Near-field beamforming analysis for acoustic emission source localization

This paper attempts to introduce a near-field acoustic emission (AE) beamforming method to estimate the AE source locations by using a small array of sensors closely placed in a local region. The propagation characteristics of AE signals are investigated based on guided wave theory to discuss the feasibility of using beamforming techniques in AE signal processing. To validate the effectiveness of the AE beamforming method, a series of pencil lead break tests at various regions of a thin steel plate are conducted. The potential of this method for engineering applications are explored through rotor-stator rubbing tests. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively determine the region where rubbing occurs. It is expected that the work of this paper may provide a helpful analysis tool for near-field AE source localization.     

分布式矢量传感器对宽带源被动定位的方法研究

本文给出了两种基于矢量传感器的被动定位方法。一般来说，对目标进行被动定位可以通过方位信息或时延信息来实现。单个矢量传感器就可以实现目标方位估计，而对多个矢量传感器接收的信号进行互相关运算即可得到目标对各矢量传感器的时延信息。本文先给出了利用方位信息进行被动定位的方法，然后给出了利用分布式矢量传感器进行方位一时延信息联合被动定位的新方法，并通过仿真分析对这两种方法的定位性能进行了比较。     

Nonlinear Kalman Filtering for acoustic emission source localization in anisotropic panels

Nonlinear Kalman Filtering is an established field in applied probability and control systems, which plays an important role in many practical applications from target tracking to weather and climate prediction. However, its application for acoustic emission (AE) source localization has been very limited. In this paper, two well-known nonlinear Kalman Filtering algorithms are presented to estimate the location of AE sources in anisotropic panels: the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). These algorithms are applied to two cases: velocity profile known (CASE I) and velocity profile unknown (CASE II). The algorithms are compared with a more traditional nonlinear least squares method. Experimental tests are carried out on a carbon-fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite panel instrumented with a sparse array of piezoelectric transducers to validate the proposed approaches. AE sources are simulated using an instrumented miniature impulse hammer. In order to evaluate the performance of the algorithms, two metrics are used: (1) accuracy of the AE source localization and (2) computational cost. Furthermore, it is shown that both EKF and UKF can provide a confidence interval of the estimated AE source location and can account for uncertainty in time of flight measurements.     

水下声学滑翔机用于东印度洋声传播特性分析及声源估计

常规实验方法无法同步获取深海大尺度声学和水文数据,水下滑翔机可作为同步观测平台解决该问题.首先利用在东印度洋北部海域水下滑翔机同步获取的声传播和水文实验数据,分析了水下滑翔机的自噪声谱级和实验海区声传播特性,然后推算并修正了滑翔机水下运动轨迹,利用第一影区水下滑翔机接收声传播信号的脉冲多途到达时间差对声源进行测距与定深。潜标接收噪声与滑翔机自噪声谱级对比表明,水下滑翔机在海洋中无动力运动时的系统自噪声接近于潜标观测的海洋环境噪声。滑翔机实测的声传播损失与模型计算结果吻合较好,第一影区水下声源测距定深结果与实际位置较为一致,测距与定深的相对误差均小于5%。利用加载水听器的水下滑翔机可以实现水文环境数据与声学信号的同步观测,对深海声传播特性测量及定位算法研究具有重要意义。     

Exploiting perturbed and coalescent anchor node geometry with semidefinite relaxation for sensor network localization

Localization in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) suffer from performance issues whenever the anchor nodes (which are aware of their location) are subjected to motion from their usual position. Moreover, accurate localization demands more anchor nodes which is a scarce resource and needs to be used judiciously. In the current work, we propose a novel framework that addresses these two prime concerns by harnessing the inter relationship of anchor node geometry. For an unknown source node surrounded by anchor nodes, the anchors lying on the inner boundary of the deployment geometry may be carrying closely related information about source node, leading to redundancy and inefficient utilization. By anticipating the level of correlation between these anchors, localization can be made more frugal. Rigorous mathematical analysis is carried out to derive lower bounds on estimated locations. Based on fisher information from two proposed models, a convex estimation objective function is formulated using semidefinite programming (SDP) approach to validate the theoretical proceedings. Based on the findings, the proposed method is able to successfully extract useful information about the unknown source node location with limited number of anchor nodes, hence achieving superior localization.     

Acoustic source localization

In this article different techniques for localizing acoustic sources are described and the advantages/disadvantages of these techniques are discussed. Some source localization techniques are restricted to isotropic structures while other methods can be applied to anisotropic structures as well. Some techniques require precise knowledge of the direction dependent velocity profiles in the anisotropic body while other techniques do not require that knowledge. Some methods require accurate values of the time of arrival of the acoustic waves at the receivers while other techniques can function without that information. Published papers introducing various techniques emphasize the advantages of the introduced techniques while ignoring and often not mentioning the limitations and weaknesses of the new techniques. What is lacking in the literature is a comprehensive review and comparison of the available techniques; this article attempts to do that. After reviewing various techniques the paper concludes which source localization technique should be most effective for what type of structure and what the current research needs are.     

Acoustic source localization in anisotropic plates

The conventional triangulation technique cannot locate the acoustic source in an anisotropic plate because this technique requires the wave speed to be independent of the propagation direction which is not the case for an anisotropic plate. All methods proposed so far for source localization in anisotropic plates require either the knowledge of the direction dependent velocity profile or a dense array of sensors. In this paper for the first time a technique is proposed to locate the acoustic source in large anisotropic plates with the help of only six sensors without knowing the direction dependent velocity profile in the plate. Experimental results show that the proposed technique works for both isotropic and anisotropic structures. For isotropic plates the required number of sensors can be reduced from 6 to 4.     

基于质心迭代估计的无线传感器网络节点定位算法

针对无线传感器网络非测距定位方法的应用,提出了基于质心迭代估计的节点定位算法.该算法首先计算当前连通信标节点所围成的平面质心的坐标及其与未知节点间的接收信号强度,然后用计算所得质心节点替代距离未知节点最远的连通信标节点,缩小连通信标节点所围成的平面,并通过多次迭代的方法提高节点定位精度.仿真实验结果表明,该算法的各项指标均为良好,适用于无线传感器网络的节点定位.     

Improving accuracy of acoustic source localization in anisotropic plates

The acoustic source localization technique for anisotropic plates proposed by the authors in an earlier publication ([1] Kundu et al., 2012) is improved in this paper by adopting some modifications. The improvements are experimentally verified on anisotropic flat and curved composite plates. Difficulties associated with the original technique were first investigated before making any modification. It was noted that the accuracy of this technique depends strongly on the accuracy of the measured time difference of arrivals (TDOA) at different receiving sensors placed in close proximity in a sensor cluster. The sensor cluster is needed to obtain the direction of the acoustic source without knowing the material properties of the plate. Two modifications are proposed to obtain the accurate TDOA. The first one is to replace the recorded full time histories by only their initial parts – the first dip and peak – for the subsequent signal processing. The second modification is to place the sensors in the sensor cluster as close as possible. It is shown that the predictions are improved significantly with these modifications. These modifications are then applied to another sensor cluster based technique called the beamforming technique, to see if similar improvements are achieved for that technique also with these modifications.     

Direct regressions for underwater acoustic source localization in fluctuating oceans

In this paper, we show the potential of machine learning regarding the task of underwater source localization through a fluctuating ocean. Underwater source localization is classically addressed under the angle of inversion techniques. However, because an inversion scheme is necessarily based on the knowledge of the environmental parameters, it may be not well adapted to a random and fluctuating underwater channel. Conversely, machine learning only requires using a training database, the environmental characteristics underlying the regression models. This makes machine learning adapted to fluctuating channels. In this paper, we propose to use non linear regressions for source localization in fluctuating oceans. The kernel regression as well as the local linear regression are compared to typical inversion techniques, namely Matched Field Beamforming and the algorithm MUSIC. Our experiments use both real tank-based and simulated data, introduced in the works of Real et al. Based on Monte Carlo iterations, we show that the machine learning approaches may outperform the inversion techniques.     

一种利用分布式传声器阵列的声源三维定位方法

为了提高噪声和混响条件下分布式传声器阵列进行声源定位的性能,提出一种利用空间稀疏性和压缩感知原理的声源三维定位方法。该方法首先通过两次离散余弦变换方式提取出声音信号特征,并用该特征来构建稀疏定位模型,以便能够综合利用语音信号的短时和长时特性,同时降低模型维数;然后利用在线字典学习技术动态调整字典,克服稀疏模型与实际信号之间的失配问题,增强稀疏定位模型的鲁棒性;进而提出一种改进的平滑l₀范数稀疏重构算法来进行声源位置解算,以提高低信噪比条件下的重构精度。仿真结果表明该方法不仅可以实现多目标定位,而且具有较强的抗噪声和抗混响能力.     

Numerical simulation of electromagnetic acoustic transducers using distributed point source method

In spite of many advances in analytical and numerical modeling techniques for solving different engineering problems, an efficient solution technique for wave propagation modeling of an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) system is still missing. Distributed point source method (DPSM) is a newly developed semi-analytical technique developed since 2000 by Placko and Kundu (2007) [12] that is very powerful and straightforward for solving various engineering problems, including acoustic and electromagnetic modeling problems. In this study DPSM has been employed to model the Lorentz type EMAT with a meander line and flat spiral type coil. The problem of wave propagation has been solved and eddy currents and Lorentz forces have been calculated. The displacement field has been obtained as well. While modeling the Lorentz force the effect of dynamic magnetic field has been considered that most current analyses ignore. Results from this analysis have been compared with the finite element method (FEM) based predictions. It should be noted that with the current state of knowledge this problem can be solved only by FEM.     

浅海单矢量传感器宽带声源三维定位仿真

针对浅海水平不变波导中利用单矢量传感器的低频宽带声源三维被动定位问题,首先利用平均声强器估计声源方位;其次,通过分离后的简正模声压和水平振速分量联合处理获得运动声源相对速度,进一步基于垂直复声强中简正模相干项特征频率不变性以及长时间窗口中多快拍信号的统一处理,建立以warping变换归一化频谱强度和作为代价函数的距离搜索处理器,估计该段信号的初始距离,进而获得各时刻声源距离,所提出的方法避免了对拷贝声场和引导声源的依赖。信噪比大于10 dB时,相对误差在11.33%之内;最后,利用多阶简正模相干项与非相干项能量的模基处理方法,当声场中存在三阶以上简正模时,对声源深度进行匹配估计。仿真分析表明,单个矢量传感器能够完成声源的方位、距离及深度的三维定位。     

用于水声传感器网络自组织的询问式泛洪广播算法

水声传感器网络(Underwater acoustic sensor networks,UASN)通常由随机散布的传感器节点组成。需要通过自组织算法将这些节点组成具有一定功能的网络。目前,已有较多成熟的用于陆地无线传感器网络(Wireless sensor networks,WSN)的自组织算法。但水声通信中存在的严重的传播损失、较高的背景噪声、有限的通信带宽、较长的传播时延、复杂的多途信道等,使得大多数适用于WSN的自组织算法难以适用于UASN。本文提出了一种改进的自组织算法,在简单泛洪广播算法中附加一段询问过程。通过OPNET仿真证明了在相同的条件下,相比于简单泛洪与概率泛洪广播算法,本算法可以在较短的时间内建立起有效路由,降低了水声网络在自组织阶段的能量消耗。     

海洋声场中分布式无源定位系统的节点配置方法

为了提高海洋声场中分布式无源定位系统的定位精度,提出一种基于自适应遗传算法的节点配置方法。首先,基于到达时间TOA(Time of Arrival)定位算法推导出均匀物理场与海洋声场中定位误差的CRLB(Cramer Rao Lower Bound)。之后,利用BELLHOP模型对海洋声场进行建模,获得任意位置处目标声源与节点接收信号相关的传递函数并对等效声速进行计算.以目标声源在观测区域内服从均匀分布为例,将定位误差的平均CRLB最小为优化准则,采用自适应遗传算法对节点进行优化配置。结果表明,该方法能够有效降低海洋声场中分布式无源定位系统的定位误差,并给出定位误差随节点个数增加呈非线性递减的变化趋势,可为工程应用提供理论指导。     

海洋声场中分布式无源定位系统的节点配置方法

为了提高海洋声场中分布式无源定位系统的定位精度,提出一种基于自适应遗传算法的节点配置方法。首先,基于到达时间TOA (Time of Arrival)定位算法推导出均匀物理场与海洋声场中定位误差的CRLB (Cramer Rao Lower Bound)。之后,利用BELLHOP模型对海洋声场进行建模,获得任意位置处目标声源与节点接收信号相关的传递函数并对等效声速进行计算.以目标声源在观测区域内服从均匀分布为例,将定位误差的平均CRLB最小为优化准则,采用自适应遗传算法对节点进行优化配置。结果表明,该方法能够有效降低海洋声场中分布式无源定位系统的定位误差,并给出定位误差随节点个数增加呈非线性递减的变化趋势,可为工程应用提供理论指导。     

基于声矢量传感器的分布式定位系统在水下宽带声源定位中的应用

提出了基于声矢量传感器的分布式浮标网络定位系统,研究了不同应用背景下单个声矢量传感器的测向算法,推导了目标DOA估计的Cramer-Rao界,给出了分层海水介质中多个声矢量传感器的几何定位算法。数值仿真结果表明:(1)系统的定位性能强烈依赖于接收信噪比;(2)该系统适用于单一强声源的定位。     

分布式光纤Sagnac干涉仪中基于倒谱的多分辨率入侵定位算法

基于Sagnac结构的分布式光纤干涉仪具有灵敏度高和动态范围大等特点, 特别适合监测入侵信号, 并确定其发生位置. 不同于现有的时域自相关及频域陷波点定位方法, 本文提出将两相干光束相位差信号变换到倒谱域, 通过倒谱系数峰来方便准确地确定入侵位置. 此外, 为克服倒谱定位中降采样带来的分辨率粗糙问题, 提出了多分辨率定位综合的改进方法. 通过改变降采样因子和利用高阶倒谱峰两种措施对同一入侵信号得到一系列定位值, 并对所有定位值取平均作为入侵信号的最终定位值. 实验首先在距离传感光缆尾端40.498 km处制造3个入侵信号. 采用本文提出的倒谱方法对该入侵得到84个定位值, 综合后的定位误差分别只有9 m, 17 m 和 11 m, 显示了对入侵信号定位的准确性. 之后对不同位置的入侵信号进行定位, 7次实验的定位误差的标准差达到12 m, 而相同情况下的自相关方法和陷波点方法的定位误差标准差分别为695 m和118 m. 此外, 这种方法还具有操作简单、易于自动测量等特点, 有望在Sagnac干涉传感系统中发挥重要作用.     

利用宽带引导声源重构拷贝声场的目标声源定位

为了避开传统的匹配场目标定位技术对环境先验知识的依赖性,提出了在均匀浅海环境中只知道少量环境参数的情况下,利用垂直接收阵和不同距离上的两枚宽带引导声源重构声场对目标声源进行定位的一种方法。这种方法主要基于简正波估计和声场重构两种关键技术,同时省去了匹配场定位技术中大量的拷贝声场计算。数值仿真主要采用线性Bartlett匹配处理器分析了目标定位效果,在信噪比高于10 d B的情况下,定位效果良好。