A study of the properties of mixed nonionic surfactants microemulsions by NMR, SAXS, viscosity and conductivity

The pseudoternary phase behavior of the water/sucrose laurate/ethoxylated mono-di-glyceride/R (+)-limonene systems was investigated for different surfactants mixing ratios (w/w) at 25 °C. The microemulsion boundaries were determined and the surfactants content at the interface of water- R (+)-limonene was estimated. For surfactants mixing ratio (w/w) equals unity, the area of the one phase microemulsion region reaches its maximum. The system with the maximum microemulsion area was investigated using electrical conductivity, dynamic viscosity, small angle X-ray scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Electrical conductivity increases as the water volume fraction increases and a percolation threshold was observed. Dynamic Viscosity varies as function of the water volume fraction in a non-monotonic way giving two-peaked plot. The characteristics of the domain size of the microemulsions called periodicity measured by small angle X-ray scattering increases with the increase in the water volume fraction. The correlation length of the domain size reaches a maximum when plotted against the water volume fraction in the microemulsions. Relative diffusion coefficients of water increase and those of oil decrease with increasing the water volume fractions in the microemulsions indicating structural transitions.     

A Riemann solver for unsteady computation of 2D shallow flows with variable density

A novel 2D numerical model for vertically homogeneous shallow flows with variable horizontal density is presented. Density varies according to the volumetric concentration of different components or species that can represent suspended material or dissolved solutes. The system of equations is formed by the 2D equations for mass and momentum of the mixture, supplemented by equations for the mass or volume fraction of the mixture constituents. A new formulation of the Roe-type scheme including density variation is defined to solve the system on two-dimensional meshes. By using an augmented Riemann solver, the numerical scheme is defined properly including the presence of source terms involving reaction. The numerical scheme is validated using analytical steady-state solutions of variable-density flows and exact solutions for the particular case of initial value Riemann problems with variable bed level and reaction terms. Also, a 2D case that includes interaction with obstacles illustrates the stability and robustness of the numerical scheme in presence of non-uniform bed topography and wetting/drying fronts. The obtained results point out that the new method is able to predict faithfully the overall behavior of the solution and of any type of waves.     

Measurement and modeling of the sooting propensity of binary fuel mixtures

The sooting behaviour of binary fuel mixtures was evaluated both experimentally and through computer simulations. The soot volume fraction in laminar diffusion flames of mixtures of ethylene/propane, methane/ethylene, methane/propane, methane/ethane, methane/butane, ethane/propane and ethane/ethylene fuels was measured using 2-dimensional line of sight attenuation. A synergistic effect was observed for the ethylene/propane, methane/ethylene, methane/ethane and ethane/ethylene mixtures. The synergistic effect translated into a higher soot concentration for a mixture fraction than could be yielded by the added contribution of both pure fuels. Such an effect was not observed for the methane/propane, methane/butane and ethane/propane mixtures. Through experiments in which the flame temperature was kept constant, it was determined that the synergistic effect in the methane/ethylene mixture is very temperature dependent whereas, that in the ethylene/propane mixture is not. This phenomenon was further studied through the modeling of the ethylene/propane mixture. Numerical simulations were carried out using two different soot models. The simulations confirmed the presence of a synergistic effect. It was found that the effect could be directly correlated to a synergistic effect in the concentration of n-C₄H₅ and n-C₄H₃, which could be traced back to an interaction between ethylene and methyl radical species. These results yield further insight into the pathways to soot formation and highlight the importance of further analyzing binary fuel mixtures as a means of understanding soot formation in practical devices using industrial fuels.     

How the dispersion of magnesium oxide nanoparticles effects on the viscosity of water-ethylene glycol mixture: Experimental evaluation and correlation development

In this paper, the effect of dispersion of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on viscosity of a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (50–50% vol.) was examined experimentally. Experiments were performed for various nanofluid samples at different temperatures and shear rates. Measurements revealed that the nanofluid samples with volume fractions of less than 1.5% had Newtonian behavior, while the sample with volume fraction of 3% showed non-Newtonian behavior. Results showed that the viscosity of nanofluids enhanced with increasing nanoparticles volume fraction and decreasing temperature. Results of sensitivity analysis revealed that the viscosity sensitivity of nanofluid samples to temperature at higher volume fractions is more than that of at lower volume fractions. Finally, because of the inability of the existing model to predict the viscosity of MgO/EG-water nanofluid, an experimental correlation has been proposed for predicting the viscosity of the nanofluid.     

Studies on intermolecular interaction on binary mixtures of methyl orange-water system: excess molar functions of ultrasonic parameters at different concentrations and at different temperatures

Density (ρ), viscosity (η) and ultrasonic velocity (u) of binary mixtures of methyl orange and water were measured at different concentrations and at different temperatures; several useful parameters such as excess volume, excess velocity, and excess adiabatic compressibility have been calculated. These parameters are used to explain the nature of intermolecular interactions taking place in the binary mixture. The above study is helpful in understanding the dye/solvent interaction at different concentration and temperatures.     

Visualization of the hot chocolate sound effect by spectrograms

We present an experimental and a theoretical analysis of the hot chocolate effect. The sound effect is evaluated using time–frequency signal processing, resulting in a quantitative visualization by spectrograms. This method allows us to capture the whole phenomenon, namely to quantify the dynamics of the rising pitch. A general form of the time dependence volume fraction of the bubbles is proposed. We show that the effect occurs due to the nonlinear dependence of the speed of sound in the gas/liquid mixture on the volume fraction of the bubbles and the nonlinear time dependence of the volume fraction of the bubbles.     

Molecular associations in binary mixtures of pyridine and chlorobenzene in benzene solution using microwave absorption data

The dielectric relaxation time (τ) of binary mixtures of different molar concentrations of pyridine (C₅H₅N) and chlorobenzene (C₆H₅Cl) in benzene solution at different temperatures (25, 30, 35 and 40 °C) has been calculated by using standard microwave techniques and Gopala Krishna's single frequency (9.875 GHz) concentration variation method. The energy parameters (ΔH_ε, ΔF_ε, and ΔS_ε) for the dielectric relaxation process of the binary mixture containing 0.5 mol fraction of pyridine have been calculated at the respective temperatures. Comparisons have been made with the corresponding energy parameters for the viscous flow (ΔH_η, ΔF_η, and ΔS_η). From the observations it is found that the dielectric relaxation process can be treated as the rate process. Based upon above studies, solute–solvent type of molecular associations arising from the interaction of chlorobenzene and benzene and pyridine and benzene molecules has been proposed. No solute–solute type of molecular association has been observed.     

有限杆中不可逆相边界的传播规律及其应用

 采用一种简单混合物相变本构模型,对不可逆相变材料有限杆中的宏观相边界传播规律进行了研究。结果表明,界面和加卸载条件对杆中相边界的传播有重要影响,不同界面条件下杆中新相体积含量的最终分布呈现出不同的形态。还解释了相变Taylor杆碰撞实验中发现的新现象,提出了利用冲击方法制备对称型梯度材料的可能性。     

Calculation of the detonation velocity of porous water-containing RDX-based charges

A nomographic method for predicting the detonation velocity of a porous explosive mixture prepared from RDX powder and water is proposed. It is shown that, in contrast to the existing calculation methods for predicting the detonation velocity, the use of the proposed nomogram greatly simplifies the procedure and requires knowledge of only two parameters: the mass fraction of RDX and the density of the mixture in the charge. At the same time, the nomogram is a coordinate system that enables to place and to compare on one field experimental data obtained at different parameters of the charge. It is shown that RDX powder-water hand-prepared charges can have a detonation velocity of 6–8 km/s. The detonation velocity of cylindrical water-containing charges 10–36 mm in diameter and 120–1000 mm in length with RDX mass fractions of 0.6–1.0 is measured.     

Velocity enhancement of slow particles in lattice-gas binary mixture

We study the unidirectional flow of a binary mixture of biased-random walkers on square lattice under a periodic boundary. The lattice-gas mixture consists of two types of walkers which have different biases (drift coefficients). The characteristics of unidirectional flow are clarified numerically. The mean velocity of slow particles in the binary mixture is enhanced higher than that in lattice-gas consisting of only slow particles. The mean velocity of slow particles shows a maximal value at an intermediate density. The dependence of velocity enhancement on both drift coefficient and mixture fraction is shown. Velocity enhancement is intensified with decreasing fraction of slow particles. Also, when the bias is lower, the velocity enhancement is higher.     

MR-visible water content in human brain: A proton MRS study

In vivo measurement of metabolite concentrations in the human brain by means of proton-MRS contributes significantly to the clinical evaluation of patients with diseases of the brain. The fully relaxed water signal has been proposed as an internal standard for calibration of the MRS measurements. The major drawbacks are the necesity to make the assumptions that the water concentration in the brain and that all tissue water is MR-visible. A number of in vivo measurements were carried out to estimate the concentration of MR-visible water in the brain of healthy volunteers divided into four age groups: newborn (0–23 days), adolescents (10–15 yr), adults (22–28 yr), and elderly people (60–74 yr). The examinations were carried out using a Siemens Helicon SP 63/84 MR-scanner operating at 1.5 T. Except for the newborn, four regions were studied in each subject using stimulated echo (STEAM) sequences without water suppression. In vitro measurements on a standard phantom were used for calibration. The calculated water concentrations ranged between 35.8 and 39.6 (mean 36.9) mol·[kg wet weight]⁻¹ in the three groups, whereas it was 51.5 mol·[kg wet weight]⁻¹ in the newborn, p<.01. The observed water concentration of neither the four regions nor of the three oldest age groups were significantly different. Comparisons between the water concentrations measured and those expected based on estimation of the content of grey and white matter in the region of interest from T₁-weighted images and biochemical data published, suggest that only a small fraction (<5%) of the tissue water may be MR-invisible. The study of healthy volunteers thus shows that errors introduced by using the unsaturated water signal for calibration are less than 10%, which is comparable to expected errors when other calibration procedures are used under similar measurement conditions.     

准二维二元混合颗粒动态循环反转分层的体积效应

对垂直振动作用下准二维二元混合颗粒系统的动态循环反转分层现象进行了系统研究,得到了频率与加速度的关系相图,并观测到分层的动态循环反转区域. 发现动态循环的反转周期与颗粒总体积的变化有单调递增关系. 利用Hong的竞争机制理论对动态循环反转的现象及其体积效应的机理给出了解释. 关键词： 颗粒 分层 周期     

二元物系HFC125/HFC152a的热力学性质研究

1引言二元混合工质HFC125／HFC152a臭氧破坏势为零，具有替代CFCs的潜力，也是我们所建议的三元代用混合工质HFC32／HFC125／HFC152a的二元子物系【‘」之一。迄今尚未见到关于该物系的热力学性质研究报导，本文对其进行PVTX实验研究、状态方程与混合规则关联和热力学性质计算。2实验实验在定容式PVTx实验装置上进行，测量精度为laTD528inK、IAPD51·4PPa、卜对训三0．1％和卜叫刮刀1％，采用直接观察法测量泡露点的温度和压力附加认定误差分别不超过50inK和4kPa［‘］。HFC125为美国杜邦公司提供，经天津大学分析中心分析…     

基于Au/ITO纳米复合材料的自参照SPR传感器

利用Au/ITO纳米复合材料设计了一种自参照表面等离子体共振传感器.该传感器产生的光谱有两个共振峰,即共振峰1和共振峰2.共振峰1随着待测介质折射率和入射角的变化产生漂移,而共振峰2仅随入射角的变化产生漂移,两个共振峰相互参照,降低了入射角偏移对测量结果的影响,提高了测量的准确性.在纳米复合材料的4种不同体积分数下,仿真分析了入射角、待测介质折射率和薄膜厚度变化对两个共振波长的影响.在入射角θ为80°,且金的体积分数f为0.65,薄膜厚度d为40nm和45nm,或金的体积分数f为0.85,薄膜厚度d为45nm和50nm时,共振峰2不随待测介质折射率的变化而变化,只有共振峰1随待测介质折射率的变化而变化,达到自参照传感器的理想状态.     

Characterization of heterogeneous interaction in binary mixtures of ethylene glycol oligomer with water, ethyl alcohol and dioxane by dielectric analysis

The associating behaviour of the binary mixtures of ethylene glycol oligomer (EGO), i.e. ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG) and poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEG200, PEG300, PEG400 and PEG600) with water (W), ethyl alcohol (EA) and 1,4-dioxane (DX) over the entire concentration range at 25 °C have been investigated through their accurately measured values of dielectric constant. The static dielectric constant ε_o, high frequency limiting dielectric constant ε_∞, dielectric relaxation strength Δε, excess dielectric parameters ε^E₀ and ε^E_∞, effective Kirkwood correlation factor g^eff and corrective correlation factor g_f of EGO–W, EGO–EA and EGO–DX mixtures were determined to obtain qualitative and quantitative information about the complex formation through H-bond in these systems. Most of the evaluated dielectric parameters of EG and DEG in different ‘cosolvents’ have different characteristics as compared to the PEG–cosolvent mixture. The observed linear and non-linear behaviour of Δε against EGO monomer unit mole fraction X confirms the variation in the homogeneous structures in their binary mixtures with concentration variation. Appearance of the maximum in ε^E₀ against X plots indicates that a complex stable adduct is formed in the EGO–W mixtures at stoichiometric ratio 1:1.7 for lower oligomers but this ratio seems to be 1.7:1 for higher EGO molecules, which confirms that the EGO size and chain flexibility affects the complex formation between EGO and W. In case of EG–EA mixture 1:1 stoichiometric ratio form stable adduct whereas for higher EGO–EA, it is 3:1, at EGO monomer unit level. The complex formation behaviour of DEG–EA has entirely different characteristics when compared to the other studied EGO–EA mixtures. Although, 1,4-dioxane has weak polar behaviour dielectric properties of EG–DX and DEG–DX confirm the formation of stable adducts at the stoichiometric ratio 2:1 of EGO monomer unit mole fraction to the DX. For the higher EGO–DX mixtures, stable adduct forms at the stoichiometric ratio 9:1. Except DEG–EA mixtures, the EGO–W and EGO–EA form the complex with reduction in the effective number of dipoles. In EG–DX mixtures, the heterogeneous species form with a large reduction in the effective number of dipoles, which changes as the effective number of dipoles increases with the increase in monomer repeat units of EGO. Further the net electronic polarization in these binary mixtures increases due to heterogeneous interaction over the entire mixing concentration range.     

Shock wave stability under the spinodal decomposition of binary mixtures

A diffusion equation for a binary mixture and spinodal decomposition in the case of phase separation are considered. It is shown that, if the binding force between polymer chain links is weak, the diffusion equation for a binary mixture allows for the reduction to the Burgers equation with “viscosity”; that is, the coexistence of rarefaction waves and shock density waves is a possibility. The effect of strong bonds between polymer chain links on the spinodal decomposition dynamics is studied. It is demonstrated that strong bonding may cause a multiflux wave system with alternate stability to arise when the viscosity varies.     

Using nanofluid saturated porous media to enhance free convective heat transfer around a spherical electronic device

The thermophysical properties of the nanofluid saturated porous media are used in this work to optimize the thermal design of a spherical electronic device. Quantification of free convective heat transfer has been numerically determined by means of the finite volume method using the SIMPLE algorithm. The Rayleigh number based on the component diameter and water characteristics varies between 6.5x10⁶ and 1.32x10⁹, given the power generated during operation of this active component. The latter is disposed in the center of another sphere maintained isothermal. Its cooling is achieved by means of a porous medium saturated with a water based - Copper nanofluid whose volume fraction varies between 0 (pure water) and 10%. The thermal conductivity of the porous material's matrix ranges from 0 to 40 times that of the base fluid (water). Results of this work show that convective heat transfer systematically increases with this ratio according to a function depending on the Rayleigh number in the whole range of the considered volume fraction. The average Nusselt number also increases with the Rayleigh number according to a conventional power type law while influence of the fraction volume is moderate in the 2-10% range. The results are in agreement with those of previous works for particular thermal conditions. In order to optimize the thermal design of this electronic device, a correlation is proposed, allowing determination of the Nusselt number for any combination of the three influencing parameters for applications in various engineering fields, includind electronics.     

纳米流体传质扩散系数的测定

本文建立光学实验测试系统,测量了不同温度条件下罗丹明B在不同粒子体积份额的纳米流体(Cu-乙二醇和Cu-水)中的质扩散系数。实验结果表明;罗丹明B在纳米流体中的扩散系数大于其在基液中的扩散系数,且扩散系数随着粒子体积份额的增大而增大;当粒子体积份额一定时,扩散系数随着温度的升高而增大。     

Ultrasonic study on organic liquid and binary organic liquid mixtures by using Schaaffs＇ collision factor theory

Based on Schaaff's collision factor theory (CFT) in liquids, the equations for nonlinear ultrasonic parameters in both organic liquid and binary organic liquid mixtures are deduced. The nonlinear ultrasonic parameters, including pressure coefficient, temperature coefficients of ultrasonic velocity, and nonlinear acoustic parameter B/A in both organic liquid and binary organic liquid mixtures, are evaluated for comparison with the measured results and data from other sources. The equations show that the coefficient of ultrasonic velocity and nonlinear acoustic parameter B/A are closely related to molecular interactions. These nonlinear ultrasonic parameters reflect some information of internal structure and outside status of the medium or mixtures. From the exponent of repulsive forces of the molecules, several thermodynamic parameters, pressure and temperature of the medium, the nonlinear ultrasonic parameters and ultrasonic nature of the medium can be evaluated. When evaluating and studying nonlinear acoustic parameter B/A of binary organic liquid mixtures, there is no need to know the nonlinear acoustic parameter B/A of the components. Obviously, the equation reveals the connection between the nonlinear ultrasonic nature and internal structure and outside status of the mixtures more directly and distinctly than traditional mixture law for B/A, e.g. Apfel's and Sehgal's laws for liquid binary mixtures.     

Study on two-cell stimulated Brillouin scattering system with mixture medium

In this paper,a method of choosing mixture medium in two-cell stimulated Brillouinscattering(SBS)system to improve the system performance is proposed.The Brillouin frequency shift(BFS)of mixture medium varies with the mixing ratio andthus the difference of the BFS between the two cells can be eliminated.The two-cellSBS system with acetone(C3H6O)in its generator cell and mixture liquid ofCCl4/C2Cl4 in its amplifier cell is investigated.The C3H6O has a high optical breakdown threshold and the mixture liquid of CCl4/C2Cl4 has a small absorption coeffi-cient and the same BFS as that of C3H6O when the volume fraction of CCl4 is 4%.Compared with two-cell SBS system with the same liquid(C2Cl4)or different liquid(C3H6O and C2Cl4)in generator and amplifier cell,the SBS system with mixture liq-uid(CCl4/C2Cl4)in amplifier cell and C3H6O in generator cell improves thepower-load,energy reflectivity(ER),phase conjugation(PC)fidelity and ER stabil-ity.