Image formation with a concave spherical mirror

The author presents an elementary theory of image formation by a concave spherical mirror, elaborated for arbitrary angles of incidence and wide beams of rays. The image formation of a point source is either real, virtual or mixed according to the position of the source with respect to the mirror. If the ratio of the diameter of the mirror to its radius is at least 23, the mirror does not provide virtual image formation. Point sources, the image formation of which is virtual (or mixed), form regions definable by simple constructions. At large angles of incidence it can happen that after reflection from the mirror the rays fall on the same mirror. A confuse image is produced. Some results on image formation with a concave spherical mirror can be extended to cylindrical and rotational surfaces with general meridian curves. Some formulae are derived for tangential image formation with a mirror having a parabolic meridian.     

Characteristic investigation of Golay9 multiple mirror telescope with a spherical primary mirror

The sparse aperture provides a novel solution to the manufacturing difficulties of modern super large telescopes. Golay configurations are optimal in the sparse aperture family. Characteristics of the Golay9 multiple mirror telescope having a spherical primary mirror are investigated. The arrangement of the nine sub-mirrors is discussed after the planar Golay9 configuration is analyzed. The characteristics of the entrance pupil are derived by analyzing the sub-aperture shapes with different relative apertures and sub-mirror sizes. Formulas about the fill factor and the overlay factor are deduced. Their maximal values are presented based on the derived tangency condition. Formulas for the point spread function (PSF) and the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the Golay9 MMT are also deduced. Two Golay9 MMT have been developed by Zemax simulation. Their PSF, MTF, fill factors, and overlay factors prove that our theoretical results are consistent with the practical simulation ones.     

Radiation field calculations of pulsed ultrasonic transducers: Part 2: spherical disc- and ring-shaped transducers

The exact equation to describe the propagation of ultrasonic pressure waves in a lossless, homogeneous medium was evaluated assuming pulse-excited radiators.Acoustical field patterns were studied using the dimensions and shape of the transducer, the ultrasonic frequency and number of cycles within the pulse as parameters. The results emphasize the influence of the piston shape on interference phenomena within the near — and far-field and on beam-narrowing effects in the intermediate range between near- and far-field. The following transducer shapes are studied: spherical disc and spherical ring.     

球面镜真空紫外光谱反射率的高精度测量

为了实现对球面镜真空紫外光谱反射率的直接测量,构建了一套真空紫外光谱反射率测试系统。该系统以氟化镁窗口氘灯与Seya-Namioka凹面光栅单色仪产生单色光源,反射式调制器与参考探测器做光学补偿,内径80mm的荧光积分球与精密转台作为接收系统。光学补偿消除单色光源不稳定性,荧光积分球消除了两次测量光斑不同对探测器响应的影响,且减少了系统的能量损失。利用该系统测量了115～180nm球面镜的反射率,测试结果表明测量重复性优于±0.3%;按国际通用不确定度评估规范,对系统进行不确定度分析,相关不确定度小于1.3%。实现了球面镜反射率的高精度测量。     

Radiation from slot antennas through a nonlinear plasma layer

Based on a numerical solution of the nonlinear Helmholtz equation, we consider the increasedpower radiation through a layer of plasma from a slot antennas excited by an H-wave. The cases of positive (/|E|>0) and negative (/|E|<0) nonlinearities are analyzed. The effect of restriction of the transmitted power is investigated for negative nonlinearity and the formation of the self-supported waveguide channel is considered for positive nonlinearity. The existence of bistability with variation in the feeding power is shown. The plasma structure near the antenna is analyzed for the high level of the radiated power.Energy Institute, Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 436–443, May, 1995.     

平面电磁波对导体的辐射压强

当单色平面电磁波垂直入射到可导电的平面镜上时,理论分析了电磁波给平面镜施加的安培力作用以及由此产生的辐射压强.并得到了辐射压强的具体表达式.     

大口径球面反射镜曲率半径的精确测量

介绍了大口径球面反射镜曲率半径的传统测量方法,提出了利用组合测杆结合激光干涉仪测量球面反射镜曲率半径的新方法。首先利用激光干涉仪检测球面反射镜的面型,调整干涉仪与被测镜的位置,使被测镜达到零条纹干涉状态,然后架设合理长度组合测杆,调整组合测杆靠近干涉仪端测量球头的位置,使之达到零条纹干涉状态,再使组合测杆另一端测头与镜面接触完成测量,通过计算分析即可得到被测球面镜的曲率半径。对该方法的基本测量原理进行了研究分析,并对口径为600 mm的望远镜球面主镜的曲率半径进行了多次测量,测得其曲率半径均值为2 836.774 mm,标准偏差为0.071 mm。最后对该方法的测量不确定度进行了分析,找出了影响测量精度的主要因素,合成标准不确定度为0.061 mm。     

反应烧结碳化硅球面反射镜的光学加工与检测

介绍了250mm口径、4200mm曲率半径的反应烧结碳化硅球面反射镜光学加工和检测的工艺流程;并按照流程依次介绍了在研磨成型、细磨抛光和精抛光过程中使用的机床、磨具、磨料及采用的工艺参数和检测方法。介绍了在光学加工和检测各个步骤中应注意的问题。展示了加工后250mm口径反应烧结碳化硅球面反射镜的实物照片,并给出了面形精度和表面粗糙度的检测结果:面形精度(95%孔径)均方根值(RMS)为0.037波长(λ=632.8nm),表面粗糙度RMS值达到1.92nm(测量区域大小为603.6ⅹ448.4μm)。     

TEM喇叭天线辐射机理分析和优化设计

在频域和时域研究了TEM喇叭天线的辐射机理。在频域,高频信号激励的TEM喇叭表现为口径天线的辐射特性,具有良好的方向性;低频信号激励的TEM喇叭可视作偶极子天线,具有全向辐射特性;在时域,脉冲激励的TEM喇叭天线辐射场由四个子波叠加构成,在不同方向上,各个子波的波形和相对时序不同,导致不同方向上辐射场波形也不相同。根据辐射机理研究结果,提出了一种TEM喇叭天线末端加载设计并给出了其优化设计方法,有效地改善了天线主轴辐射性能,提高了辐射因子和天线效率。     

TEM喇叭天线辐射机理分析和优化设计

在频域和时域研究了TEM喇叭天线的辐射机理。在频域,高频信号激励的TEM喇叭表现为口径天线的辐射特性,具有良好的方向性;低频信号激励的TEM喇叭可视作偶极子天线,具有全向辐射特性;在时域,脉冲激励的TEM喇叭天线辐射场由四个子波叠加构成,在不同方向上,各个子波的波形和相对时序不同,导致不同方向上辐射场波形也不相同。根据辐射机理研究结果,提出了一种TEM喇叭天线末端加载设计并给出了其优化设计方法,有效地改善了天线主轴辐射性能,提高了辐射因子和天线效率。     

Demonstration of the Golay3 multiple-mirror telescope with a spherical primary mirror

The sparse aperture system is a novel solution to design larger telescope of high angular resolution by utilizing several small sub-apertures to displace the full aperture. The system is of light weight and low cost. Multiple-mirror telescope (MMT) is one type of sparse aperture systems. We have analyzed the Golay3 MMT with a spherical primary mirror to obtain the relationships between the sub-mirrors on the primary mirror and the shapes of sub-apertures on the entrance pupil with different relative aperture by investigating the entrance pupil characteristics. The maximum fill factor and the maximal overlay factor were derived, and the tangency condition when sub-mirrors of the Golay3 MMT are tangency was also given out. The expressions of the point spread function (PSF) and the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the Golay3 MMT were deduced. The characteristics of both the PSF and the MTF were obtained based on the deduced formulas and Matlab simulating patterns. Two Cassegrain telescopes of a spherical primary mirror with the Golay3 configuration and with an aspherical secondary mirror were designed. Based on the relationships between the fill factor and the overlay factor, the optimal parameters of sub-mirrors on the primary mirror were selected. The PSFs and MTFs of Cassegrain telescopes with the Golay3 MMT were designed by Zemax simulation. The simulation results are consistent with the theoretical results.     

Three-dimensional study of planar optical antennas made of split-ring architecture outperforming dipole antennas for increased field localization

Optical antennas are of fundamental importance for the strongly localizing field beyond the diffraction limit. We report that planar optical antennas made of split-ring architecture are numerically found in three-dimensional simulations to outperform dipole antennas for the enhancement of localized field intensity inside their gap regions. The computational results (finite-difference time-domain) indicate that the resulting field localization, which is of the order of many thousandfold, in the case of the split-ring resonators is at least 2 times stronger than the one in the dipole antennas resonant at the same operating wavelength, while the two antenna types feature the same gap size and tip sharpness.     

采用分布式球形阵列的球谐波域声场分离方法

为从测得的混合声场信号中提取出需要的目标声场,提出一种基于分布式球形传声器阵列的声场分离方法。该方法依据声场的球谐波分解,利用阵列各传声器采集到的声场声压信号,获得目标声场与干扰声场的球谐波展开系数,进而估计目标声场。该方法利用声场以不同中心展开的球谐波系数之间的变换关系,直接建立传声器测量声压信号与整体坐标系下声场展开系数的方程,与传统的分布式球形阵列声场分离方法,即先求解局部坐标系下声场展开系数,再变换为整体展开系数的方法,进行比较。分别通过数值仿真和实验说明了提出方法的有效性。结果表明:该方法能够从混合声场中较准确地估计出目标声场,并且在干扰声场能量增大时,保持了较小的声场估计误差,相比于传统方法误差增加更少。     

诺莫图法在薄透镜和球面镜成像分析中的应用

在满足近轴光线的条件下,可以利用成像公式和光路图法分析薄透镜或球面镜的物像关系,而本文介绍的这种诺莫图法,可以在直角坐标系上用坐标图示法分析薄透镜和球面镜的物像关系,不仅可以精确求得实物或虚物的成像位置,还可以判断出像的性质,具有简单、直观等特点,可以作为分析物像关系的一种补充手段.     

软X光多层镜反射率在同步辐射源上的标定

 软X光多层镜反射率标定实验在北京同步辐射装置 上进行,利用BSRF-3W1B 束线及其反射率计靶室(主靶室)标定不同材料的多层镜样品的反射率。多层镜的标定采用波长扫描法,以得到样品反射率随波长变化的曲线。给出了21°-B₄C/Si,21°-B₄C/Mo,10°-Cr/Ti,15°- B₄C/W,10°- B₄C/W以及6.86°-B₄C/W等6块多层镜在50～1 500 eV能段上的反射率标定曲线,并将其与理论计算结果进行比较。结果表明：标定曲线与理论曲线很好地符合。影响标定结果的总不确定度的主要因素是光子能量不确定度,其次是角度不确定度,测量不确定度的影响很小。     

q软X光多层镜反射率在同步辐射源上的标定

软X光多层镜反射率标定实验在北京同步辐射装置上进行,利用BSRF-3W1B 束线及其反射率计靶室(主靶室)标定不同材料的多层镜样品的反射率.多层镜的标定采用波长扫描法,以得到样品反射率随波长变化的曲线.给出了21°-B4C/Si,21°-B4C/Mo,10°-Cr/Ti,15°- B4C/W,10°- B4C/W以及6.86°-B4C/W等6块多层镜在50～1 500 eV能段上的反射率标定曲线,并将其与理论计算结果进行比较.结果表明标定曲线与理论曲线很好地符合.影响标定结果的总不确定度的主要因素是光子能量不确定度,其次是角度不确定度,测量不确定度的影响很小.     

Focusing properties of a mirror analyzer with hexapole cylindrical field

In this work, motion of charged particles is studied in a new-type electrostatic field—the multiple cylindrical one, formed by superposition of electrostatic fields of a cylindrical mirror and a circular hexapole. On a base of the power-series analytical technique of solution of the equation of motion presented in integro-differential form, charged particle trajectories are calculated. Data on focusing properties of hexapole cylindrical mirror analyzer are obtained.