基于空间光调制器的非相干数字全息单次曝光研究

菲涅耳非相干相关全息术(Fresnel incoherent correlation holography,FINCH)利用在空间光调制器(spatial light modulator,SLM)上加载双透镜模式对同一物点光分束自相干,并通过改变加载的相位因子得到不同的相移全息图.本系统利用SLM可分区编码调制特性,将FINCH成像中SLM上分三次加载的0°,120°,240°相位双透镜掩模各提取1/3组成一幅复合相移模式加载,并研究了三种相位分布方式对FINCH成像质量的影响.结果表明:三个相位在SLM上分布间隔越大,再现像越清晰.在此基础上,提出了一种新的掩模加载方式,在SLM加载透镜阵列,每一个相位因子对应一个双透镜,具有一个光轴.实验表明,通过这种加载方式,通过SLM后形成的三个相移图能够一次在电荷耦合器上记录,并且三个相移图不重叠,然后通过MATLAB编程计算将不同相移角度的全息图分别提取出来,通过三步相移计算合成一幅包含有物光波的复值全息图,最后通过数值再现算法重建待测样品.此系统可用于对光源相干性较低的实时成像系统,也为微小形变测量、动态物体的观测提供了新方法,为非相干数字全息术的发展提供了新思路.     

Speckle noise reduction in digital holography by use of multiple polarization holograms

A novel speckle reduction technique for digital holography is proposed. Multiple off-axis holograms are recorded using a circularly polarized illumination beam and a rotating linearly polarized reference beam. The speckle noise in the reconstructed images is suppressed by averaging these fields. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique experimentally and conduct additional statistical evaluation.     

Super-resolution imaging in digital holography by using dynamic grating with a spatial light modulator

A super-resolution imaging method using dynamic grating based on liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (SLM) is developed to improve the resolution of a digital holographic system. The one-dimensional amplitude cosine grating is loaded on the SLM, which is placed between the object and hologram plane in order to collect more high-frequency components towards CCD plane. The point spread function of the system is given to confirm the separation condition of reconstructed images for multiple diffraction orders. The simulation and experiments are carried out for a standard resolution test target as a sample, which confirms that the imaging resolution is improved from 55.7 μm to 31.3 μm compared with traditional lensless Fourier transform digital holography. The unique advantage of the proposed method is that the period of the grating can be programmably adjusted according to the separation condition.     

Speckle reduction by selective spatial-domain mask in digital holography

An improved method of using a selective spatial-domain mask to reduce speckle noise in digital holography is proposed.The sub-holograms are obtained from the original hologram filtered by the binary masks including a shifting aperture for being reconstructed. Normally, the speckle patterns of these sub-reconstructed images are different. The speckle intensity of the final reconstructed image is suppressed by averaging the favorable sub-reconstructed images which are selected based on the most optimal pixel intensity sub-range in the sub-holograms. Compared with the conventional spatial-domain mask method, the proposed method not only reduces the speckle noise more effectively with fewer sub-reconstructed images,but also reduces the redundant information used in the reconstruction process.     

Full-range, complex spatial light modulator for real-time holography

We demonstrate a full-range complex and transmissive spatial light modulator (SLM) for simultaneous and independent amplitude and phase modulation of an input wave field. Arbitrary scalar complex optical fields are generated by stacking a pixelated liquid crystal display operating in phase-only (2π) modulation with passive polarization-sensitive components. The principle is based on optical combining the light fields of two neighboring phase-only modulating pixels, which were made orthogonally polarized by a structured half-wave plate, then passing through a birefringent plate to laterally shift one of the beams collinear to the other, and finally bringing to interference by a linear polarizer. Complex modulation by the proposed SLM is experimentally verified in monochrome green operation.     

Speckle noise reduction by division and digital processing of a hologram

One of the common problems in classical and digital holography is presence of speckle in reconstructed images. Some methods have been predicted for speckle reduction. Speckle has a statistical distribution in size and intensity. Thus complete elimination of them is impossible. But, one can use this statistical characters to reduce its effects.In this paper a method is proposed for reduction of speckle effect by recording a hologram and then dividing it to several sub-holograms. Each sub-hologram is used to produce an image. Final image is constructed by superposition of these images. The final image has a smaller amount of speckle noise. Experimental results verify effectiveness of this technique.     

Non-coherent noise reduction in digital holography based on root mean square technique

In this paper, the root mean square (rms) technique is applied in order to reduce the non-coherent noise in phase-contrast image. The proposed technique is applied to a sample of 200 μm step height nominally. The recorded off-axis interferograms generated from two different wavelengths are processed to obtain an object wave (amplitude and phase) for each wavelength separately. The independent phase maps are subtracted and a phase map for the beat-wavelength is obtained and converted to height map. The rms values of 10 pixels profiles from the obtained height map are calculated automatically to show the three-dimensional (3D) profile. The experimental results show that the non-coherent noise is reduced by the order of 90% when the rms technique is applied and the uncertainty in measurement has been found to be of the order of 1.5 μm. The proposed technique can provide a simple and real solution for measuring 3D objects having high abrupt height difference.     

基于旋转照明光的数字全息相干噪声抑制

提出一种数字全息相干噪声抑制方法。首先在照明光方位角给定的前提下,通过在极向平面内连续旋转照明光,实现在多角度照明条件下记录离轴数字全息图。然后对所获得的全息图分别重构,同时利用倾斜相差补偿算法和数字图像自相关配准方法分别补偿再现像的相位倾斜及横向偏移。最后将重构像进行非相干叠加,从而有效抑制再现像的相干噪声。实验结果及相关统计评价数据皆验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于旋转照明光的数字全息相干噪声抑制

提出一种数字全息相干噪声抑制方法。首先在照明光方位角给定的前提下,通过在极向平面内连续旋转照明光,实现在多角度照明条件下记录离轴数字全息图。然后对所获得的全息图分别重构,同时利用倾斜相差补偿算法和数字图像自相关配准方法分别补偿再现像的相位倾斜及横向偏移。最后将重构像进行非相干叠加,从而有效抑制再现像的相干噪声。实验结果及相关统计评价数据皆验证了该方法的有效性。     

合成孔径雷达图像的Contourlet域空间选择滤波降斑算法

合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像的相干斑噪声降低了影像分割和分类的效果,会导致影像判识困难。结合Con-tourlet系数的结构特点和SAR图像相干斑乘性噪声模型,提出了一种新的基于Contourlet变换的降斑算法。该算法利用信号与噪声在Contourlet域尺度间相关性的不同,通过空间选择滤波对系数进行分类,采用混合分布模型,实现了SAR图像的降斑处理。实验结果表明,该算法不仅能有效地抑制相干斑,而且还能有效地保护图像的细节特征。     

Reduction of speckle noise in digital holography by using digital image processing

A fundamental problem in optical and digital holography is the presence of speckle noise in the reconstruction process. Many approaches have been carried out in order to overcome such a problem ranging from modifying the spatial coherence of the illumination (optical techniques) to image processing techniques (digital techniques). This work shows the merged use of digital image processing techniques in order to reduce the speckle noise in digital reconstruction of optically recorded Fresnel's holograms. The proposed filtering techniques are illustrated with experimental results.     

一种近贴式微通道板空间光调制器

对由光电阴极、微通道板、网电极及斜切电光晶体ＬｉＮｂＯ３组成的新型全近贴式微通道板空间光调制器（ＭＳＬＭ）进行了系统地研究。详述了该器件的设计考虑及关键工艺过程。研制出了一种紫外光响应的开放式ＭＳＬＭ样管。并用其实现了二维光强度空间调制。     

散射光彩色数字全息光学系统及波面重建算法研究

令物体表面为散射面,参考光及重建光为球面波,详细研究了离轴数字全息物光场重建平面的光波场.导出物光、共轭物光及零级衍射光分布与光学系统参数的关系.根据彩色数字全息的特点,提出抑制零级衍射干扰的光学系统设计方法,并且对一种能够避免插值误差的波面重建算法进行了优化研究,给出了相应的实验证明.     

Incoherent recovering of the spatial resolution in digital holography

We report on a technique to recover the spatial resolution of digitally recorded and reconstructed holograms of large objects. Due to the high-contrast speckle noise diminishes the spatial resolution in coherent imaging systems our proposal is based on the reduction of the contrast of it. This aim is achieved through the superposition on an intensity basis of digitally reconstructed holograms of the same static scene. We show a theoretical justification of the procedure and experimentally-obtained results of applying the technique with digitally reconstructed holograms of an object with very poor optical contrast.     

The influence of hologram aperture on speckle noise in the reconstructed image of digital holography and its reduction

Based on the whole process of the recording and reconstruction of digital holography, we study the formation cause of speckle noise in its reconstructed image and acquire the conclusion that the small size of hologram aperture diffraction aggravates the speckle noise of reconstructed image and the speckle noise has been one of primary noise sources in the reconstruction process. In order to reduce the speckle noise resulting from little hologram aperture diffraction, we set an appropriate aperture function matching the recording parameter and aperture size of hologram and deconvolve the reconstructed image with it. The validity has been proved in theory and experiment. Therefore, it offers a brand-new thought and practical way to reduce the speckle noise in the reconstructed image of digital holography.     

Nonlinear image self-filtering with liquid crystal spatial light modulator

Nonlinear spatial filtering is realized due to the electro-optical effect in spatial light modulators (SLMs). Optical methods with nonlinear filtering are suggested for various optical applications such as optical inspection of photolithography masks, wavefront sensor, etc. A fast optical response of the SLM allows optical inspection with a video (or faster) rate. The optical system proposed is tolerant to the vibrations and temperature variations because of the dynamic properties of the SLM.     

基于空间光调制器的飞秒并行加工方法研究

针对飞秒激光微加工中能量利用率和加工效率低的问题,提出一种基于空间光调制器的飞秒并行加工方法。在讨论衍射光栅入射角与衍射角关系的基础上,分析了叠加多个衍射光栅产生多光束的原理,运用GS算法对目标多光束进行优化并计算出相应的相位全息图,将该全息图加载到空间光调制器中获得了多光束。采用脉宽100 fs、波长800 nm的飞秒激光,进行聚焦PMMA样品内部的并行加工实验,观察到PMMA上多点组合的一和工字型,得到了光束能量均匀的图形。实验结果论证了该方法对于多光束并行加工控制的有效性。     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

数字全息技术中散斑噪声滤波算法比较

 在数字全息测量记录过程中,其所记录的全息图易受到散斑噪声的污染造成分辨率下降,同时也严重影响数字全息再现的效果,因此研究适用于数字全息技术中散斑滤波的算法具有重要的实用价值。介绍了中值滤波、Lee滤波、Kuan滤波和SUSAN滤波这四种常用的散斑滤波算法,并将它们运用于数字全息实验所记录图像和数字再现图像的散斑噪声滤波处理中,然后对这四种算法的处理结果进行评价。结果表明,在数字全息技术中使用SUSAN滤波算法进行处理,既明显抑制了散斑噪声,又有效保证了再现图像信息的完整性。     

Cell culture device using spatial light modulator

Spatial light modulator is introduced for cell culturing and related illumination experiment. Two kinds of designs were used. The first type put the cell along with the bio-medium directly on top of the analyzer of the microdisplay and set a cover glass on it to retain the medium environment, which turned the microdisplay into a bio-container. The second type introduced an optical lens system placed below the spatial light modulator to focus the light spots on specific position. Details of the advantages and drawbacks for the two different approaches are discussed, and the human melanocyte cell (HMC) is introduced to prove the feasibility of the concept. Results indicate that the second type is much more suitable than the first for precision required application.