Trennung und Bestimmung zinnorganischer Verbindungen durch HPLC und fluorimetrische Detektion in micellaren Systemen

Summary Tributyl-, dibutyl- and triphenyltin cations are separated by ion-exchange HPLC and determined by a post-column reaction with morin in a micellar solution. The calibration curves are linear from 0.046 to 7.25 g/ml. Limits of detection are: 0.93 ng Sn for TBT, 1.49 for TPhT and 25.3 for DBT.

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Herrn Prof. Dr. G. Tölg zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet     

Improved method for the determination of manganese in nuclear power plant waters

An improved method for manganese determination in nuclear power plant waters has been developed. This method combines a selective chelation concentration method with a unique analytical separation for manganese from the interfering matrix using a weak acid cation exchange column. The detection sensitivity by conventional post-column derivatization is improved with the combination of chemical eluent suppression and subsequent post-column derivatization. The detection limit for manganese in ammonium matrix is approximately 2 pg/ml and the limit of quantitation 10 pg/ml with 100 ml sample volume.     

Reactions of the pyridine adducts of organotin halides: Synthesis and spectral properties of some substituted pyridine adducts of (CH3)3SnOCOCF3 and (CH3)2Sn(OCOCF3)2

A study of the reactions of the pyridine aducts of organotin halides has led to the synthesis of

which were characterised by elemental analysis and spectroscopy.     

电化学衍生-高效液相色谱和荧光光度法检测花生酱中的黄曲霉毒素

建立了免疫亲和柱净化-柱后电化学衍生-高效液相色谱结合荧光光度法检测花生酱中4种黄曲霉毒素(B1、B2、G1和G2)的方法。样品经过体积分数为60%的甲醇提取,通过免疫亲和柱净化后,以KobraCell装置柱后衍生,高效液相色谱法分离定量。黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1和G2能达到完全的基线分离,检测限分别为0.5、0.15、0.5和0.15μg/kg,线性相关系数0.999,回收率可达74.2%～96.5%,相对标准偏差低于11%。该方法能够满足花生酱中黄曲霉毒素检测的需要。     

Comparison of sodium tetraethylborate and sodium tetra(n-propyl)borate as derivatization reagent for the speciation of organotin and organolead compounds in water samples

The influence of pH on the propylation with sodium tetra(n-propyl)borate of butyl- and phenyltins as well as for trimethyl- and triethyllead was investigated. Ethylation and propylation with tetraalkylborates were compared with regard to derivatization yields and figures of merit for organotin compounds in real water samples. Similar results for limit of detection (3-12 ng/L as tin), derivatization yield (40-100%) and relative standard deviation of the method (3-10%) were achieved for derivatization with the two tetraalkylborates. Propylation is thus the preferred method for the simultaneous determination of environmentally relevant organotin and organolead compounds. The handling of the hygroscopic and air sensitive reagents NaBEt4 and NaBPr4 was simplified by dissolving them in tetrahydrofurane. The reagent solutions in tetrahydrofurane can be stored for at least one month at 4 degrees C in the dark without observing any decrease in the derivatization efficiency.     

Microanalytical determination of tin in organotin compounds

Existing procedures for the determination of tin in organotin compounds are reviewed, and a new procedure is described which can be used for the rapid microanalysis of most organotin compounds. Wet oxidation with sulphuric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide is followed by spectrophotometric determination of the extracted ternary tin(IV)-chloride-oxine complex in chloroform. Time for a single determination is 20 min, and the relative standard deviation is 0.7% for 1-5 mg of tin. On account of their volatility, methyltin compounds must be subjected to a sealed-tube wet oxidation in sulphuric-nitric acid mixture. Addition of sulphamic acid after boiling to remove most of the nitric acid makes this compatible with the solvent extraction step. Tin present as organotin stabilizer in PVC samples can also be determined by this method, after destruction of the organic matter with sulphuric acid and 50% hydrogen peroxide.     

Post-column labeling techniques in amino acid analysis by liquid chromatography

Amino acid analysis (AAA) has always presented an analytical challenge in terms of sample preparation, separation, and detection. Because of the vast number of amino acids, various separation methods have been applied taking into consideration the large differences in their chemical structures, which span from nonpolar to highly polar side chains. Numerous separation methods have been developed in the past 60 years, and impressive achievements have been made in the fields of separation, derivatization, and detection of amino acids (AAs). Among the separation methods, liquid chromatography (LC) prevailed in the AAA field using either pre-column or post-column labeling techniques in order to improve either separation of AAs or selectivity and sensitivity of AAA. Of the two approaches, the post-column technique is a more rugged and reproducible method and provides excellent AAs separation relatively free from interferences. This review considers current separations combined with post-column labeling techniques for AAA, comparison with the pre-column methods, and the strategies used to develop effective post-column methodology. The focus of the article is on LC methods coupled with post-column labeling techniques and studying the reactions to achieve optimum post-column derivatization (PCD) conditions in order to increase sensitivity and selectivity using various types of detectors (UV–Vis, fluorescence, electrochemical etc.) and illustrating the versatility of the PCD methods for practical analysis.

Tin in the world of today

Summary A review is given on the importance of tin as a raw material and on its various uses. Analytical problems are briefly discussed. The following subjects are dealt with: tinplate, solders, bearing metals, copper-tin alloys, other metallurgical uses, inorganic tin compounds, organotin compounds.The author has also compiled the new volume Tin of the Handbook of Analytical Chemistry (Handbuch der analytischen Chemie), edited by W. Fresenius and published by Springer-Verlag     

胃液迁移模型的有机锡检测中假阳性现象

有机锡作为一类高风险的有害物质,是各类消费品检测中重点关注的物质之一。 在日常检测中发现,当采用胃液迁移模型对以锡或镀锡为基材的涂层材料进行有机锡检测时,经常会出现甲基锡的假阳性现象。 本文采用金属锡粉模拟实际样品中的无机锡成分,通过GC-MS检测发现单质锡可转化为三乙基甲基锡,其质量浓度为0.56 mg/L,并由此提出了其来源的3种可能性,即1)三乙基甲基锡由无机锡与衍生试剂中微量甲基化试剂反应得到;2)三乙基甲基锡由四乙基锡在进样口或色谱柱内分解得到;3)三乙基甲基锡由四乙基锡于色谱柱内发生甲基取代反应得到或来自于进样口残留污染。 通过实验对假设进行验证。 结果表明,假阳性现象主要是由衍生试剂四乙基硼酸钠中含有的极少量甲基化试剂引起。 因此,相关标准应对衍生试剂中甲基化试剂的含量做出规定,以避免引起误判。     

Comparison of sodium tetraethylborate and sodium tetra(n-propyl)borate as derivatization reagent for the speciation of organotin and organolead compounds in water samples

The influence of pH on the propylation with sodium tetra(n-propyl)borate of butyl- and phenyltins as well as for trimethyl- and triethyllead was investigated. Ethylation and propylation with tetraalkylborates were compared with regard to derivatization yields and figures of merit for organotin compounds in real water samples. Similar results for limit of detection (3–12 ng/L as tin), derivatization yield (40–100%) and relative standard deviation of the method (3–10%) were achieved for derivatization with the two tetraalkylborates. Propylation is thus the preferred method for the simultaneous determination of environmentally relevant organotin and organolead compounds. The handling of the hygroscopic and air sensitive reagents NaBEt₄ and NaBPr₄ was simplified by dissolving them in tetrahydrofurane. The reagent solutions in tetrahydrofurane can be stored for at least one month at ¶4?°C in the dark without observing any decrease in the derivatization efficiency.     

Purge and trap flame photometric gas chromatography technique for the speciation of trace organotin and organosulfur compounds in a human urine standard reference material (SRM)

Ultratrace levels of organotin species and an organosulfur compound were detected in a National Bureau of Standards (NBS) human urine Standard Reference Material, SRM 2670, and a previously certified urine SRM 2672, using a purge and trap system coupled to a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame photometric detector. samples of the SRM were treated with sodium borohydride to form volatile tin hydrides. Species detected included dimethyltin (1.04 ng/ml), butyltin (0.03 ng/ml), and dimethyl-disulfide (2.73 ng/ml) in the new stock of freeze dried human urine SRM 2670 being prepared for issue by NBS and methyltin (1.0 ng/ml), butyltin (1.5 ng/ml), and inorganic tin (28.1 ng/ml) in the old stock of SRM 2672. This analytical technique should have useful applications in studies that are needed to develop a toxicological data base and monitoring programs for human organotin exposure.     

Rapid sensitive speciation analysis of butyl- and phenyltin compounds in water by capillary gas chromatography atomic emission spectrometry (GC-AES) after in-situ ethylation and in-liner preconcentration

Summary A rapid, simple and sensitive method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of butyl- and phenyltin species in environmental waters. The ionic organotin compounds are ethylated in the aqueous phase using sodium tetraethylborate (NaBEt₄) and extracted with hexane. A 25 l aliquot of the extract is injected at a low temperature into a Tenax filled liner. After solvent venting the analytes are transferred onto the capillary column using programmed temperature vaporization (PTV) injection. Detection is done by means of a microwave induced plasma atomic emission detector (MIP AED). The method allows the determination of butyl- and phenyltin compounds in water samples down to the level of 0.1 ng/l (as Sn) while 50 ml of sample is sufficient for analysis. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by GC-AAS after chelation and Grignard derivatization.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱筛选法对电子电气产品塑料部件中有机锡的测定

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)筛选法测定电子电气产品塑料部件中有机锡的方法.结果表明:采用5 mL硝酸、1 mL 30%双氧水和1 mL氟硼酸消解体系,在190 ℃下消解30 min可使绝大多数塑料样品获得较好的消解效果,选取聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚苯乙烯(PS)和丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)3种典型空白塑料基质进行标准添加回收实验,回收率为88%～102%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于3%.实际阳性样品的测定结果显示,建立的方法与GC-MS方法的测定结果吻合.该方法简单快速、灵敏度高、精密度好,可满足实际电子电气产品中有机锡筛选的需要.     

Inexpensive,Computer-Automated HPLC for Ion Exchange Separation and Quantification of Amino Acids in Physiological Fluids

Abstract

An inexpensive, computer-automated HPLC for separation and quantification of amino acids in physiological fluids is described. The system offers fully automated equipment control, data collection, processing and storage capabilities. The component nature of the system and the software flexibility permit extensive system modification, accomodating a wide variety of different separatory procedures which are not possible with many dedicated amino acid analysers. The system uses a lithium-based ion exchange column with post-column o-phthalaldehyde derivatization. A time of 128 minutes, including column regeneration, is required for separation of all amino acids through to arginine. The advantages of post-column derivatization over pre-column derivatization methods for post-separatory amino acid techniques are discussed. Accurate quantification of radiolabel in amino acids is demonstrated.     

Zur Analytik von Organozinnstabilisatoren

Zusammenfassung Die Dünnschichtchromatographie kann zur Identifizierung von Organozinnstabilisatoren herangezogen werden. Unter Verwendung des vorgeschlagenen Fließmittels Isopropyläther und 1,5% Eisessig ist es möglich, die vier Alkylierungsstufen von Organozinnderivaten zu trennen, ferner einwandfrei zwischen dem toxikologisch bedeutsamen Dibutylzinn und Dioctylzinn zu unterscheiden und die schwefelhaltigen Stabilisatoren entsprechend ihrer Zinn-Mercaptoverbindung zu charakterisieren. Die Carboxylate hydrolysieren während des Eluierens in das Diacetat. Ihre Trennung erfolgt nur in Abhängigkeit von der am Zinn gebundenen Alkylgruppe. 1 g Organozinn kann noch nachgewiesen werden.

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Summary Thin-layer chromatography may be used for identification of organotin stabilizers. By the use of the proposed solvent, isopropylether with 1,5 v/v% acetic acid, it is possible to separate the four stages of alkylation, to distinguish the toxicologically most important dibutyl tin and dioctyl tin compounds and to characterize the sulphur containing stabilizers according to the tin-mercapto compound. The carboxylates are converted to the diacetates during elution. Their separation depends on the alkyl group. 1 g organotin may be detected.

     

On the thermal analysis of mineral components in clays

The paper deals with the problem of the interactions of the mineral components in clay and argillite samples during the thermal analysis. It is shown that depending on the experimental conditions, the interaction of pyrite and carbonates may cause atypical course of DTA and TG curves. Also the common occurring of sylvine and halite shifts the temperature of their melting to a lower value and this phenomenon occurs in pure salts as well as in the great dilution to some percent in clays.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird über Zwischenreaktionen der mineralischen Komponenten von Ton und Argillit während der thermischen Analyse berichtet. Von den Versuchsbedingungen abhängend produzieren die Zwischenreaktionen von Pyrit und Karbonat DTA und TG Kurven deren Verlauf nicht charakteristisch ist. Das gemeinsame Vorkommen von Sylvin und Halit verschiebt ihren Schmelzpunkt in Richtung der niedrigen Temperaturen in reinen Salzen ebenso wie bei großer Verdünnung von einigen Prozenten in Ton.

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Résumé Les interactions des constituants minéraux des échantillons d'argile et d'argilite pendant l'analyse thermique ont été examinées. Suivant les conditions expérimentales, l'interaction de la pyrite et des carbonates peut provoquer un tracé des courbes ATD et ATG qui s'écarte de l'allure type. La présence simultanée de sylvine et d'halite produit un abaissement de leur point de fusion et ce phénomène apparaít aussi bien avec les sels purs qu'avec ceux fortement dilués, à raison de quelques pour cent, dans les argiles.

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Image processing using the Briggs-Raucher oscillating chemical reaction

Some images obtained by illuminating the Briggs-Raucher oscillating chemical reaction are illustrated. This reaction gives more distinct and contrasty images than the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction.

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Speciation of tin in lemon juice: An example of trace metal speciation in food

A scheme is presented for the separation and identification of different tin species in lemon juice. Soluble tin species are separated from other constituents by means of column-switching liquid chromatography and detected by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Other metals (copper, zinc, iron, calcium and magnesium) are detected in the same fraction by on-line flame-AAS. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the organic ligands after derivatization confirmed that citric acid is the important ligand for metal binding in lemon juice. Tin is also partly bound to particulate matter, which is investigated by infrared spectroscopy and model experiments. It is shown that tin is most probably bound to carboxylic groups of pectin (analogously to calcium). Investigations of different lemon juices showed large variations of total tin, but few differences between tin species. Only one sample contained organotin compounds at a detectable level.     

Pre-concentration of traces of tin by coprecipitation with yttrium hydroxide for electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry

Summary Trace amounts of tin were concentrated by coprecipitation and determined by electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry. Yttrium hydroxide coprecipitated quantitatively 0.1–3 g of tin from 50–500 ml of sample solution at pH 9.5–11.2. The atomic absorbance of tin increased about twice by using an impregnated graphite tube with yttrium. The impregnated graphite tube, furthermore, improved the reproducibility of the measurement of tin. A linear calibration graph was obtained in the range of 0.004–0.12 g/ml of tin. Twenty-three foreign ions did not interfere seriously. The method was applicable to the determination of tin in zinc metal.     

Speciation of butyltin compounds in marine sediments with headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry

A method for the determination of organotin compounds (monobutyl = MBT, dibutyl = DBT, and tributyltin = TBT) in marine sediments by headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) has been developed. The analytical procedure involved 1) extraction of TBT, DBT and MBT from sediments with HCl and methanol mixture, 2) in situ derivatization with sodium tetraethylborate and 3) headspace SPME extraction using a fiber coated with poly(dimethylsiloxane). The derivatized organotin compounds were desorbed into the splitless injector and simultaneously analyzed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. The analytical method was optimized with respect to derivatization reaction and extraction conditions. The detection limits obtained for MBT, DBT and TBT ranged from 730 to 969 pg/g as Sn dry weight. Linear calibration curves were obtained for all analytes in the range of 30-1000 ng/L as Sn. Analysis of a standard reference sediment (CRM 462) demonstrates the suitability of this method for the determination of butyltin compounds in marine sediments. The application to the determination of TBT, DBT and MBT in a coastal marine sediment is shown.