受热面温度与磨损量关系的试验研究

本文在对燃煤电站锅炉对流受热面受飞灰磨损进行理论分析的基础上，建立了热态下飞灰冲蚀受热面磨损特性的数学模型，并通过试验研究求出在不同粒子冲刷速度下，质量相对磨损量与受热面温度变化之间的函数关系式．     

Distribution characteristics of ^137Cs in wind-eroded soil profile and its use in estimating wind erosion modulus

~~Distribution characteristics of ~(137)Cs in wind-eroded soil profile and its use in estimating wind erosion modulus1.Tamura, T, Jacobs, D. G, Structural implications in cesium sorp-tion, Health Physics, 1960, 6(2): 391-398. 2.Rogowshi, A. S., Tamura, T, Movement of 137Cs by runoff, erosion and infiltration on the alluvial captina silt loam, Health Physics, 1965, 11(12): 1333-3340. 3.Owens, P. N., Walling, D. E., He, Q. P., The behaviour of bomb-derived caesium-137 fallout in …     

高边坡土体强度参数对设计坡比的影响及不同填土接触面与潜在滑动面之间的关系研究

对于民航机场这样的高边坡填方体无论是地基建设常用的粗颗粒土还是细颗粒土,其强度参数和填方体的围压都有着明显的非线性关系.本文分析了高填方边坡的各区域的围压大小,按照围压大小区域的划分得出了各区域的非线性强度参数,计算出在满足安全系数前提下的最佳坡比,发现按照非线性强度参数得到的坡比明显小于常规计算得到的坡比,地基建设所用的填方料有显著的减少。另一方面对于机场高填方地基的道槽区和土面区常用的碎石土和黏性土的渗透率等各方面性质有着很大的差别,会给边坡的稳定性带来影响.本文分析了在不同坡比、气候条件、地下水位线高度下的边坡潜在的滑动面和碎石土和黏性土接触面之间的关系后发现,高边坡潜在的破坏面总是倾向于在碎石土和黏性土的接触面上,所以在进行高边坡的稳定性防护工作时应尤其注意两种土体接触面之间的防护工作。     

Special report on relationship between wind farms and power grids

The installed capacity of a.large scale wind power plant will be up to a number of hundreds MW, and the wind power is transmitted to load centers through long distance transmission lines with 220 kV, 500 kV, or 750 kV. Therefore, it is necessary not only considering the power transmission line between a wind power plant and the first con- nection node of the power network, but also the power network among the group of those wind power plants in a wind power base, the integration network from the base to the existed grids, as well as the distribution and consumption of the wind power generation by loads. Meanwhile, the impact of wind power stochastic fluctuation on power systems must be studied. In recent years, wind power prediction technology has been studied by the utilities and wind power plants. As a matter of fact, some European countries have used this prediction technology as a tool in national power dispatch centers and wind power companies.     

黄土高原典型地貌区地貌分形特征与土壤侵蚀关系

基于地貌学及分形理论,利用GIS技术和回归统计方法,以陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区12个样区1∶1万地形图为数据源,对该区以分形维数为量化指标的区域地貌形态与土壤侵蚀模数关系进行了初步探讨,给出地貌形态分形维数与土壤侵蚀模数之间的关系模型.研究结果表明:地貌分形维数可以作为预测区域土壤侵蚀程度的地貌指标.     

地貌条件与土壤侵蚀关系的定量研究——以窟野河流域为例

在实地考察的基础上,运用数理统计相关分析法,对窟野河流域地貌条件与土壤侵蚀的关系进行定量分析.结果表明,窟野河流域相对高度和平均坡度与土壤侵蚀模数的关系分别为线形和幂函数正相关;平均坡长与土壤侵蚀面为幂函数负相关.     

基于夯土风雨侵蚀损耗的土楼夯土结构耐久性研究

采用现场实测和借鉴水土流失统计方法,揭示了夯土风雨侵蚀损耗机理和规律,进而提出夯土风雨侵蚀损耗计量公式;并结合土楼当地风、雨气象数据,计算出近年来夯土的年侵蚀量。采用缩尺土楼模型,进行抗压试验,研究土楼结构性能;进而分析夯土墙风雨侵蚀后满足承载要求的临界墙厚,从而可预测夯土墙使用寿命,为福建土楼科学保护提供依据。     

苯衍生物急性毒性与分子结构的定量相关研究

苯衍生物是一类重要的有机污染物之一,研究苯衍生物的毒性与分子结构之间的关系具有重要意义.用Dragon计算了69个苯衍生物的一系列分子结构参数,通过逐步回归分析,选择了醇/水分配系数(MlogP)、Balaban指数(Jhete)、Barysz矩阵特征值之和(SEigZ)及指示变量(I)等4个结构参数对苯衍生物致呆鲦鱼的急性毒性(-logLC50)建立多元线性回归模型,得到R=0.997 7,s=0.30;交叉验证结果为Rcv=0.909 0,scv=0.33.与文献结果比较,建立的QSAR模型所用参数少,建模方法简单,物理意义明确,且模型性能优于文献报道结果.     

Three-dimensional MHD simulation for the solar wind structure observed by Ulysses

Ulysses has been the first spacecraft to explore the high latitudinal regions of the heliosphere till now. During its first rapid pole-to-pole transit from September 1994 to June 1995, Ulysses observed a fast speed flow with magnitude reaching 700—800 km/s at high latitudinal region except 20°area near the ecliptic plane where the velocity is 300—400 km/s. The observations also showed a sudden jump of the velocity across the two regions. In this note, based on the characteristic and representative observations of the solar magnetic field and K-coronal polarized brightness, the large-scale solar wind structure mentioned above is reproduced by using a three-dimensional MHD model. The numerical results are basically consistent with those of Ulysses observations. Our results also show that the distributions of magnetic field and plasma number density on the solar source surface play an important role in governing this structure. Furthermore, the three-dimensional MHD model used here has a robust ability to simulate this kind of large-scale wind structure.     

^210Pbex depth distribution in soil and calibration models for assessment of soil erosion rates from ^210Pbex measurements

Throughout the past decade, the potential for using nuclear weapon-produced 137Cs ( half-life 30.2 a) fallout to quantify soil erosion rates on both cultivated and uncul- tivated lands for medium-term timescales (≈ 40 a) has been successfully demonstrated in a wide range of envi- ronments in different regions of the world[1—6]. Because in difficulties of distinguishing Chernobyl-derived compo- nent from total 137Cs input in many parts of Europe, and in measuring low activity samples of…     

Estimation of wind erosion rates by using ~(137)Cs tracing technique:A case study in Tariat-Xilin Gol transect, Mongolian Plateau

Wind erosion is one of the major environmental problems in semi-arid and arid regions. Here we es- tablished the Tariat-Xilin Gol transect from northwest to southeast across the Mongolian Plateau, and selected seven sampling sites along the transect. We then estimated the soil wind erosion rates by using the ~(137)Cs tracing technique and examined their spatial dynamics. Our results showed that the ~(137)Cs inventories of sampling sites ranged from 265.63±44.91 to 1279.54±166.53 Bq·m~(-2), and the wind erosion rates varied from 64.58 to 419.63 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1) accordingly. In the Mongolia section of the transect (from Tariat to Sainshand), the wind erosion rate increased gradually with vegetation type and climatic regimes; the wind erosion process was controlled by physical factors such as annual precipitation and vegetation coverage, etc., and the impact of human activities was negligible. While in the China section of the transect (Inner Mongolia), the wind erosion rates of Xilin Hot and Zhengxiangbai Banner were thrice as much as those of Bayannur of Mongolia, although these three sites were all dominated by typical steppe. Besides the physical factors, higher population density and livestock carrying level should be responsible for the higher wind erosion rates in these two regions of Inner Mongolia.     

激光表面纹理加工Ti6Al4V空蚀的形貌特征

为提高钛合金的抗空蚀性能,采用激光对Ti6Al4V合金进行表面纹理加工.采用维氏显微硬度计对试样的横截面硬度进行表征,采用磁致伸缩超声振动仪对试样的抗空蚀特性进行测试,采用扫描电子显微镜对试样空蚀形貌进行观测.结果表明,经激光表面纹理加工后,试样的表层硬度均得到明显提高.直线纹理试样空蚀的形貌特征为纹理突起处呈海绵状,网格纹理试样空蚀的形貌特征为纹理突起处出现针孔和疲劳裂纹及由脆性断裂引起材料剥离脱落产生的空蚀坑,状点纹理试样表面仅出现麻点状空蚀特征.各种纹理的凹陷处均无明显的空蚀特征,抗空蚀性能均得到明显增强.     

分子的结构矩阵及其与物性的相关性研究

继分子拓扑图的距离矩阵、邻接矩阵之后,创建了分子的结构矩阵。借助于分子的结构矩阵建立了预测化合物性质的数学模型,并预测了醇类化合物、手性有机酸的色谱保留指数以及氯代苯的辛醇/水分配系数。研究表明,分子结构矩阵既适合于链状化合物性质的预测,也适合于某些母体为单环和手性化合物性质的预测,与分子的距离矩阵和邻接矩阵相比具有较高的结构选择性。     

城市景观格局与地表温度的定量关系分析

热岛效应是典型的城市气候现象,它的形成及强度与土地利用类型、景观格局等诸多因素有关.本文基于深圳市2010年遥感影像,采用线性光谱混合模型提取土地利用/覆盖等信息,利用最小二乘法和地理加权回归方法分别分析城市景观格局对地表温度的影响.结果表明:深圳市地表温度介于22.28~41.34℃之间,从西北到东南逐渐降低,城市不透水面温度显著高于植被覆盖区域,城市热岛效应明显.地理加权回归模型可以有效处理回归分析中空间非平稳性现象,能更好地刻画景观格局与地表温度之间的定量关系.植被格局指数对地表温度的空间分布解释率较高,其中归一化植被指数(NDVI)、叶面积指数(LAI)对地表温度的解释率最高,分别达88%、90%.不透水面面积、破碎度、邻近度,植被优势种种类、密度、空间分布以及垂直水平生长情况等共同影响深圳市的地表温度.在城市建设实践中,避免不透水面连片集中,降低其邻近度,同时尽可能增加城市的绿地面积,提高NDVI和LAI数值,是缓解城市热岛效应的有效手段.     

A comparative study on 3-D solar wind structure observed by Ulysses and MHD simulation

Ulysses, which was a joint NASA/ESA probe to studythe sun and launched in October of 1990, has been thefirst spacecraft to explore the high latitudinal regions ofheliosphere till now[1]. One of its main scientific purposeswas to observe the latitudinal structures of solar wind pa-rameters, such as velocity, density, mass flux, magneticfield, etc.[1―4]. During its first rapid pole-to-pole transitcovering heliographic latitudes of ±80° from September of1994 to June of 1995, Ulysses observ…     

Estimation of wind erosion rates by using 137Cs tracing technique: A case study in Tariat-Xilin Gol transect, Mongolian Plateau

Wind erosion is one of the major environmental problems in semi-arid and arid regions. Here we established the Tariat-Xilin Gol transect from northwest to southeast across the Mongolian Plateau, and selected seven sampling sites along the transect. We then estimated the soil wind erosion rates by using the 137Cs tracing technique and examined their spatial dynamics. Our results showed that the 137Cs inventories of sampling sites ranged from 265.63=44.91 to 1279.54=166.53 Bq. m-2, and the wind erosion rates varied from 64.58 to 419.63 t. km-2. a-~ accordingly. In the Mongolia section of the transect （from Tariat to Sainshand）, the wind erosion rate increased gradually with vegetation type and climatic regimes; the wind erosion process was controlled by physical factors such as annual precipitation and vegetation coverage, etc., and the impact of human activities was negligible. While in the China section of the transect （Inner Mongolia）, the wind erosion rates of Xilin Hot and Zhengxiangbai Banner were thrice as much as those of Bayannur of Mongolia, although these three sites were all dominated by typical steppe. Besides the physical factors, higher population density and livestock carrying level should be responsible for the higher wind erosion rates in these two regions of Inner Mongolia.     

Quantitative relationships between vegetation and several pollen taxa in surface soil from North China

According to the vegetation investigation and pollen analysis of surface samples sampled along a precipitation gradient of the Northeast China Transect (NECT), several pollen taxa, includingPinus, Betula, Quercus, Tilia, Acer, Ulmus, Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Gramineae and Cyperaceae, were chosen to make the regression and correlation analyses. The results indicated that there exists a close relationship between vegetation and pollen taxa in surface samples. The regression parameters for ten taxa in the forests in the eastern part of NECT were different from those in the steppes in the western part.Pinus, Betula, Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae, which have large slope and y-intercept terms, were over-representative taxa.Acer, Gramineae and Cyperaceae, which have small slope andy-intercept terms, were under-representative taxa.Quercus, Tilia andUlmus whose slope terms have negative correlation withy-intercept terms were equi-representative taxa. The pollen taxa with large slope or largey-intercept terms have small variability coefficients, implying that the slope andy-intercept terms for these pollen taxa are of high accuracy in the estimation of plant abundance from pollen frequencies.     

The discovery and environmental significance of Chifeng wind route and huge pots of Inner Mongolia and Hebei Province

The pots discovered in Inner Mongolia and Hebei Province are huge with a maximum diameter of 9 m and a depth of 3.5 m, singular in shape,caused by weathering and wind erosion and have certain direction. They are a kind of typical climatic geomorphology. This district experienced the severe periglacial environment during 15-8 kaBP with intense weathering from frost and wind erosion. The famous Hongshan culture emerged about 6 kaBP, which belonged to the warmest period. The pots probably had some water during that period. Therefore they are a good medium to study the environmental changes.     

黄缘真龙虱体表结构与其水中减阻功能的关系

采用体视显微镜、扫描电镜技术观察并描述了黄缘真龙虱体壁表面各部位的形态结构特征,发现了3种典型的凹陷和普遍存在的凸起,了解了其三维结构,分析了凹陷与龙虱水生生活的关系.观察和比较了不同部位体表的刚毛形态构造,发现了3种典型的刚毛,即主要分布在足节上的刺状刚毛、雄性前足吸盘刚毛和仅分布于前胸背板和鞘翅刻点处的束状刚毛,分析了其适应水生生活的特点.同时,发现了龙虱体表存在的其他如波纹、鳞片等典型非光滑形态结构,测定了体壁水接触角,探讨了这些结构与水中运动减阻功能的关系.     

基于分形模型的黏性沉积物侵蚀临界剪切应力及其验证

为在黏性沉积物表面侵蚀模型中考虑团粒粒径分布的影响,基于黏性沉积物团粒结构的分形模型,建立黏性沉积物表面侵蚀的临界剪切应力与团粒粒径及有效密度的理论关系。结果表明:黏性沉积物表面侵蚀的临界剪切应力是团粒粒径和有效密度的幂函数,幂函数的指数是黏性沉积物团粒分维的函数;与Kranenburg模型、Son模型相比,基于分形模型的临界剪切应力模型更加合理,与试验数据更加接近。