中性溶质在MEKC中柱内富集的理论研究

毛细管电动力学色谱(MEKC)中通过“扫”的技术可以使样品组分在线富集。本研究基于柱分离过程弛豫理论的基本方法,对溶质在MEKC中柱内输运过程加以研究,得到了描述进样长度及样品区带和运行区带性质差别对富集效果影响的理论表达式。通过对进样长度及溶质在两区带中的容量因子与富集效果之间关系的进一步探讨,证实溶质在胶束中的溶解度是影响富集的最重要因素;在基本不影响分离效果的情况下,适当加大进样长度一般对富集有利。     

电色谱中中性溶质柱内富集研究

中性溶质在毛细管电色谱中的富集可以通过调节有机调节剂在运行缓冲溶液和进样区段中的浓度及适当增加进样长度业实现,富集作用主要由两种过程控制,即进样过程中的自富集作用和运行过程中的一般输运富集作用,采用弛豫理论的研究方法得到了描述富集效果与操作条件关系的理论表达式,结果表明：随进样长度的增加,可以有效提高富集效果;进样长度对柱效的影响也与有机调节剂的浓度有关,当其在两区段中的浓度差别较大时,适当加长进样时间并不会对柱效产生太大的影响,对安息香和美芬妥因两种药物的实验研究达到了超过100倍的富集效果。     

毛细管区带电泳中场增强进样柱内富集的非线性特征

直接柱头场效应进样是一种毛细管区带电泳柱内富集,其进样过程中样品在柱内的分布可分为两部分,即在运行缓冲溶液中的堆积区段和由电渗流引入的样品溶液区段.通过对溶质输运行为的研究表明:两区段长度与进样时间之间并非简单的线性关系,因此进样量与进样时间的关系也非线性,且与溶质淌度有关;进样量的增加并不能导致富集倍数的同步增加,由于层流的作用使得场效应进样柱内富集效果降低.为了在保持柱效基本不变情况下得到好的富集效果,除需使溶质在运行缓冲溶液和样品溶液中的电导率比极大外,进样时间也应与之匹配.     

中性溶质在电色谱进样过程中的自富集作用

从理论上探讨了溶质在柱头产生的自富集作用过程,说明了进样时间及流动相组成对富集效果的影响规律,并以安息香和美芬妥因两种药物为例对理论加以验证.结果表明,较好地控制实验条件,在基本不影响柱效的情况下,可以达到十余倍的自富集效果.     

毛细管区带电泳中钴、镍、锌、锰等金属离子的络合富集

提出了CZE络合富集的基本方法。通过络合作用使金属离子在样品区带和背景电解质中具有不同迁移速度而实现富集。以金属离子Co^2 、Zn^2 、Mn^2 和Ni^2 为溶质，4-(2-吡啶偶氮)间苯二酚(PAR)和EDTA为络合剂进行实验研究，探讨了柱容量、样品浓度、络合剂种类及进样方式等参数对富集的影响。在不超出柱容量的情况下，峰高随着进样时间的增加而增大。采用pH8．40、6．25mmol／L硼酸盐分离不同浓度Co^2 、Ni^2 ，进样量可增加约100倍，检测灵敏度增加40倍。     

带电溶质在电色谱中柱内富集方法的研究————-基本理论 模型和实验验证

在电色谱(CEC)中引入场增强进样技术,并与HPLC柱内富集技术结合以使带电溶质得到更好的富集效果。理论研究表明,采用较高电阻率的样品溶剂,及匹配适当的有机调节剂强度有利于带电溶质在CEC中的柱内富集,以碱性药物普罗帕酮为实验样品,采用水(φ＝40%)-乙腈(φ=60%)为样品溶剂,水(φ=15%)-乙腈(φ=85%)-Tris(2mmol/L)-TEA(0.6mmol/L,pH7.60)为运行缓冲溶液时,达到了17,000倍以上的富集效果,从理论和实验研究的角度说明了CZE与HPLC机制结合的CEC进样方法用于样品柱内富集的可行性,进一步讨论了各种操作条件对富集结果的影响规律。     

带电溶质在电色谱中柱内富集方法的研究————-基本理论 模型和实验验证

在电色谱(CEC)中引入场增强进样技术,并与HPLC柱内富集技术结合以使带电溶质得到更好的富集效果。理论研究表明,采用较高电阻率的样品溶剂,及匹配适当的有机调节剂强度有利于带电溶质在CEC中的柱内富集,以碱性药物普罗帕酮为实验样品,采用水(φ＝40%)-乙腈(φ=60%)为样品溶剂,水(φ=15%)-乙腈(φ=85%)-Tris(2mmol/L)-TEA(0.6mmol/L,pH7.60)为运行缓冲溶液时,达到了17,000倍以上的富集效果,从理论和实验研究的角度说明了CZE与HPLC机制结合的CEC进样方法用于样品柱内富集的可行性,进一步讨论了各种操作条件对富集结果的影响规律。     

多肽在PEG-400交联改性电泳毛细管柱中的缓冲溶液浓度效应

在PEG-400交联柱上,用多肽样品研究了毛细管区带电泳中缓冲溶液浓度对迁移时间、柱效、选择性、分离度及进样量等的影响.发现试样的峰高与缓冲液浓度存在近似线性的关系,并随着浓度的增加而增大.对于电动进样模式,应注意毛细管内和进样槽里试样浓度的不一致性.     

柱内直接进样技术及其在高温毛细管色谱法中的应用

发展了一种将样品直接注入位于炉箱里的保留间隔柱内的进样技术。样品的汽化、溶质聚焦和分离过程都在炉箱里一次控制完成,减少了沸点歧视效应,改善了定量重复精度,而分离水平与冷柱头柱上进样技术相同或更好。同时还极大地简化了进样器的设计。对进样条件进行了系统考察,并分析了两种石蜡产品,证明柱内直接进样是一种十分可靠而简便的进样方式,适用于高温毛细管气相色谱法。     

在线富集-毛细管区带电泳法测定牛奶中三聚氰胺

提出了在线富集毛细管区带电泳法测定牛奶中三聚氰胺的含量。系统地考察了毛细管区带电泳工作条件,选定的试验条件为:①磷酸盐缓冲溶液浓度为20 mmol.L-1;②pH值为3.0;③运行电压为30 kV;④检测波长为208 nm。在优化的试验条件下,三聚氰胺在8 min内达到基线分离,其线性范围为0.83～106.70 mg.L-1,检出限(3S/N)为0.2 mg.L-1。在制备供试液后不同时间进样测定,三聚氰胺迁移时间的相对标准偏差为0.72%,峰面积的相对标准偏差为1.02%,结果表明样品在8 h内稳定。     

Retention time and effective separation factor in series-coupled columns with different stationary phases

Basic expressions are derived for both the retention time and the effective separation factor in serially coupled GC columns. The retention time is determined by two main parameters. The first is the fractional time spent by an unretarded solute in each column which, in turn, is determined by the relative column lengths and flow velocities through each column. The second parameter is the relative mass distribution coefficient of a particular solute in each column; a variable that can be adjusted by changing the relative temperatures of the columns. The expression for the effective separation factor relates the measured separation factor for the series combination to the separation factors on the individual columns, the fractional time spent by an unretarded peak in each column, as well as the relative values of the mass distribution coefficients of a particular solute on the different columns.     

使色谱峰产生拖尾的一个因素--柱出口效应

使用塔板理论证明存在一种使正常色谱峰产生拖尾的因素－柱出口效应。证明符合线性分配的样品组分虽然在色谱内存在3种不同浓度的分布形态,但在流出色谱后却都因柱出口效应的影响而转变成拖尾峰。在不加任何近似处理的情况下,使用塔板理论直接对不同塔板数、容量因子的色谱峰不对称性进行了计算;计算结果同样支持了柱出口效应的存在。     

塔板理论对柱内和柱外浓度分布曲线的描述

使用Visual Basic和QBasic程序，分别在Excel和DOS上，在不做任何化简的情况下，对塔板理论描述的柱内和柱外组分浓度分布进行了研究。发现符合线性分配的样品组分在色谱柱内存在3种不同的浓度分布形态，在色谱柱外则都是拖尾峰形态。分析了不同分配比对柱内和柱外浓度分布曲线最高点和次高点的影响。     

毛细管气液色谱保留过程的研究

以ＰＥＧ２０Ｍ为代表研究了石英毛细管柱气液色谱保留过程,提出了利用毛细管柱测定分配和吸附常数的公式,并测定了９个温度下的分配和吸附常数。计算了８０℃和１２０℃下４支不同液膜厚度柱上吸附对保留的贡献。结果表明,在薄液膜的柱子上界面吸附对保留具有重要贡献;温度升高可以降低弱极性化合物（如正构烷烃和饱和醚）吸附对保留的贡献,但对其它化合物影响不明显。验证了正构烷烃、２－酮系列和正构伯醇的吸附常数的碳数规律。     

Zonal rate model for stacked membrane chromatography. I: characterizing solute dispersion under flow-through conditions

Conventional models of both packed-bed and stacked-membrane chromatography typically attribute elution band broadening to non-idealities within the column. However, when the column length to diameter ratio is greatly reduced, as in stacked-membrane chromatography, variations in solute residence times within the feed-distribution (inlet) and eluent-collection (outlet) manifolds can also contribute to band broadening. We report on a new zonal rate model (ZRM) for stacked-membrane chromatography that improves on existing hold-up volume models that rely on one plug-flow reactor and one stirred-tank reactor in series to describe dispersion of solute during transport into and out of the column. The ZRM radially partitions the membrane stack and the hold-up volumes within the inlet and outlet manifolds into zones to better capture non-uniform flow distribution effects associated with the large column diameter to height ratio. Breakthrough curves from a scaled-down anion-exchange membrane chromatography module using ovalbumin as a model protein were collected at flow rates ranging from 1.5 to 20 mL min(-1) under non-binding conditions and used to evaluate the ZRM as well as previous models. The ZRM was shown to be significantly more accurate in describing protein dispersion and breakthrough. The model was then used to decompose breakthrough data, where it was found that variations in solute residence time distributions within the inlet and outlet manifolds make the dominant contribution to solute dispersion over the recommended range of feed flow rates. The ZRM therefore identifies manifold design as a critical contributor to separation quality within stacked-membrane chromatography units.     

Using the liquid nature of the stationary phase in counter-current chromatography V. The back-extrusion method

The main feature of counter-current chromatography (CCC) is that the stationary phase is a liquid as well as the mobile phase. The retention volumes of solutes are directly proportional to their distribution coefficients K(D) in the biphasic liquid system used in the CCC column. Solutes with high K(D) coefficients are highly retained in the column. The back-extrusion method (BECCC) uses the fact that the liquid stationary phase, that contains the retained solutes, can be easily moved. Switching the column inlet and outlet ports without changing the liquid phase used as the mobile phase causes the rapid collapse of the two immiscible liquid phases inside the column, the previously stationary phase being gathered at the new column outlet. Then this previously stationary liquid phase is extruded outside the CCC column carrying the retained solutes. The back-extrusion method is tested with a standard mixture of five compounds and compared with the recently described elution-extrusion method. It is shown that the chromatographic resolution obtained during the back-extrusion step is good because the solute band broadening is minimized as long as the solute is located inside the "stationary" phase. However, a major drawback of the BECCC method is that all solutes are split between the liquid phases according to their distribution ratios when the CCC column equilibrium is broken. The change of flowing direction should be done after a sufficient amount of mobile phase has flushed the column in the classical mode, eluting solutes with small and medium distribution ratios. Otherwise, a significant portion of the solutes will stay in the mobile phase inside the column and produce a broad peak showing after the stationary phase extrusion.     

Countercurrent chromatographic separation: a hydrodynamic approach developed for extraction columns

In countercurrent chromatography (CCC) both stationary and mobile liquids undergo intense mixing in the variable force field of a coil planet centrifuge and the separation process, like the separation in conventional solvent extraction column, is influenced by longitudinal mixing in the phases and mass transfer between them. This paper describes how the residence time distribution (or the elution profile) of a solute in CCC devices and the interpretation of experimental peaks, can be described by a recently developed cell model of longitudinal mixing. The model considers a CCC column as a cascade of perfectly mixed equal-size cells, the number of which is determined by the rates of longitudinal mixing in the stationary and mobile phases. Experiments were carried out to demonstrate the validation of the model and the possibility of predicting the partitioning behaviour of the solutes. The methods for estimating model parameters are discussed. Longitudinal mixing rates in stationary and mobile phases have been experimentally determined and experimental elution profiles are compared with simulated peaks. It is shown that using the cell model the peak shape for a solute with a given distribution constant can be predicted from experimental data on other solutes.     

Chromatographic terminal band lengths

A terminal band length is defined here as the length of a dispersed solute band as it emerges from the chromatographic column. The number of terminal band lengths per column can be used in the same way that the number of theoretical plates per column is used to measure and compare chromatographic efficiencies, but with greater insight since the proposed unit of measure is an easily visualized, real entity. In addition, the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) can be regarded as a ratio of the terminal band lenght to sixteen times the number of equivalent terminal band lengths that could be contained in tandem in the column. This concept offers another approach to understanding the meaning of the term, HETP. The terminal band length of a series of homologues is constant and independent of retention time above a certain solute molecular size and column capacity ratio. Within those conditions the correlation between the recorded peak width and retention time during isothermal analysis occurs primarily as a result of change in solute velocity.