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1.
The chloromethylation reaction of 2-chloroethylbenzene was performed successfully by micellar catalysis in the biphasic oil/water
system. The effects of anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants on the reaction were compared. The mechanism of chloromethylation
reaction and the mechanism of micellar catalysis were investigated. The results show that the micellar catalysis is an effective
way to realize the chloromethylation of 2-chloroethylbenzene, and the cationic surfactant shows the most effectiveness. The
longer the hydrophobic chain of the cationic surfactant is, the better the catalysis effect will be, and the addition of inorganic
electrolyte into the aqueous phase can markedly promote the catalysis effect. 相似文献
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3.
Muthian Shanmugasundaram 《Tetrahedron letters》2007,48(43):7698-7701
The [Ir(COD)Cl]2/dppe system effectively catalyzes the solid-phase [2+2+2] cycloaddition of resin-bound dipropargylamine with alkynes under microwave conditions. The reaction results in high purity of isoindoline derivatives with moderate yields. 相似文献
4.
Alexandra E. Hours 《Tetrahedron letters》2006,47(5):675-678
A new and readily available catalytic system has been developed to open the cyclopropane ring in [4+2+2] homo Diels-Alder cycloadducts formed by reaction of norbornadienes and 1,3-butadiene. The cobalt-mediated homo Diels-Alder reaction followed by this PtCl2-promoted isomerization is a key step in the efficient route to bicyclo[5.3.0]decanes, core of numerous natural products. 相似文献
5.
Young DD Senaiar RS Deiters A 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2006,12(21):5563-5568
The transition-metal-catalyzed [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization of a diyne and an alkyne provides a convergent route to highly-substituted aromatic rings. This reaction possesses distinct drawbacks, especially low chemo- and regioselectivities, which hamper its application in combinatorial synthesis. These problems have been solved by the development of solid-supported [2+2+2]-cycloaddition reactions. If conducted on a solid-support, this reaction enables rapid combinatorial access to diverse sets of carbo- and heterocyclic small-molecule arrays. The scope of this methodology has been investigated by examining different immobilization strategies, different diyne precursors, and a variety of functionalized alkyne reaction partners. Overall, isoindoline, phthalan, and indan libraries were assembled in good to excellent yields and with high purities. 相似文献
6.
[reaction: see text] Fluoranthene 2 and heptacycle 3 are easily accessible from the reaction of diyne 1 and norbornadiene (NBD) in the presence of the rhodium catalyst. The unusual [(2+2)+(2+2)] adduct 3 was confirmed by the X-ray crystal structure analysis. 相似文献
7.
Lee SI Park SY Park JH Jung IG Choi SY Chung YK Lee BY 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2006,71(1):91-96
[reactions: see text] A rhodium complex of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) has been developed for intra- and intermolecular [4 + 2] and intramolecular [5 + 2] cycloaddition reactions. This is the first use of a transition-metal NHC complex in a Diels-Alder-type reaction. For the intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions, all the dienynes studied were converted to their corresponding cycloadducts in 91-99% yields within 10 min. Moreover, up to 1900 turnovers have been obtained for the intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition at 15-20 degrees C. For the intermolecular [4 + 2] cycloadditions, high yields (71-99%) of the corresponding cycloaddition products were obtained. The reaction time and yield were highly dependent upon the diene and the dienophile. For the intramolecular [5 + 2] cycloaddition reactions, all the alkyne vinylcyclopropanes studied were converted to their corresponding cycloadducts in 91-98% yields within 10 min. However, the catalytic system was not effective for an intermolecular [5 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. 相似文献
8.
Čížková M Kolivoška V Císařová I Šaman D Pospíšil L Teplý F 《Organic & biomolecular chemistry》2011,9(2):450-462
A modular approach to the construction of monocationic quaternary N-heteroaromatic frameworks was developed capitalizing on a direct pyridine-type nitrogen quaternization followed by metal-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition with gaseous acetylene. The flexibility of the route is demonstrated on 12 diverse scaffolds based on pyridinium, quinolinium, thiazolium, benzothiazolium, imidazolium, and pyrimidinium. Electrochemical study revealed a quinolinium redox system with two electrochemically distinct forms that are interconverted by a homogeneous chemical reaction triggered by fast electron transfers (reduction at -0.7 V and oxidation at -0.05 V). 相似文献
9.
The [2+2+2] cycloaddition is an elegant, atom-efficient and group tolerant process for the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles, mostly aromatic, involving the formation of several C-C bonds in a single step. Cyclotrimerisation is catalyzed by a variety of organometallic complexes, including more than 15 different metals. The aim of this tutorial review is to point out the most recent advances in this field and to encourage the use of this reaction enroute to complex molecules. After summarizing the most common catalysts and reaction conditions generally used, we survey the mechanistic features currently accepted for this reaction. Section 4 covers the scope of the different [2+2+2] cycloaddition versions starting with the cyclotrimerisation of three triple bonds, including nitriles, with especial emphasis on asymmetric reactions that create central, axial or planar chirality. Then, reactions that use double bonds are addressed. Finally, the most outstanding examples of natural products synthesis using [2+2+2] cycloadditions as a key step reported recently are shown. 相似文献
10.
The enantioselective N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed formal [2 + 2] and [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of ketenes and isothiocyanates were developed. Reaction with N-aryl isothiocyanates at room temperature favors the [2 + 2] cycloaddition, while reaction with N-benzoyl isothiocyanates at -40 °C favors the [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition. 相似文献
11.
HNCO+OH——NH~2+CO~2反应理论研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
用从头算UHF/6-31G基组研究了异氰酸和羟基生成氨基和二氧化碳即HNCO+OH--NH~2+CO~2的反应机理.优化得到了反应途径上的过渡态和中间体,并通过振动分析对过渡态和中间体进行了确认.在UMP4/6-31G水平上计算了它们的能量,同时对零点能进行了较正.计算结果表明:此反应是多步反应,先后通过3个过渡态(TS1,TS2,TS3),2个内旋转位垒(TSI,TSII),4个中间体(IM1,IM2,IM3,IM4),其中,IM3--TS2这一步为整个反应的决速步骤,速控步的活化能为202.388kJ/mol.与异氰酸和羟基作用的另一反应通道(即HNCO+OH--H~2O+NCO)的活化能(69.038kJ/mol)比较,可看出所研究反应通道为次要反应通道,这与实验结果是一致的。 相似文献
12.
[reaction: see text] In this paper, we wish to report the intramolecular [2 + 2 + 2] cocyclotrimerization of nitrilediynes catalyzed by the CoI2(dppe)/Zn system at 80 degrees C in CH3CN. Under these reaction conditions, various highly substituted nitrilediynes having steric conjunction at the alpha and beta positions to a nitrile group and a bulkier substitution at the terminal carbon of alkyne undergo [2 + 2 + 2] cocylotrimerization to afford tetra- and pentacyclic pyridine derivatives in good to excellent yields. 相似文献
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1 INTRODUCTION The replacement reactions between halide and hy- drogen halide, or halide and halide are basic reac- tions in chemistry. Goldfinger et al. have speculated by experiment that the gas reaction between chlorine and hydrogen bromide might be a two-step intermo- lecular reaction[1, 2]. But gas reactions between other halides and hydrogen halides haven’t been reported experimentally so far. About theoretical investiga- tion, colinearity quantum mechanics, vibrational tran- sitio… 相似文献
15.
Yu Sato Masato Abekura Tomohiro Oriki Dr. Yuki Nagashima Prof. Dr. Hidehiro Uekusa Prof. Dr. Ken Tanaka 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2023,62(24):e202304041
Covalent organic cages have potential applications in molecular inclusion/recognition and porous organic crystals. Bridging arene units with sp3 atoms enables facile construction of rigid isolated internal vacancies, and various prismatic arene cages have been synthesized by kinetically controlled covalent bond formation. However, the synthesis of a tetrahedral one, which requires twice as much bond formation as prismatic ones, has been limited to a thermodynamically controlled dynamic SNAr reaction, and this reversible covalent bond formation made the resulting cage product chemically unstable. Here we report the Rh-catalyzed high-yielding and highly 1,3,5-selective room temperature [2+2+2] cycloaddition of push-pull alkynes and its application to the synthesis of chemically stable aryl ether cages of various shapes and sizes, including prismatic and tetrahedral forms. These aryl ether cages are highly crystalline and intertwine with each other to form regular packing structures. Some aryl ether cages encapsulated isolated water molecules in their hydrophobic cavity by hydrogen bonding with the multiple ester moieties. 相似文献
16.
N. S. Kozhevnikova S. I. Sadovnikov A. A. Uritskaya A. I. Gusev 《Russian Journal of General Chemistry》2012,82(4):626-634
Analysis of conditions of the lead hydroxide and sulfide formation in the Pb2+-H2O system was carried out with accounting for the formation of polynuclear hydroxo-complexes. This allows predicting a possibility of the lead hydroxide formation in the solution before the beginning of the synthesis of lead sulfide. The domains of the stable formation of Pb(OH)2 and PbS were calculated for the systems containing lead citrate complexes and hydroxo-complexes. The proposed calculation method can be used for the quantitative determination of the reaction mixture composition and development of the chemical deposition technology of lead chalcogenides in different morphological forms: nanocrystalline powders (hydrophobic sol), quantum dots, heterostructures of the core@shell type or films. The proposed calculation method is applicable to other chalcogenide systems containing metal ions forming mononuclear and polynuclear hydroxo-complexes. 相似文献
17.
[reaction: see text] The first Rh-catalyzed intramolecular [2 + 2 + 2 + 1] cycloaddition reaction of enediynes and CO is reported. This novel higher order cycloaddition process gives the corresponding 5-7-5 ring systems in high yield and selectivity. This process is another significant addition to the arsenal of cycloaddition-based synthetic methods, which provide powerful tools for rapid and efficient construction of complex polycyclic systems. 相似文献
18.
Petrie S 《The journal of physical chemistry. A》2005,109(28):6326-6334
Quantum chemical calculations are used to explore the proton-transfer reactivity of O-protonated vinyl alcohol, CH2CHOH2+, with phosphorus nitride, PN. This reaction is relevant to the chemical evolution of interstellar clouds, since O-protonated vinyl alcohol has been postulated (and tentatively identified) as a product of the association reaction between interstellar H3O+ and C2H2, while PN is the most widespread and abundant phosphorus-containing molecule seen in astrophysical environments. Furthermore, the reaction exhibits an unusual mechanistic feature, namely, an extended "proton-transport catalysis" mechanism, which we characterize here as a "proton-transfer triple play". The reaction proceeds initially by proton transfer from CH2CHOH2+ to PN, then from PNH+ to CH2CHOH, and finally from CH3CHOH+ to PN, where the emphasized atom indicates the resultant site of protonation/deprotonation. Thus, the ultimate overall bimolecular proton-transfer reaction is expected to occur as CH2CHOH2+ + PN --> CH3CHO + PNH+; that is, the apparent favored product channel exhibits not only proton transfer but also keto/enol tautomerization. The triple-play mechanism can be rationalized in terms of the proton affinities of vinyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, and phosphorus nitride, which here are satisfactorily reproduced by high-level ab initio calculations. Other neutrals with a proton affinity appropriate for the possible triple-play mechanism converting CH2CHOH2+ to CH3CHO are also identified, with a view to encouraging experimental investigation of this mechanism. 相似文献
19.
分别在MP2/3-21G**、CCSD(T)/3-21G**//MP2/3-21G**和B3LYP/3-21G**3种水平上, 计算研究了气相反应Cl2+2HI=2HCl+I2的机理, 求得一系列四中心和三中心的过渡态. 通过比较六种反应通道的活化能大小, 得到了相同的结论:双分子基元反应Cl2+HIHCl+ICl和ICl+HII2+HCl的最小活化能小于Cl2、HI和ICl的解离能, 从理论上证明了反应Cl2+2HI=2HCl+I2将优先以分子与分子作用形式分两步完成. 用内禀反应坐标(IRC)验证了MP2/3-21G**方法计算得到的过渡态. 相似文献
20.
Gerhard Hilt Wilfried Hess Thomas Vogler Christoph Hengst 《Journal of organometallic chemistry》2005,690(23):5170-5181
The cobalt catalysed conversion of phenyl acetylene led to linear enyne dimerisation products when CoBr2(dppe) was activated with magnesium in the absence of a Lewis acid. In contrast, in the presence of a Lewis acid the cyclotrimerisation process is favoured. Among several ligand systems and solvents tested the best results were obtained using a catalyst system consisting of a diimine cobalt bromide complex, zinc and zinc iodide in acetonitrile. With 2-5 mol% of the cobalt catalyst at ambient temperatures 1,2,4-triphenylbenzene could be obtained in 99% yield and in excellent regioselectivity (95:5) in 10 min reaction time. Competition experiments of phenylacetylene and isoprene were performed. A preference for the cyclotrimerisation reaction was found for the diimine cobalt complex in acetonitrile, while the Diels-Alder reaction is favoured with the cobalt(dppe) complex in dichloromethane. Also a regioselectively substituted cyclooctatriene product was formed in a [4+2+2]-cycloaddition process and isolated which allows assumptions on the reaction mechanism. 相似文献