多孔聚乙酰苯胺纳米纤维载铂催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化

采用简单的化学氧化聚合法制备了新型多孔结构的聚乙酰苯胺纳米纤维(np-PAANI), 并以此为载体在络合剂的存在下合成了Pt纳米微粒修饰的np-PAANI复合物膜电极C/np-PAANI/Pt. 样品的形貌和结构通过扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)进行了表征. 在0.5 mol·L-1 CH3OH+0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4混合溶液中考察了C/np-PAANI/Pt催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化性能. 结果表明, 以np-PAANI负载的Pt催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化活性和稳定性都比普通PAANI结构及石墨粉负载的Pt催化剂好很多.     

Pt微粒修饰纳米纤维聚苯胺电极对甲醇氧化电催化

以脉冲电流法制备的纳米纤维状聚苯胺(PANI)为Pt催化剂载体，用它制备了甲醇阳极氧化的催化电极Pt/（nano-fibular PANI）.研究结果表明, Pt/（nano-fibular PANI）电极对甲醇氧化具有很好的电催化活性,并有协同催化作用.在相同的Pt载量条件下， Pt/（nano-fibular PANI）电极比Pt微粒修饰的颗粒状聚苯胺电极Pt/(granular PANI)具有更好的电催化活性.此外， Pt的电沉积修饰方法同样影响Pt/（nano-fibular PANI）电极对甲醇氧化的催化活性.脉冲电流法沉积Pt形成的复合电极较循环伏安法电沉积得到的Pt复合电极具有更优异的催化活性.     

甲醇在不同结构氧化钨-Pt/C催化剂上的电催化氧化行为

采用水热法合成2种氧化钨（WO3）纳米材料,并利用XRD和电子探针显微分析仪（EPMA）进行了表征。 利用循环伏安法研究了Pt-WO3/C电极对甲醇氧化的电催化活性。 结果表明,Pt-WO3/C催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化活性优于Pt/C催化剂,且氧化钨质量分数为20%的Pt-氧化钨/C催化效果最好。 与青铜相氧化钨掺杂的Pt/C电极比较,掺杂焦绿石型氧化钨的Pt/C电极催化性能有很大提高,这是由于焦绿石型氧化钨表面具有较多OHads。 质量分数20%的Pt-焦绿石型氧化钨/C在0.5 mol/L CH3OH+1 mol/L H2SO4溶液中对甲醇氧化的峰电流密度达到87.2×10-3 A/cm2。     

乙醇和CO在Pt-WO3/C电极上的电催化氧化

制备并比较了Pt/C和Pt-WO3/C催化剂对乙醇的电化学氧化活性.发现无论是在酸性溶液中还是中性溶液中,Pt-WO3/C电极对乙醇氧化的电催化活性都比在Pt/C电极上高.这是由于WO3能提供乙醇在Pt上氧化所需的含氧物种,此外WO3能在较低电位下使乙醇氧化的中间产物CO氧化除去,从而提高了催化剂对乙醇氧化的催化活性.     

磷钨酸对甲酸在碳载Pt催化剂上电氧化的促进作用

用X射线能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)和电化学等测试技术研究了电解液中的磷钨酸(PWA)对甲酸在碳载Pt(Pt/C)催化剂电极上氧化的促进作用。 结果表明,PWA不但能提高甲酸在Pt/C催化剂电极上氧化的电催化活性,而且也能提高其电催化稳定性。 这种促进作用与电解液中PWA的浓度有关,当电解液中PWA的质量浓度为0.10 g/L时,这种促进作用最佳。 这主要是由于电解液中PWA质量浓度＞0.10 g/L时,吸附到电极表面的PWA的量太多,占据了Pt/C催化剂电极中Pt表面的部分活性位点,从而降低了催化剂的电催化性能。     

碳纳米管表面修饰程度对碳纳米管载Pt电催化性能的影响

比较了用不同温度的浓HNO₃处理的碳纳米管(CNTs)作载体的Pt(Pt/CNTs)对甲醇氧化的电催化活性. 结果表明浓HNO₃处理使CNTs表面修饰上的含氧基团对CNTs上沉积Pt粒子的平均粒径有较大影响. 表面修饰程度适当时, 制得的Pt/CNTs中Pt粒子较小, 因此, 对甲醇氧化的电催化活性较高. 而表面修饰程度过大, 易使Pt粒子团聚, 从而降低Pt/CNTs催化剂对甲醇氧化的电化学活性.     

活性炭和石墨混合载体的Pt催化剂（Pt/CG）对乙醇氧化电催化活性的影响

用化学沉积法制备炭载Pt(Pt/C)和以活性炭与石墨作混合载体的Pt(Pt/CG)催化剂。实验结果表明，活性炭与石墨质量比影响Pt/CG催化剂对乙醇氧化的电催化活性。当活性炭与石墨的质量比为15∶1时，制得的Pt/CG催化剂对乙醇氧化的电催化活性最高。     

Pt纳米粒子修饰的多孔硅电极的制备及其电催化性能

通过循环伏安法电沉积使直径约为7 nm的Pt纳米粒子均匀地分散于多孔硅表面, 拟用作微型质子交换膜燃料电池的催化电极. 与刷涂法相比较, 电沉积Pt纳米粒子的多孔硅电极(Pt/Si)呈现出高的Pt利用率和增强的电催化活性. 当Pt载量为0.38 mg•cm−2时, 其电化学活性比表面积高达148 cm2•mg−1, 是刷涂相近质量的纳米Pt/C催化剂的多孔硅电极Pt-C/Si的2倍多；该修饰电极对甲醇氧化也呈现了增强的催化性能和好的稳定性, 在0.5 V(vs SCE)极化1 h后电流密度为4.52 mA•cm−2, 而刷涂了相近Pt量的Pt-C/Si电极的电流密度只有0.36 mA•cm−2.     

铂催化氧还原反应过程中磷酸的影响及抑制磷酸吸附策略

与低温(<100oC)质子交换膜燃料电池相比,磷酸掺杂PBI膜燃料电池可工作于100–200 oC,工作温度的提高有利于提高电极反应动力学速率、增加Pt催化剂对CO等毒物的耐受性,以及简化电池水管理等.然而,磷酸在Pt催化剂表面吸附较强,这将造成Pt一定程度的毒化.基于“第三体效应”,即在Pt表面预吸附某些小分子,可在一定程度上抑制磷酸吸附,然而预吸附分子同时也将占据Pt表面部分活性位点,因而Pt的催化性能最终由两个因素决定：磷酸抑制程度和预吸附分子在Pt表面的覆盖度.
　　本文系统考察了Pt表面预吸附分子覆盖度和预吸附分子链长对其催化氧还原反应(ORR)活性的影响.首先,通过控制预吸附了胺类分子的Pt电极的电位,得到表面具有不同覆盖度的Pt电极,考察了0.1 mol/L H3PO4电解液中Pt电极对ORR的催化活性随预吸附分子覆盖度的变化规律;为分离磷酸吸附和修饰分子吸附本身对Pt催化活性的影响,对比了0.1 mol/L HClO4电解液中Pt电极对ORR的催化活性随预吸附分子覆盖度的变化规律.进一步对比研究了不同链长胺分子——正丁胺(BA)、正辛胺(OA)及十二胺(DA)等作为修饰分子对Pt/C催化剂电催化ORR活性的影响.结果表明,随修饰分子在Pt表面覆盖度提高,在0.1 mol/L HClO4溶液中,由于预吸附分子占据Pt部分活性位,修饰后光滑Pt电极表面的本征活性单调下降;而在0.1 mol/L H3PO4中,修饰后光滑Pt电极表面的ORR活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,当预吸附分子覆盖度约为20%时,其ORR活性最高,为未修饰的光滑Pt电极表面的1.67倍.这表明预吸附分子有效抑制了磷酸的吸附,且当预吸附分子覆盖度约为20%时,预吸附分子对Pt表面的占据与其抑制磷酸吸附的作用达到最佳平衡点.然而,当修饰分子BA, OA和DA在Pt表面覆盖度分别为38.6%,26.1%和26.1%时, Pt/C在0.1 mol/L H3PO4中的ORR催化活性接近,分别为未经修饰Pt/C电催化剂的1.7,1.8和2.0倍,这表明预吸附分子链长对ORR催化活性影响较小,表面预吸附分子抑制磷酸吸附的策略对Pt/C催化剂也同样适用.同时, Pt/C电极经BA, OA和DA修饰后,其在0.1 mol/L HClO4中的比表面活性分别为未经修饰Pt/C电催化剂的1.0,1.1和1.3倍,与修饰后光滑Pt电极表面本征ORR活性变化规律不一致.然而,与Pt在HClO4电解质中的ORR活性相比, ORR的半波电位仍有大约123 mV的差距,今后还需继续从催化剂的角度,如调控Pt表面的吸附特性,或从创新电解质的角度,如有机磷酸电解质等出发解决磷酸毒化的问题.     

铂催化剂在有机电解液中对氨氧化的电催化性能

研究了用碳酸丙烯酯(PC)和低粘度的乙二醇二甲醚(DME)作电流型电化学氨气传感器的有机混合电解液时,氨在碳载Pt(Pt/C)催化剂电极上的电氧化性能.实验表明,Pt/C催化剂电极对氨的氧化有很好的电催化活性,稳定性、选择性和响应时间等参数均良好,而且还能耐高温低湿的条件,可解决水溶液电解液因蒸发而失效的问题,延长了传...     

Ho3＋对吸附CO电化学氧化的促进作用

研究了吸附在Pt/C催化剂上的Ho3＋对吸附CO的电氧化的影响.结果表明,无论在中性和酸性溶液中,在较大的温度范围内,Ho3＋对CO在Pt/C催化剂上的电氧化都有促进作用,其原因是吸附Ho3＋的存在减弱了CO在Pt/C催化剂上的吸附强度.其次,在中性溶液中,Ho3＋对吸附CO的电氧化的促进作用比在酸性溶液中大.第三,无论在酸性还是中性溶液中,温度的升高有利于发挥Ho3＋对吸附CO的电氧化的促进作用.     

Effects of different Pt-M (M = Fe,Co, Ni) alloy as cathodic catalyst on the performance of two-chambered microbial fuel cells

For the purpose of reducing the cost and improving the performance of cathodes in microbial fuel cells (MFCs), we prepared Pt/C and Pt-M/C (M = Ni, Co, Fe) electrodes, and characterized them by SEM, XRD and CV. The modified electrodes were used as the cathodes in double-chambered MFCs fed with synthetic medium and molasses sewage respectively. We have found that Pt-M/C catalysts had a better catalytic activity for oxygen reduction than Pt/C in the following order: Pt-Fe/C > Pt-Co/C > Pt-Ni/C > Pt/C. The maximum power density of the MFCs with Pt-M/C cathode was improved by 18–31% compared with the MFC with Pt/C cathode because of the decrease of activation loss in the cathode. This study shows that Pt-M/C catalysts can improve power generation of MFCs without affecting the COD removal and it is proposed that Pt-Fe functions best among the three Pt-M alloys as an efficient and cost-effective catalyst of MFCs.     

Triarylphosphine-stabilized platinum nanoparticles in three-dimensional nanostructured films as active electrocatalysts

Ligand-stabilized platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) can be used to build well-defined three-dimensional (3-D) nanostructured electrodes for better control of the catalyst architecture in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Platinum NPs of 1.7 +/- 0.5 nm diameter stabilized by the water-soluble phosphine ligand, tris(4-phosphonatophenyl)phosphine (TPPTP, P(4-C6H4PO3H2)3), were prepared by ethylene glycol reduction of chloroplatinic acid and subsequent treatment of the isolated nanoparticles with TPPTP. The isolated TPPTP-stabilized Pt NPs were characterized by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P and 195Pt NMR), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). The negatively charged TPPTP-Pt NPs were electrostatically deposited onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with protonated 4-aminophenyl functional groups (APh). Multilayers were assembled via electrostatic layer-by-layer deposition with cationic poly(allylamine HCl) (PAH). These multilayer films are active for the key hydrogen fuel cell reactions, hydrogen oxidation (anode) and oxygen reduction (cathode). Using a rotating disk electrode configuration, fully mass-transport limited kinetics for hydrogen oxidation was obtained after 3 layers of TPPTP-Pt NPs with a total Pt loading of 4.2 microg/cm2. Complete reduction of oxygen by four electrons was achieved with 4 layers of TPPTP-Pt NPs and a total Pt loading of 5.6 microg/cm2. A maximum current density for oxygen reduction was reached with these films after 5 layers resulting in a mass-specific activity, i(m), of 0.11 A/mg(Pt) at 0.9 V. These films feature a high electrocatalytic activity and can be used to create systematic changes in the catalyst chemistry and architecture to provide insight for building better electrocatalysts.     

Synthesis and electrocatalytic activity of Au/Pt bimetallic nanodendrites for ethanol oxidation in alkaline medium

Gold/Platinum (Au/Pt) bimetallic nanodendrites were successfully synthesized through seeded growth method using preformed Au nanodendrites as seeds and ascorbic acid as reductant. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of a series of Au/Pt nanodendrites modified electrodes in 1M KOH solution containing 1M ethanol showed that the electrocatalyst with a molar ratio (Au:Pt) of 3 exhibited the highest peak current density and the lowest onset potential. The peak current density of ethanol electro-oxidation on the Au(3)Pt(1) nanodendrites modified glassy carbon electrode (Au(3)Pt(1) electrode) is about 16, 12.5, and 4.5 times higher than those on the polycrystalline Pt electrode, polycrystalline Au electrode, and Au nanodendrites modified glassy carbon electrode (Au dendrites electrode), respectively. The oxidation peak potential of ethanol electro-oxidation on the Au(3)Pt(1) electrode is about 299 and 276 mV lower than those on the polycrystalline Au electrode and Au dendrites electrode, respectively. These results demonstrated that the Au/Pt bimetallic nanodendrites may find potential application in alkaline direct ethanol fuel cells (ADEFCs).     

Eu3＋和Ho3＋对乙醇在Pt-TiO2/C电极上氧化的助催化作用

报道了用循环伏安法研究Eu3＋和Ho3＋吸附的碳载Pt-TiO2(Pt-TiO2/C)催化剂对乙醇电化学氧化的助催化作用.发现无论在中性溶液中还是在酸性溶液中,当Pt-TiO2/C催化剂吸附Eu3＋或Ho3＋后,都可以使乙醇的电催化氧化电流密度明显增加,其原因主要是Eu3＋或Ho3＋都能促进吸附的CO的电氧化.     

Characterization of Pt nanoparticles deposited onto carbon nanotubes grown on carbon paper and evaluation of this electrode for the reduction of oxygen

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were grown on the fibers of a commercial porous carbon paper used as carbon-collecting electrodes in fuel cells. The tubes were then covered with Pt nanoparticles in order to test these gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) for oxygen reduction in H2SO4 solution and in H2/O2 fuel cells. The Pt nanoparticles were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The majority of the Pt particles are 3 nm in size with a mean size of 4.1 nm. They have an electrochemically active surface area of 60 m2/g Pt for Pt loadings of 0.1-0.45 mg Pt/cm2. Although the electroactive Pt surface area is larger for commercial electrodes of similar loadings, Pt/MWCNT electrodes largely outperform the commercial electrode for the oxygen reduction reaction in GDE experiments using H2SO4 at pH 1. On the other hand, when the same electrodes are used as the cathode in a H2/O2 fuel cell, they perform only slightly better than the commercial electrodes in the potential range going from approximately 0.9 to approximately 0.7 V and have a lower performance at lower voltages.     

Pd-based PdPt(19:1)/C electrocatalyst as an electrode in PEM fuel cell

A carbon supported Pd-based PdPt catalyst with a Pd:Pt atomic ratio of 19:1 was synthesized and applied to a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Three different types of single cells with the electrodes containing (PdPt/C:Pt/C), (Pt/C:PdPt/C) and (PdPt/C:PdPt/C) as their anode and cathode electrocatalysts were fabricated and the performance of them was compared. The single cell using PdPt/C as the anode electrocatalyst showed a high performance comparable to the cell with a commercial Pt/C electrocatalyst. This indicates that Pd-based electrocatalysts can be used as an anode electrocatalyst in PEMFC with very small amount of Pt (just about 5 at.%).     

Microfluidic devices for energy conversion: planar integration and performance of a passive, fully immersed H2-O2 fuel cell

We describe the fabrication and performance of a passive, microfluidics-based H2-O2 microfluidic fuel cell using thin film Pt electrodes embedded in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) device. The electrode array is fully immersed in a liquid electrolyte confined inside the microchannel network, which serves also as a thin gas-permeable membrane through which the reactants are fed to the electrodes. The cell operates at room temperature with a maximum power density of around 700 microW/cm(2), while its performance, as recorded by monitoring the corresponding polarization curves and the power density plots, is affected by the pH of the electrolyte, its concentration, the surface area of the Pt electrodes, and the thickness of the PDMS membrane. The best results were obtained in basic solutions using electrochemically roughened Pt electrodes, the roughness factor, R(f), of which was around 90 relative to a smooth Pt film. In addition, the operating lifetime of the fuel cell was found to be longer for the one using higher surface area electrodes.     

Pt／C气体扩散电极制备方法的探索

Ｐｔ／Ｃ气体扩散电极制备方法的探索马永林（青海教育学院,青海,西宁８１０００８）以Ｐｔ／Ｃ为电催化剂的气体扩散电极的制备方法是直接影响该电极电化学性能的重要因素。一般的制备方法是基于将Ｐｔ／Ｃ电催化剂和聚四氟乙烯以及某些有机物或表面活性剂的糊状物涂布...