(MPC)的催化性能，对活性较好的PbO催化剂作了比较详细的研究，发现在170℃，反应回流4h，PbO的用量为苯胺摩尔数的7．5％时，苯胺的转化率可以达到81％．对二元金属氧化物催化剂作了一定的考察，发现Pb2O4—ZnO复合催化剂的活性比单独使用Pb3O4或ZnO时高，显示出一定的增效作用．     

阳极Pb(II)氧化物膜的阴极还原

采用X射线衍射、光电流谱、线性电位扫描和开路电位衰退等方法研究了Pb电 极在0.9 V(vs.Hg/Hg_2SO_4), 4.5 MOL/l h_2so_4溶液中生长2 h所得的阳极Pb (II)氧化物膜的阴极还原行为。实验结果表明；阳极Pb(II)氧化物膜主要由PbO微 粒和PbO·PbSO_4微粒组成，微粒间液膜可供离子输运；在LSV负向扫描过程中，阳 极Pb(II)氧化物膜是按溶解－沉积机理还原的，首先PbO微粒借助该微粒间的液膜 还原为金属铅，而待PbO微粒表面层转化的金属铅与PbO·PbSO_4微粒接触后，则 PbO·PbSO_4就和PbO一起还原，而以PbO·PbSO_4的还原进程略快。     

负载PbO催化剂对苯胺与碳酸二甲酯合成苯氨基甲酸甲酯的催化性能

 考察了几种负载PbO催化剂对苯胺(An)与碳酸二甲酯(DMC)反应合成苯氨基甲酸甲酯(MPC)的催化性能. 结果表明, PbO/SiO2对该反应表现出很高的催化活性. 当w(PbO)=3.6%, n(PbO)/n(An)=1%, n(DMC)/n(An)=5, θ=160 ℃和t=4 h时, MPC收率达到99.5%. PbO/SiO2容易从反应体系中分离,且可重复使用5次,催化活性基本保持不变,使用寿命较长.     

Raman spectroscopy as a means for the identification of plattnerite (PbO2), of lead pigments and of their degradation products

The Raman spectra of plattnerite [lead(IV) oxide, PbO2] and of the lead pigments red lead (Pb3O4), lead monoxide [PbO, litharge (tetragonal) and massicot (orthorhombic)], lead white [basic lead carbonate, 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2] and of their laser-induced degradation products were recorded using a range of different excitation lines, spectrometer systems and experimental conditions. The degradation of PbO2 is more extensive along the pathway PbO2-->Pb3O4-->PbO (litharge)-->PbO (massicot) the shorter the wavelength of the excitation line and the higher its power. The Raman spectrum of PbO2, which is black and of the rutile structure, is particularly difficult to obtain but three bands, at 653, 515 and 424 cm-1, were identified as arising from the b2g, a1g and e(g) modes respectively, by analogy with the corresponding modes of isostructural SnO2 (776, 634 and 475 cm-1). A further oxide was identified, PbO1.55, the Raman spectrum of which does not correspond to that of any of the laser-induced degradation products of PbO2 at any of the wavelengths used. The Raman results are critical to the future use of Raman microscopy for the identification of lead pigments on artworks.     

Investigation on deactivation cause of lead-zinc double oxide for synthesis of diphenyl carbonate by transesterification

The deactivation cause of lead-zinc double oxide for synthesis of diphenyl carbonate (DPC) by transesterification of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with phenol has been investigated.X-ray diffraction (XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS),infrared spectroscopy (IR),thermogravimetry analysis (TG),atomic absorption spectroscopy and elementary analysis are employed for the catalyst characterizaton.The results show that,the formation of Pb40(OC6H5)6 through the reaction of phenol and lead species in the catalyst leads to the crystal phase change of active component and serious leaching of lead,which is the cause of the catalyst deactivation.In addition,the composition of the leached lead is ascertained to be a mixture of Pb40(OC6H5)6 and PbO with the weight percentage of 62.7% and 37.3%,respectively.     

氧化铅@碳纳米复合材料的制备与表征

以淀粉为碳源, 高温碳化含有硝酸铅的淀粉干凝胶, 制备了氧化铅@碳纳米复合材料,氧化铅颗粒无团聚, 粒径可调, 近于单分散, 且分布均匀, 可作为铅酸电池的电极材料, 有望提高其充放电性能和使用寿命.     

Synthesis and Structure of an Extended Cluster Lead(II) Carboxylate, [Pb{(CO)(9)Co(3)(&mgr;(3)-CCO(2))}(2)](n)(). Role of Core Metals in Cluster-Derived Hydrogenation Catalysts

The reaction of lead acetate with (CO)(9)Co(3)(&mgr;(3)-CCOOH) leads to the formation of [Pb{(CO)(9)Co(3)(&mgr;(3)-CCO(2))}(2)](n)(), I, in high yield. The structure of I exhibits unusual six-coordinate Pb(II) centers with two asymmetrical chelating cluster carboxylates (C(22)Co(6)PbO(22); triclinic P&onemacr;; a = 8.119(1), b = 14.346(2), c = 14.660(2) ?; alpha = 102.18(1), beta = 99.01(1), gamma = 97.30(1) degrees; Z = 2). One oxygen of each cluster carboxylate ligand bridges between adjacent lead atoms such that a chainlike extended structure is found in the solid state without the presence of solvent or water. I is converted stepwise on pyrolysis into two metastable forms of solid materials (designated LT and HT), each of which has been characterized spectroscopically. The hydrogenation of 2-butenal as a test reaction shows that the LT catalyst exhibits selectivities similar to previous LT materials derived from other cobalt cluster metal carboxylates and that the HT material is totally inactive. The observed release of the lead core metal under HT activation conditions totally inactivates the catalyst and demonstrates exposure of the core metal in the HT form of these novel catalysts.     

Homoleptic tetranuclear complexes of divalent tin and lead tetraolates

Homoleptic tetranuclear complexes of divalent tin and lead tetraolates, M(4)(hfpt)(2) [M = Sn (1) and Pb (2); hfpt(4-) is an anion of 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoropentane-2,2,4,4-tetraol], have been obtained in high yield from the corresponding (trimethylsilyl)amides. The solid-state structures of 1 and 2 contain discrete molecules in which a butterfly tetrahedron of metal atoms is sandwiched between two tetraolate ligands acting in tetradentate mode. The lone-pair Sn(2+) and Pb(2+) cations exhibit pyramidal coordination of four ligand oxygen atoms. A multinuclear NMR study unambiguously confirmed that metal tetraolates retain their polynuclear structure in solution of even coordinating solvents. An interesting example of the strong through-space coupling between (19)F of the tetraolate trifluoromethyl groups and (117/119)Sn or (207)Pb nuclei was found. Both compounds were shown to have clean, low-temperature decomposition that results in crystalline oxides SnO(2) and PbO, respectively, for 1 and 2. This work demonstrates the remarkable coordination properties of the tetraolate ligand that can be utilized for the preparation of a wide variety of poly- and heterometallic complexes. Decomposition studies revealed a great potential of metal tetraolate complexes as prospective molecular precursors for the soft chemistry approach to oxide materials.     

Reactions of nanoparticles inside a polyethylene matrix: Reduction of lead(II) and mercury(II) oxides by supercritical isopropanol

Methods were developed for manufacturing of isolated nanoparticles of lead(II) and mercury(II) oxides produced by the thermal decomposition of metal compounds in a solution-melt of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) in mineral oil. The PbO and HgO nanoparticles stabilized in the LDPE matrix were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The metal oxides in the polyethylene matrix were reacted with a supercritical fluid of isopropanol (SCF i-PrOH). The PbO in the nanoparticles was reduced to the metal as a result of the reaction with SCF i-PrOH. When SCF i-PrOH was reacted with the HgO nanoparticles stabilized in the LDPE matrix, the oxide was also reduced to the metal. TEM showed that the nanoparticles were conserved after their reaction with SCF i-PrOH.     

铅锡合金在硫酸溶液中生长阳极Pb(Ⅱ)氧化物膜的机理

用交流阻抗、开路电位衰退及线性电位扫描等方法在0.9V(vs.Hg/Hg₂SO₄)和4.5mol/LH₂SO₄溶液中,研究了铅及Pb-Sn合金电极上所生长的阳极氧化物膜.实验结果表明,阳极膜由溶解-沉淀机理控制生长,膜中微粒间为液膜,借助液膜作为离子通道可使膜中微粒发生阳极反应,锡有利于膜中PbO微粒表层阳极氧化为PbO^1+x(0相似文献   

Effects of Samarium on the Properties of the Anodic Pb(II) Oxides Film Formed on Pb in Sulfuric Acid Solution

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The effect of impurities Pb,Bi, and PbO on erosion properties of Lead-Bismuth Eutectic alloy on Fe3O4 oxide film by first principle calculations

The first-principle calculation was performed to study the effect of impurities Pb, Bi, and PbO on erosion properties of liquid lead-bismuth eutectic alloy on the metal oxide (Fe₃O₄) and its surfaces. We found that whether in the bulk or on the surface of Fe₃O₄ the formation energy by substitution of Fe with Bi is slightly larger than that with Pb substitution and the formation energy by substitution of Fe with PbO is much larger than those with Pb and Bi, indicating that PbO has weaker corrosion potential than Pb/Bi. The calculation results show that a tetrahedral site in Fe₃O₄ should be the weakest position where Fe₃O₄ is attacked by these exotic impurities. The corrosion process on the oxide film will be initialized at that position. It can be seen that for the doping case the dissociation energy of Fe atom in the (110) surface has the smallest value, a medium value in (100) surface, and the largest value in (111) surface. Correspondingly, the corrosion resistance of doping Fe₃O₄ film in (110) surface is the weakest one among these surfaces. For the doping-free case, the (100) surface has the weakest corrosion resistance. By comparing the doping case with no-doping case it can be seen that the impurities of Pb, Bi, and PbO will weaken the corrosion resistance of Fe₃O₄ film further. The doping has a negative impact on the stability of the structure and on the corrosion resistance of Fe₃O₄ film. From present results, it is also seen that the replacement of Fe in Fe₃O₄ by multiple impurities is more likely to occur than the replacement of only single impurity.