推求j—j耦合谱项的一种新方法—因式化法

推求ｊ－ｊ耦合谱项对于研究重核原子的结构和光谱十分重要，但用人工方法推算其谱项困难很大，其难点和关键在于推算组合组态（ｊ）＾ｎ）ｊ的Ｊ值，我们采用一种新的方法“因式化法”解决了这一难题，该法利用结构化的ＴＲＵＥＢＡＳＩＣ语言编制了计算程序，并在ＰＣ－３８６ＤＸ微机上通过。利用本程序可快速，准确，清晰地推算各种等效电子组态ｊ－ｊ耦合谱项的Ｊ值。同时在程序中对计算结果进行了验证。     

求等价电子组态j—j偶合谱项的J值

ｊ－ｊ偶合方法对研究重核原子的光谱十分重要，然而对于复杂的等价组态用人工推求其ｊ－ｊ偶合谱项已经不可能，其难点在于求ｊ－ｊ偶合谱项总的Ｊ值。在这篇论文中，我们提出了推求该类谱项Ｊ值的简单方法，利用ＰＡＳＣＡＬ语言编制了计算程序，利用本程序可求出各种等价电子组态ｊ－ｊ偶合谱项的Ｊ值，使求取ｊ－ｊ偶合谱项的工作变得方便、快速、准确。     

推求j－j耦合谱项的一种新方法──因式化法

推求ｊ－ｊ耦合谱项对于研究重核原子的结构和光谱十分重要，但用人工方法推算其谱项困难很大。其难点和关键在于推算组合组态［（ｊ）ｎ］Ｊ的Ｊ值。我们采用一种新的方法“因式化法”解决了这一难题。该法利用结构化的ＴＲＵＥＢＡＳＩＣ语言编制了计算程序，并在ＰＣ－３８６ＤＸ微机上通过。利用本程序可快速、准确、清晰地推算各种等效电子组态ｊ－ｊ耦合谱项的Ｊ值。同时在程序中对计算结果进行了验证。     

分解—组合法推算等价组态j—j耦合谱项的J值

本文提出了一种用以推求等价组态ｊ－ｊ耦合原子光谱项的Ｊ值的方法－分解－组合法。使用Ｃ语言编写了计算组合组态（ｊ）＾ｎｊ的ＭＪ值的程序,人工方法得到Ｊ值。结果与文献相符。     

分解—递推法推求等价组态j—j耦合原子光谱

本文提出了推求等价组态ｊ－ｊ耦合原子光谱项的新方法－分解－递推法,该法计算过程简单,易于掌握。     

自旋因式化法推求等价组态j—j耦合原子光谱项

本文提出了推求等价组态ｊ－ｊ耦合原子光谱项的新方法－自旋因式化法，该法计算过程简单，易于掌握。     

j—j耦合中J（J=1）校正项

此文以第四族元素第一激发（ｎｐ）＾１［（ｎ＋１）ｓ］＾１为例，在（ＪＭＪ）表象中，建立新的单组态谱项能量表达式，添加α（Ｊ＋１）校正项后，显著地改善谱项理论值与实验值拟合程度。     

具有朗德g因子为负的原子状态（2）：J—j耦合下的理论处理

对Ｊ－ｊ耦合中的ｇ因子为负的问题进行了严格的理论处理。     

准旋一角动量标量算子本征值与j壳浊合态的完全分类计算

应用二次量子化和不可约张量理论,由４个产生一湮灭算子耦合成准旋一角动量标量算子Ｚ（Ｋ）,Ｋ为参数。计算表明：Ｚ（Ｋ）的本片值有很强的分类功能,能对ｊ≤１５／２壳层准旋一角动量耦记完全分类（用准旋和角努量只能对ｊ≤７／２壳层耦合态完全分类）讨论Ｚ（Ｋ）的构造和它的本片值的计算方法,给出ｊ≤１５／２壳层耦合态的完全分类。     

代数法推求等价且态j—j耦合原子光谱项

等价组态j-j耦合原子光谱项的推求方法比较复杂,本文提出了推求等价组态j-j耦合原子光谱项的新方法——代数法。该法计算过程简单,易于掌握。     

Cytogenetic effects of radon inhalation

The effect of radon inhalation on the bone marrow cells was studied including chromosomal aberration, mitotic activity of marrow cells and the formation of micronuclei in red blood cell. Swiss albino mice were exposed to well-characterized radon doses from a pitchblende powder source placed inside the exposure radon chamber. The accumulated radon doses received by the animals ranged from 13.01 to 65.05 working level month (WLM) and were taken over 5–25 weeks. The results indicated the formation of different types of structural chromosomal aberrations, where chromosomal and chromatid breaks had the dominant incidence. The damaging effect of radon in the blood and bone marrow was expressed as a reduction in the mitotic index and an increase in chromosome damage. The chromosome damage was measured as either micronuclei in the blood or as chromosome aberrations in mitotic cells of the bone marrow.     

Localized in vivo proton spectroscopy of the bone marrow in patients with leukemia

Volume selective magnetic resonance (MR) proton spectroscopy was used to investigate the haemopoietic (iliac bone) and fatty bone marrow (tibia) in patients with leukemia and polycythaemia vera. Selective measurements of the relaxation times T₁ and T₂ for the “water” and “fat” resonances in the bone marrow spectra were performed. Nine patients with acute leukemia and three patients with chronic leukemia were examined at diagnosis. Three patients with acute leukemia in remission were also examined. Five of the leukemic patients had follow-up examinations performed in relation to chemotherapeutic treatment. Nine patients with polycythaemia vera and 21 normal control subjects were examined with identical methods for comparison. All patients had bone marrow biopsies performed prior to every MR examination. Significant differences could be detected in the spectral patterns from iliac bone marrow in patients with leukemia at diagnosis compared to the healthy normal controls. The “relative water content” was increased in the iliac bone marrow spectra of the leukemic patients compared to the normal subjects, which indicates an increase in the amount of haemopoietic tissue and a corresponding decrease in marrow fat content. The T₁ relaxation times of the “water” resonance in the spectra from the iliac bone marrow of the leukemic patients were significantly prolonged at diagnosis, compared to the normal controls and the patients with polycythaemia vera. After chemotherapeutic induction of remission, the spectra from the iliac bone marrow in the patients with leukemia resembled normal spectra. Four leukemic patients had abnormal spectra from the tibial bone marrow and one patients showed early changes in tibial marrow during chemotherapeutic treatment, before any major changes could be detected in the iliac bone marrow.     

人胚胎干细胞与急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞的拉曼光谱特征研究

急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)属于急性髓系白血病(AML),是FAB分型中的M3亚型。部分APL患者形成早幼粒细胞白血病/维甲酸受体融合基因,即PML-RARα融合基因。在内外界多种因素的共同作用下,早幼粒细胞白血病发病。胚胎干细胞(ESCs)具有多向分化的能力,在一定诱导条件下, ESCs可以向造血系统分化。早幼粒细胞位于ESCs分化下游,为粒系分化阶段的一种细胞。探索一种非标记的技术方法鉴别不同分化阶段造血细胞具有重要的科研和实践意义。拉曼光谱技术可用于多种类型疾病的鉴别诊断研究,近年来应用前景愈加广阔。实验研究人胚胎干细胞系(ES)、急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞系(NB4)和急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者(M3)白血病细胞的拉曼光谱特征,建立拉曼光谱非标记鉴别不同分化阶段白血病的方法,为临床实验研究提供基础。分别收集胚胎干细胞系(ES)、急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞系(NB4)和4例M3患者白血病细胞,使用Horiba Xplora拉曼光谱仪获取拉曼光谱,每组或每例患者采集25~30个白血病细胞光谱。结合应用主成分分析法(PCA)、判别函数分析(DFA)、系统聚类分析和偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA),对三类细胞的光谱进行分析并建立模型,进而对三类细胞进行鉴别,应用交互验证法对模型进行验证。同时结合细胞超微结构分析三种细胞的拉曼光谱特征。M3, NB4和ES细胞的拉曼光谱差别显著,主要表现为M3和NB4细胞光谱中对应核酸、蛋白质及脂类物质的谱峰明显高于ES细胞,其生物学机制包含了APL与PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路的密切关系。PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路在急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞中存在异常激活,影响白血病细胞的生物大分子代谢;鉴别建模的总体分类准确率达100%(181/181),交互验证的分类准确率达98.9%(179/181),表明鉴别模型预测能力良好。拉曼光谱分析显示M3细胞和NB4细胞增殖代谢明显高于ES细胞,根据PCA-DFA、聚类分析及PLS-DA建立的拉曼光谱鉴别模型能够准确区分3种不同分化阶段白血病相关细胞,其结果与电镜结果相符。     

Problems Caused by High Concentration of ATP on Activation of the P2X7 Receptor in Bone Marrow Cells Loaded with the Ca2+ Fluorophore fura-2

Fura-2 is one of the most used fluorophore for measuring intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). In mouse bone marrow cell suspensions ATP produces a biphasic effect: till 1 mM, ATP produces increases in [Ca2+]i; from 1 mM on an increase is observed, that is followed by the decrease in the 340/380 nm ratio (R340/380). At high ATP (4 mM) concentration fura-2 leaked from loaded bone marrow cell suspensions. We observed that ATP decreases fluorescence in the absorption and excitation spectra of fura-2, consequently the emitted one is decreased including the isobestic point (360 nm). ATP analogs: BzATP, ATPyS and UTP, but not alphabetaATP, ADP or AMP, promote decrease of fluorescence in the isobestic point of fura-2. The physical/chemical process that reduces the absorption and excitation of fura-2 by ATP is unknown. The P2X7 inhibitors, Mg2+ (5 mM), OxATP (300 microM) and Brilliant Blue (100 nM), blocked the efflux of fura-2 and ATP-induced R340/380 decrease. The J774 cell line and mononuclear cells with a higher expression of P2X7 receptors show the same decrease in R340/380 as that induced by ATP. In the HL-60 cell line, myeloid cells and erythroblasts extracted from bone marrow, such effect does not occur. It is concluded that the use of the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fura-2 does not allow the correct measurement of [Ca2+]i in these cells in the presence of a higher concentration of ATP which activated the P2X7 receptor.     

Marrow infarction in sickle cell anemia: correlation with marrow type and distribution by MRI

Ischemic necrosis of bone is believed to occur exclusively in areas of predominantly fatty marrow. Sickle cell disease is unusual in that marrow infarction occurs in areas of active hematopoiesis. MR images of long bone obtained in ten patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) were analyzed to correlate the distribution and appearance of marrow infarction with the type of marrow. While the hematopoietic marrow predominated in metaphyseal and diaphyseal regions of femurs and tibias, the fatty or mixed marrow was the most common pattern in epiphyses. Infarcts occurred in fatty as well as hematopoietic marrow. Marrow infarcts were isointense or minimally hyperintense on T1 weighted images with the hematopoietic marrow and therefore difficult to detect. On T2 weighted images, the infarcts showed very high signal. T2 weighted images are essential for detection of marrow infarction. Soft tissue changes seen as low signal on T1 and high signal on T2, may be secondary to intramuscular injections of analgesics or muscle ischemia occurring during sickle crisis.     

Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on the haemopoietic bone marrow monitored by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with end-stage renal disease

Volume selective magnetic resonance (MR) proton spectroscopy was used to investigate changes in the haemopoietic bone marrow in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO). Significant changes could be detected in the spectra 14 days after the beginning of treatment, before any response was seen in the haemoglobin concentration of peripheral blood. The spectral changes indicate an alteration in cellular composition of haemopoietic bone marrow with an increase in the amount of haemopoietic active tissue. One patient showed a major change in the spectrum four days after treatment began, indicating that MR spectroscopy may detect early changes in the cellular composition of the bone marrow. This noninvasive method may be useful in evaluating treatment effects of recombinant human haemopoietic growth factors in the bone marrow, as well as investigating bone marrow response from different modes of rHuEPO administration.     

Activation of mononuclear bone marrow cells treated in vitro with a complex homeopathic medication

Canova is a Brazilian homeopathic medication with immunomodulatory properties, recommended for patients where the immune system is depressed. Previous studies demonstrated that Canova induces up-regulation in numbers of leukocytes. The bone marrow microenvironment is composed of growth factors, stromal cells, extracellular matrix and progenitor cells that differentiate into mature blood cells. We now report the effect of in vitro administration of the medication on the mononuclear differentiation of the bone marrow cell. Swiss mice femurs were dissected cleaned and the cells of the marrow were flushed. The cells were plated, treated or not, incubated for different times and processed for light, transmission and scanning electron, and confocal microscopy analysis. Bone marrow cells showed an enhanced proliferation in vitro in response to Canova medication and Canova plus M-CSF and an increase was also observed in the numbers of the cell niches and ring-shaped nuclei cells. Confocal and transmission and scanning electron microscopy showed the stages of monocyte maturation, with resting and activated cells. With Canova treatment there was a marked increase in cell size, which is mainly attributable to the augmented cytoplasm, an increase in the number of mitochondria, expansion of the RER and an enlarged Golgi. The response to Canova treatment indicates that it influences mononuclear differentiation and activation of bone marrow progenitor and stromal cells.     

人血红细胞在纳米银膜上的表面增强拉曼光谱研究

将硝酸银和聚乙烯醇加入去离子水中混合后作为电解液,以紫外光激发,用银棒电解得到纳米银膜。用扫描电镜观测纳米银的形貌,发现银膜上的颗粒是紧靠在一起的。以该纳米银膜为基底,用便携式拉曼光谱仪对4个正常人和7个白血病人的血红细胞样品进行了表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)光谱的检测。实验中发现,该纳米银膜对人血红细胞的拉曼散射光谱具有较好的增强的效果和较好的重复性。比较正常人与白血病人血红细胞的SERS谱,存在明显的差别,7个白血病人血红细胞样品在1385 cm-1(吡咯四分之一环伸缩振动)处SERS峰消失,在1425 cm-1处的谱线(CαCm的对称伸缩振动)变宽和变强,对可能的原因进行了分析。     

单个鼻咽癌细胞的拉曼光谱分析的研究

利用激光镊子拉曼光谱系统研究了鼻咽癌细胞株和正常人鼻咽部气道上皮细胞株的单个细胞的拉曼光谱,对于每个细胞在不同部位测3个点。结果显示：正常细胞和癌细胞的平均拉曼光谱有显著差异：正常的细胞光谱强度比癌细胞的明显要高;正常细胞的1304和1336 cm-1处峰的强度比值为1.05,癌细胞的为1.22。用PCA主成分分析和DFA判别分析分别对单个细胞的平均光谱和不同位置所取得的单独光谱进行分析,结果发现：PCA和DFA均可以把癌细胞和正常细胞正确区分,对于单独光谱,DFA的效果更好一些。同时还发现同一个细胞中不同的光谱位置对PCA和DFA的区分度影响不是很大;PCA和DFA的图中还表明癌细胞的均匀度要比正常细胞的差。以上的研究均表明：激光镊子拉曼光谱可以成为区别正常鼻咽细胞和鼻咽癌细胞的有效手段。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱用于胆囊癌细胞及其细胞核结构的基础研究

应用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对体外培养胆囊癌细胞、细胞核进行检测,对照胆囊癌组织光谱特征,研究胆囊癌细胞株及细胞核的光谱表现;为红外光谱法诊断胆囊癌奠定细胞学基础。应用美国Nicolet(尼高力)公司5700-Ⅱ型红外光谱仪,组织标本放置于OMNIC采样器表面进行检测,记录红外光谱;体外培养胆囊癌细胞株(GBC-SD)及提取的细胞核涂于欧米采样器表面进行红外检测,记录红外光谱,得到时间轴上体外培养细胞株及细胞核的光谱图;选择特征性光谱与胆囊癌组织光谱进行比对。结果发现胆囊癌细胞株红外光谱特征与相应癌组织光谱特征存在异同。从而可得出结论：将体外培养肿瘤细胞株及提取的肿瘤细胞核,进行FTIR测定是行之有效的细胞红外光谱检测手段,能得到体外培养细胞的红外谱图;胆囊癌组织所表现的红外光谱特征具有胆囊癌细胞本身的红外光谱特征,同时也具有组织自身的复杂特点;FTIR为应用于胆囊癌的定性诊断提供了更加丰富的细胞学基础。